Suchergebnisse

Summary Ageing is becoming a significant public health concern, particularly in Europe, where the undergoing a dramatic shift. It is estimated that by 2050, 25% of the European population will be 65 years of age and older (WHO, 2012). This unprecedented fluctuation in the population will create a significant imbalance in the population structure, which is predicted to have a substantial impact on the existing social setting by putting additional strains on future health care systems, social security and pension systems, international economies, and on the overall health and wellbeing of society. This calls for action from international governments to create policies that will support this unprecedented population growth; therefore provisions need to be put in place in order to cater for these contingencies. Coupled with this is the inevitable increase in mental disorders which will develop in parallel with an ageing population and will add layers of complexity to the public health issue of ageing. Depressive and anxiety disorders are prolific in older adults, and constitute the majority of late-life mental disorders (Byers et al., 2010). The impact of these disorders on older adults is significant and debilitating, where depressive disorders has been invariably associated with negative health outcomes, such as cognitive decline, increased disability, self-neglect, heart disease, diabetes, morbidity and mortality (suicide). Moreover, depression produces the greatest decrement in health compared with other chronic diseases, such as angina, arthritis, asthma and diabetes (Moussavi et al., 2007). Simultaneously, anxiety disorders, which are even more prolific in older adults, have been associated with comorbidity,reduced cognitive ability, disability, increased healthcare utilization and poor quality of life. For the purpose of this dissertation, depression will be the main focus of the papers, however, anxiety is also addressed in one of the papers with a view to provide a broader context and to provide a more comprehensive assessment of mental disorders in the elderly, since both disorders often occur co-morbidly. Depression transcends culture, country and boarders, and its prevalence has caused a significant public health concern across Europe. Although the prevalence of depression varies considerably across countries, it is important to understand the various contextual factors that contribute to depression within and between countries. Additionally, there are many important determinants associated with depression in older adults, (which differ to those determinants in younger cohorts) and comprise of physical disability, bereavement, cognitive decline, and other psychosocial factors such as loneliness and isolation. Considering that depressive disorders consist of distinct differences in the aetiology of depression in older adults, it is important to give late-life depression the same attention that the disorder receives in younger populations, and since the population of older adults in Europe is growing at a staggering rate, understanding the aetiology of depression in this cohort is of clinical, public and economic significance. Therefore, the main aim of the current research was to epidemiologically investigate the role of demographic and psychological variables on mental disorders, specifically depression, in the older European population, and to contribute to findings that can inform public policy measures.:1. Introduction 1.1 No Health without Mental Health 1.2 Ageing as a Public Health Concern 1.3 Mental Disorders in the Older European Population 1.3.1 Prevalence 1.3.2 Depression in the Elderly 1.4 Socioeconomic Status and Depression 1.4.1 Education 1.4.2 Income and Wealth 1.5 The Role of Ageing Perceptions on Depression 1.6 Impact of Depression on Health Status 1.7 Rationale of Research and Introduction to Articles 2. Publications 2.1 Paper 1: Negative perceptions of ageing predict the onset and persistence of depression and anxiety: Findings from a prospective analysis of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) 2.2 Paper 2: The Role of Socio-Economic Status in Depression: Results from the COURAGE (Aging survey in Europe) 3. Dissertation Summary (Zusammenfassung der Arbeit) 3.1 Thematic Context 3.2 Rationale for Research 3.3 Publications 3.4 Research Findings and Implications 4. Bibliography 5. Appendices 5.1 Declaration of Independent work for Dissertation (Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit) 5.2 Statement of own Contribution (Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags) 5.2.1 Paper 1: Negative perceptions of ageing predict the onset and persistence of depression and anxiety: Findings from a prospective analysis of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) 5.2.2 Paper 1: The Role of Socio-Economic Status in Depression: Results from the COURAGE (Aging Survey in Europe) 5.3 Curriculum Vitae (Lebenlauf) 5.4 Publications and Presentations 5.4.1 Publications. 5.4.2 Presentations 5.5 Acknowledgements

