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AbstractBureaucratic representation theory holds that civil servants are not "neutral" in a Weberian sense. Bureaucrats are thought to "actively" represent their communities by trying to make them better off. This article proposes an alternative understanding of individual behavior in representation that emphasizes knowledge sharing instead of patronage, but leads to similar outcomes: Their societal background provides officials with advanced social knowledge about the group(s) they represent, including both informational knowledge (facts about culture, history, politics) and relational knowledge (how people interact). Bureaucratic knowledge linkage is the process of sharing information and managing relations internally and with citizens. An extreme case serves to illustrate knowledge linkage empirically: Survey data from an international organization yield high levels of knowledge asymmetries within staff bodies and subsequent observation of knowledge linkage mechanisms. In generalizing findings, the risks (knowledge distortions) and benefits (attaining public value) of knowledge linkage are discussed for both international and domestic administrations.

"Serial no. 107-80." ; Shipping list no.: 2003-0003-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Population policies have rarely been linked to economic policy, although the promoters of economic liberalisation also support the embrace of population policy as important to the economic wellbeing of African states. Using a case study from Tanzania, I argue that population policies with a limited focus on fertility reduction may continue to be successful in the context of post-adjustment African health care systems, but policies that aim for the larger goals of improving women's reproductive health will be severely limited. Tanzania's donors and lenders promoted Neo-Malthusian types of population policies aimed primarily at reducing childbearing as a partial solution to the country's economic crisis. However, in the mid-1990s, the international discourse on population shifted toward a new dependent variable of 'women's reproductive' health. The notion of reproductive health reunites population and development issues in the context of basic health care provision. Improvements in the reproductive health of Tanzanian women will require more than simply the effective provision of contraceptives. This article argues that the challenges of improving reproductive health are unlikely to be met without a revitalisation of public health care provision in African countries.

Fedirko N.V. PERFORMANCE-BASED PUBLIC FUNDING OF HIGHER EDUCATION: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE OF UKRAINEPurpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the effectiveness of higher education funding in Ukraine and the EU member states in the face of global challenges and national reforms, as well as to substantiate measures to implement the performance-based approach in the medium term.Methodology of research. The following methods are used to carry out the study: historical and logical – in the study of contemporary challenges for education in the global environment, statistical and generalization – in assessing the domestic practice of higher education financing, comparison – in the analysis of financial and demographic pressure on higher education institutions in Ukraine and EU, synthesis – to substantiate the effects of implementing the performance-based approach for the allocation of public funding to the higher education system and priorities for its reformation in Ukraine.Findings. In order to investing in skills and capacity-building, needed to achieve cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and quality, higher education requires sustainable and adequate public funding. The article substantiates that the current challenges for education systems in the global environment are political and regulatory changes, globalization trends, stakeholder expectations, digitization, nature and structure of the labour market. The feasibility of using a performance-based approach in Ukraine in comparison to other mechanisms of public funding allocation in higher education has been proved, the key performance indicators used in the EU member states have been uncovered also potential effects of implementation have been identified.Originality. The effectiveness of public funding in Ukraine in comparison with EU member states has been determined. This allowed substantiating a set of recommendations for domestic higher education institutions concerning their adaptation to the long-term financial and demographic pressures. The key principles of the public policy, oriented at achieving the effects of economy and efficiency in the sphere of allocation and use of public funds in the higher education system, have been substantiated.Practical value. The proposed recommendations put forward for implementation can be used in reforming the system of higher education funding in Ukraine and will help to improve the performance of educational institutions.Key words: system of higher education funding; public funding of higher education; higher education effectiveness; performance-based funding in higher education.

Face à une remise en cause des PPP, montages complexes qui, il y a quelques années, étaient présentés en Europe comme dans les pays émergents en particulier ceux de l'ASEAN, comme une solution idoine pour réduire la dette et les déficits publics tout en contribuant à la croissance économique et à la création d'emplois, la question est maintenant posée de savoir si les PPP sont perfectibles à l'examen de leurs objectifs et de leurs cadres juridiques? En particulier les avantages avancés sont-ils fondés et les dérives dénoncées peuvent-elles être corrigées ? De même le large éventail des solutions législatives retenues dans différents États en Europe et en Asie permet-il de dégager certaines convergences et d'améliorer le système français? À un moment aussi où les grands groupes européens fragilisés économiquement et financièrement par la crise se tournent vers les puissances émergentes de l'ASEAN afin d'accéder à leurs marchés via les PPP trouvent-ils dans les législations de ces pays les garanties pour leurs investissements à long terme?Les colloques internationaux tenus à Hanoï en 2012 et 2013, réunissant des universitaires, des experts européens et asiatiques (ministères vietnamiens), des responsables de l'UE et des conseillers diplomatiques ainsi que des représentants de grands groupes industriels, des avocats internationaux et des bailleurs de fonds, ont débattu de ces questions fondamentales qui trouvent leur traduction dans cet ouvrage complété par un ensemble de documents essentiels à la compréhension de cette problématique.