The 4th workshop within the IIASA project "Challenges and Opportunities of Economic Integration within a Wider European and Eurasian Space" held on 12-13 May, 2015 in Laxenburg, Austria delivered the latest insights into the risks, uncertainties, trends and opportunities around energy trade and energy security of the EU, EAEU and neighboring countries. The discussions focused mostly on natural gas covering conventional, LNG and shale gas, on nuclear energy, as well as on the potential for a common electricity market between some EU, EAEU and neighboring countries. To foster interdisciplinary and international dialogue on the topic, the workshop invited distinguished academics and policymakers from around the world, including Tair Mansurov, Member of the Board – Minister in charge of Energy and Infrastructure, Eurasian Economic Commission; Péter Balás, Deputy Director General, DG Trade, European Commission and Head, Support Group for Ukraine; Jean-Arnold Vinois, European Commission Directorate General for Energy; Pavel Kabat, Director General and Chief Executive Officer, IIASA; Evgeny Vinokurov, Director, Centre for Integration Studies, Eurasian Development Bank; among many others, with a total of 48 participants. The participants had impassionate exchanges over sometimes rather different views, yet they were able to concur on a number of points. This demonstrates the value of IIASA as a platform for open exchange of views between European and Eurasian experts and policymakers on currently controversial issues in the context of Euro-Eurasian economic integration. Selected Seminar Highlights: During the course of the seminar, the experts brought forward the following proposals: • Creation of a common EU - EAEU electricity market could be useful, since it could stimulate large-scale construction of various types of generation assets in the Kaliningrad Region and in Belarus (nuclear, hydro and thermal power stations), that could provide power to Poland, Lithuania and other neighboring countries. • Euro-Eurasian energy cooperation could be enhanced on the basis of the Energy Charter Treaty (1998) mechanism (although in case of Russia only if it decides to revise its earlier decision to leave the Treaty). • Development by the Eurasian Economic Commission of a common Emissions Trading System (ETS) in line with EU norms can help increase compatibility in the future thus enhancing prospects of a common EU - EAEU emission inventory market. • Joint development of the Arctic shelf can be a promising and prestigious long-term project of economic and investment cooperation between the EU and Russia. • Commitment towards the work of the EU - Russia Gas Advisory Council and the "EU-Russia Gas Cooperation Roadmap till 2050" could be increased by both – Russia and the EU member states. • An international gas research cooperation program between the European Commission and research institutes of different regional players (not only Russia) could be established which might help gaining objectivity and transparency on forecasts in the gas market. • The repeated gas supply crises between Russia and the EU over supply to and transit via Ukraine make the efforts on maintaining cooperation and dialogue between the two even more important. • Despite the fact that Ukraine intends to integrate its energy system into the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), maintaining interconnections with the Russian and Belarusian electricity grid can help them decrease electricity price inflation during the transition period. • Energy efficiency in the Ukrainian household sector is a topic of joint interests and needs. Participants of the seminar proposed cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the respective Ukrainian research institutions for comparing approaches being adopted both in Ukraine and by the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. • IIASA's role as a platform for discussing energy matters between the EU and Russia/EAEU as equals can be crucial. Seminar Focus Areas: During the workshop the participants came to distinguish six game changers that currently affect Euro-Eurasian energy relations and policies. 1. Gas supply diversification of the European market and the rise of shale and LNG 2. Two cornerstones of the EU energy policy – anti-monopoly and supra-national regulations 3. Prospects and implications of energy efficiency improvements and climate change targets across the region 4. Local and regional effects of the Ukrainian crisis onto Euro-Eurasian energy relations and policies 5. Perspectives of the new energy deals between China and Russia 6. Perspectives of EU - EAEU energy market integration

The 4th workshop within the IIASA project "Challenges and Opportunities of Economic Integration within a Wider European and Eurasian Space" held on 12-13 May, 2015 in Laxenburg, Austria delivered the latest insights into the risks, uncertainties, trends and opportunities around energy trade and energy security of the EU, EAEU and neighboring countries. The discussions focused mostly on natural gas covering conventional, LNG and shale gas, on nuclear energy, as well as on the potential for a common electricity market between some EU, EAEU and neighboring countries. To foster interdisciplinary and international dialogue on the topic, the workshop invited distinguished academics and policymakers from around the world, including Tair Mansurov, Member of the Board – Minister in charge of Energy and Infrastructure, Eurasian Economic Commission; Péter Balás, Deputy Director General, DG Trade, European Commission and Head, Support Group for Ukraine; Jean-Arnold Vinois, European Commission Directorate General for Energy; Pavel Kabat, Director General and Chief Executive Officer, IIASA; Evgeny Vinokurov, Director, Centre for Integration Studies, Eurasian Development Bank; among many others, with a total of 48 participants. The participants had impassionate exchanges over sometimes rather different views, yet they were able to concur on a number of points. This demonstrates the value of IIASA as a platform for open exchange of views between European and Eurasian experts and policymakers on currently controversial issues in the context of Euro-Eurasian economic integration. Selected Seminar Highlights: During the course of the seminar, the experts brought forward the following proposals: • Creation of a common EU - EAEU electricity market could be useful, since it could stimulate large-scale construction of various types of generation assets in the Kaliningrad Region and in Belarus (nuclear, hydro and thermal power stations), that could provide power to Poland, Lithuania and other neighboring countries. • Euro-Eurasian energy cooperation could be enhanced on the basis of the Energy Charter Treaty (1998) mechanism (although in case of Russia only if it decides to revise its earlier decision to leave the Treaty). • Development by the Eurasian Economic Commission of a common Emissions Trading System (ETS) in line with EU norms can help increase compatibility in the future thus enhancing prospects of a common EU - EAEU emission inventory market. • Joint development of the Arctic shelf can be a promising and prestigious long-term project of economic and investment cooperation between the EU and Russia. • Commitment towards the work of the EU - Russia Gas Advisory Council and the "EU-Russia Gas Cooperation Roadmap till 2050" could be increased by both – Russia and the EU member states. • An international gas research cooperation program between the European Commission and research institutes of different regional players (not only Russia) could be established which might help gaining objectivity and transparency on forecasts in the gas market. • The repeated gas supply crises between Russia and the EU over supply to and transit via Ukraine make the efforts on maintaining cooperation and dialogue between the two even more important. • Despite the fact that Ukraine intends to integrate its energy system into the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), maintaining interconnections with the Russian and Belarusian electricity grid can help them decrease electricity price inflation during the transition period. • Energy efficiency in the Ukrainian household sector is a topic of joint interests and needs. Participants of the seminar proposed cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the respective Ukrainian research institutions for comparing approaches being adopted both in Ukraine and by the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. • IIASA's role as a platform for discussing energy matters between the EU and Russia/EAEU as equals can be crucial. Seminar Focus Areas: During the workshop the participants came to distinguish six game changers that currently affect Euro-Eurasian energy relations and policies. 1. Gas supply diversification of the European market and the rise of shale and LNG 2. Two cornerstones of the EU energy policy – anti-monopoly and supra-national regulations 3. Prospects and implications of energy efficiency improvements and climate change targets across the region 4. Local and regional effects of the Ukrainian crisis onto Euro-Eurasian energy relations and policies 5. Perspectives of the new energy deals between China and Russia 6. Perspectives of EU - EAEU energy market integration

The objective of this background paper is to provide a succinct description of the land tenure situation in Cambodia and, on that basis, discuss the needs smallholder farmers have for land, projected up to the year 2030. The main problem it examines lies at the intersection between, on one hand, the demographic increase in the rural smallholder population and its associated need for land in the future (the demand side) and, on the other hand, the possibility offered by the different land tenure regimes to meet this demand (the supply side); the central question focuses on how supply can meet demand.By looking first at how much land is available under different categories (the supply side), the paper succinctly presents and maps the different land tenure regimes with updated statistics and discusses their main outcomes and shortcomings. On that basis, we present a preliminary assessment of land distribution by main land tenure systems in Cambodia. The land under cultivation by smallholders represents 19 percent of the total area of the national territory and is itself sub-divided into agricultural land with land titles (systematic land registration, 6 percent and land covered by the Order 01, 6 percent), under Social Land Concession arrangements (1 percent) and untitled (6 percent). The forest cover includes forest concessions (10 percent), Community Forestry (2 percent), Protected Areas and Protection Forests (20 percent) and an unclassified