The paper builds on many inputs from ASTPP network members, in particular from presentations at the First ASTPP Workshop in Madrid, June 1996. Special thanks to Dennis Loveridge. The paper was presented in a workshop in Strasbourg, 16-17 December 1996. ; Science and technology had been professional practices that from their origins had set up mechanism for internal control. Research evaluation could be seen as a system for control of the quality and relevance of the results of research. The most common this control practices had been peer review. When patrons, mainly the State, developed the research funding system formal peer review procedures started to be used and developed as instruments for allocation of funds to research institutions and groups. This extension of the internal control mechanisms of science to the allocation of funds for research had become a widely used instrument, in particular in the realm of basic and fundamental research, and a central element of the legitimisation cycle. The development of the so called strategic R&D programmes show the extension of steering activities, selecting priorities, and direct allocating funds by governments. At the same time the increase relevance of technology and innovation issues in government agendas helped the development and consolidation of specialised S&T policy-making bodies and bureaucracies; new actors in the RTD system, that have different needs of information and knowledge about the S&T dynamics and process, through whom new ideas of S&T (policy) evaluation were introduced. Evaluation is "examining" or "making judgements" (all cognitive process for action include assessments), and policy evaluation could be understood as part of the historical process of development of tools and information systems for public management. But the development of evaluation of S&T policies had evolved mainly from the transformation of the professional control practices of researchers and from the specific forms of management of RTD programmes. The term S&T policy evaluation include activities and practices that usually looks back at the past performance of programmes or policies (or sometimes as they are implemented, as in continuous or real-time evaluation) and they are part of the S&T policy cycle as is traditionally described (design, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, redesign). S&T policy evaluation refers to "retrospective or ongoing examination" of programme performance or impacts. There are other practices such as appraisal that refers to the activities developed at the beginning of a programme or project (what is sometimes called ex-ante evaluation, often related to a selection process for funding or other purposes) or monitoring. In general, evaluation and monitoring can be seen as part of control activities in the policy cycle, with few differences in addition to the more or less "judgement" and to their position in the temporal sequence of the "policy process". The boundaries between those activities are fuzzy and subject to interpretations; depending on the country, the organisational arrangements to carry on those activities diverge in important ways; the use and impacts of evaluations are highly local and contextual; and they are developed in specific national settings and arrangements.

AbstractSome of the policies central banks used during the Asian Financial Crisis had elements of unconventional monetary policy in that they involved the government buying assets that the private sector was unwilling to hold. We focus on public funding of bank recapitalizations in Thailand and the extraordinary purchase of equities in Hong Kong. Although it is important to calibrate these policies appropriately, we believe they helped to stabilize economies through channels that were not well understood at the time of the Asian crisis.

This study investigates Turkey's higher education (HE) policy for Syrian refugee students (SRSs) by examining the experiences of the students and documenting political, social and cultural dynamics behind these experiences. The study reviewed reports, notices and circulars in order to capture the key tenets of the Turkeys HE policy for the Syrians refugee students. In order to reveal the experiences of the students, 27 interviews were conducted with a group of students who are studying at a public university, which is located in the eastern part of the country. The results, first, revealed that Turkey's HE policy follows a reactive track in that the ongoing challenges have caused modification, alteration or additions into the policy. Second, both the interview results and key reports suggest documentation, language barrier, finance and guidance as the key challenges for SRSs, which inform HE policy of Turkey. Third, the students commented on the restorative impact of the higher education for normalizing their lives in a host country and building a future prospect for their own life. However, the conflicts between Syrian and Turkish students suggest that the Syrian refugee crisis goes beyond a refugee crisis and has complex sociological and political connotations, which push the issue of Syrian refugee into more repelling grounds. Further conclusions and implications are discussed.

This study investigates Turkey's higher education (HE) policy for Syrian refugee students (SRSs) by examining the experiences of the students and documenting political, social and cultural dynamics behind these experiences. The study reviewed reports, notices and circulars in order to capture the key tenets of the Turkeys HE policy for the Syrians refugee students. In order to reveal the experiences of the students, 27 interviews were conducted with a group of students who are studying at a public university, which is located in the eastern part of the country. The results, first, revealed that Turkey's HE policy follows a reactive track in that the ongoing challenges have caused modification, alteration or additions into the policy. Second, both the interview results and key reports suggest documentation, language barrier, finance and guidance as the key challenges for SRSs, which inform HE policy of Turkey. Third, the students commented on the restorative impact of the higher education for normalizing their lives in a host country and building a future prospect for their own life. However, the conflicts between Syrian and Turkish students suggest that the Syrian refugee crisis goes beyond a refugee crisis and has complex sociological and political connotations, which push the issue of Syrian refugee into more repelling grounds. Further conclusions and implications are discussed.

We develop a quarterly time-series measure of citizen trust in the US national government from 1980 to 1997 & conduct the first multivariate time-series examination of public trust in government. We find that negative perceptions of the economy, scandals associated with Congress, & increasing public concern about crime each lead to declining public trust in government. Declining trust in government in turn leads to less positive evaluations of Congress & reduced support for government action to address a range of domestic policy concerns. These results provide new evidence of the influence of public concern about crime & the centrality of Congress in understanding public evaluations of the national government & new evidence of how declining levels of trust in government may influence elections & domestic policy making. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 50 References. Adapted from the source document.

This Element aims to connect the literature of street-level bureaucrats with that of policy entrepreneurship in order to analyze why and how bureaucrats operating at the street level can promote policy change in public administration at the individual level. I demonstrate how street-level bureaucrats act as policy entrepreneurs in different contexts around the globe to promote policy change and analyze what they think of policy entrepreneurship and what they do about it in practice. For this purpose, I use multiple research methods: a survey, in-depth interviews, focus groups and textual analyses. I also offer recommendations to decision-makers to promote street-level policy entrepreneurship, highlighting the benefits of doing so. Lastly, I critically discuss the normative aspects of street-level policy entrepreneurship: ultimately, is it desirable?