forest cover area (14 percent). Economic Land Concessions under operation represent 12 percent while cancelled concessions represent 2 percent of the total territory. The actual tenure of a large non-forested area (14 percent) remains undetermined and further updates are needed to shed light on this issue. The paper suggests that the central problem of the current Cambodian land reform is its ineffectiveness in coordinating the processes of land rights security and formalization in lowland and upland areas, although both regions are closely linked through land-driven migration movements that have intensified over the past 20 years. This has been particularly contentious given the fact that in a parallel process, and driven by a strong, state-based political economy, large land deals have been concentrated in the uplands of the entire country along processes that are exclusionary in nature. The overlap of competing land claims has created a widespread conflict situation in all uplands region of the country. By looking at how much land is needed for family farmers in the future (the demand side), the paper anticipates the land requirements of smallholder farmers by 2030 based on the projected demographic increase in the economically active population in rural Cambodia and on two sets of scenarios i) the transfer of unskilled labour from the agricultural to the secondary and tertiary sectors (industries and services) and ii) the provision of land for smallholder farmers. The analysis suggests that by the year 2030, the transfer of unskilled labour from agriculture to the secondary and tertiary sectors will lag behind the demographic increase in the active rural population. With 2015 as a baseline, the scenarios suggests that by 2030 smallholder farmers will need an additional land area ranging from 320,600 ha (+10 percent in relation to the actual area at the present time) to 1,962,400 (+64 percent), with an average desirable scenario of 1,622.000 ha based on an allocation of 1ha per active labourer (in accordance with the present social concession policy) and on the continuation of the present transfer rate of unskilled manpower from agriculture to the secondary and tertiary sectors (i.e. the transfer of 40.000 workers per year). So the question that needs to be formulated does not revolve around whether or not the rural population will need land in the future, but rather around how this can occur. Along these lines, the paper discusses different options, which are not mutually exclusive, to allocate this land without further impact on the forest cover: i) by redistribution of land from cancelled Economic Land Concessions, ii) through a firmer recognition of swidden agriculture inside Protected Areas, iii) through a far more ambitious Social Land Concession programme and iv) through further reform of the forest concession system. The paper concludes by stressing the need for relevant ministries to engage in open and constructive research-based discussion so that these options can materialize into concrete actions. ; Peer reviewed

ABSTRACTEfforts to developed the young entrepreneurs was part of the national policy of youth development. This study aimed to analyzed the development strategy of entrepreneurial youth in realizing the independent entrepreneur in Sanggrahan Village Pathuk District of Ngampilan Yogyakarta, then to analyzed aspects of the constraints that occured during the running of entrepreneurship, the latter to analyzed the economic resilience of family entrepreneurs, in Sanggrahan Village Pathuk District of Ngampilan Yogyakarta.The method used was merging the descriptive method of qualitative and quantitative methods deskrftif, using structured interviews, questionnaires and literature. Youth development strategy to measured efforts in realizing the independent entrepreneur used seven indicators, in addition to measuring the economic resilience of the families of the young entrepreneurs in Sanggrahan Village Pathuk District of Ngampilan Yogyakarta where two indicators, was used namely income entrepreneurs with minimum wage standards and the family needs of Yogyakarta.Results of this study showed from 7 indicators of entrepreneurial development strategy in realizing the independent entrepreneur there were three (3) indicators which had not been effectively implemented by the youth, namely leadership, marketing and business legality. These were caused by a lack of resources and capital owned in an effort to developed product marketing and business legality, Indicator development strategy in realizing the independent entrepreneur in the form of motivation and creativity had been done well by the youth, but in terms of competition and market changes still encountered obstacles in the form product pricing efforts that did not refer to the policies set prices government in the form of changes in market prices the increase in fuel prices and electricity tariffs that would be a hindrance youth in becoming independent entrepreneur. From the total number of 36 (thirty six), young entrepreneurs family economic security aspects of revenue was earned by 67 percent and from the aspect of needs was obtained by 66.7 percent. The percentage thus showed that the economic resilience of the families their of the young entrepreneurs in Sanggrahan Village could not considered poor because earn above UMK average to met their primary, secondary, and tertiary needs. It was clearly a portrait of that strategy for achieving self employment had little impact on the economic resilience of the family but it had implications for the business development of the youth because they had not fully implement the strategy in realizing the independent entrepreneur. ABSTRAKUpaya mewujudkan wirausahawan muda merupakan bagian dari kebijakan nasional pembangunan kepemudaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi pengembangan wirausaha pemuda dalam mewujudkan wirausahawan mandiri di Kampung Sanggrahan Pathuk Kecamatan Ngampilan Yogyakarta, kemudian untuk menganalisis aspek kendala-kendala yang terjadi selama menjalankan wirausaha, yang terakhir untuk menganalisis ketahanan ekonomi keluarga para wirausaha, di Kampung Sanggrahan Pathuk Kecamatan Ngampilan Yogyakarta.Metode yang digunakan yakni metode penggabungan antara metode deskriptif kualitatif dan metode deskiptif kuantitatif, dengan menggunakan wawancara terstruktur, kuesioner, studi pustaka observasi dan dokumentasi. Untuk mengukur strategi pemuda mengembangkan usaha dalam mewujudkan wirausahawan mandiri digunakan 7 indikator, selain itu guna mengukur ketahanan ekonomi keluarga para wirausahawan muda di Kampung Sanggrahan Pathuk Kecamatan Ngampilan Yogyakarta digunakan 2 indikator yakni, 1) pendapatan para wirausaha dengan standar upah minimum Kota Yogyakarta, dan 2) kebutuhan-kebutuhan keluarga.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan dari 7 indikator strategi pengembangan wirausaha dalam mewujudkan wirausahawan mandiri terdapat 3 (tiga) indikator yang belum dilaksanakan secara efektif oleh para pemuda yaitu kepemimpinan, pemasaran dan legalitas usaha. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya sumberdaya serta modal yang dimiliki dalam usaha mengembangkan pemasaran produk serta legalitas usaha, indikator strategi pengembangan dalam mewujudkan wirausahawan mandiri berupa motivasi dan kreativitas telah mampu dilakukan baik oleh para pemuda, namun dari segi persaingan usaha dan perubahan pasar masih menemui hambatan berupa penetapan harga produk usaha yang mengacu pada kebijakan harga yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah berupa perubahan harga pasar kenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak dan tarif dasar listrik yang justru menjadi hambatan pemuda dalam mewujudkan wirausahawan mandiri. Dari total wirausahawan muda sejumlah 36 (tiga puluh enam) orang, ketahanan ekonomi keluarga dari aspek pendapatan didapatkan sebesar 67 persen dan dari aspek kebutuhan didapatkan sebesar 66,7 persen. Persentase demikian menunjukkan bahwa ketahanan ekonomi keluarga para pemuda wirausaha di Kampung Sanggrahan dikategorikan tidak miskin karena memperoleh pendapatan di atas UMK rata-rata dan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan primer, sekunder, tersier. Hal ini jelas mengambarkan bahwa strategi dalam mewujudkan wirausaha tidak terlalu berimplikasi terhadap ketahanan ekonomi keluarga namun justru berimplikasi terhadap pengembangan usaha para pemuda karena belum menerapkan strategi penuh dalam mewujudkan wirausahawan mandiri.

Population geography is a subdiscipline of Human geography and studies the
distribution, concentration and density of population over the terestrial
surface, as well as differences in population size, changes and
characteristics, like structures, migrations, activity etc, among some places
present compared to others. Population geography has had a perscientific
stage as long as human history. First modern scientific treatis of population
in geography was the F. Ratzels book Antropogeography in 1882. During the
first half of the XX century, French geographer Vidal de la Blanche gave a
capital importance of population studies in his work Principes de Geographie
Humaine. In interwar years, various aspects of population were studied. After
The Second World War started the renovating movement of geography and new
tendencies appear in human geography and, consequently in population
geography. Attempts were made to define population geography as a separate
sub-discipline. The world wide trend of treating population geography as
separate discipline was expressed by publishing monographs, bibliographies
and textbooks. The most significant authors who worked on defining population
geography were French geographers P. George (1951, 1959), Beaujen-Garnier
(1965, 1966); North-american geographers: G. Trewarta (1953, 1969), W. Bunge
(1962), J. Clance (1965, 1971), W. Zelinski (1966); in Great Britain: J.I.
Clarke (1965); in USSR: Ju.G. Sauskin i D.N. Anucin (1950), V.V. Poksisevskij
(1966), D.I. Valentej (1973); in Poland V. Ormotski (1931), L. Kosinski
(1967) A. Jagelski (1980). Those authors and their works had the significant
influence on the development of population science in the world and also in
Serbia. Although the development of population geography was different in
different countries and scientific research centers, we can clearly defined
four stages. First stage lasted untill 1960s and was characterised by works
of G.Trewarta, H. Doerres Ju.G. Sauskin, D.N. Anucin, J. Beaujeu-Gariner. G.
Trewarta argued that the population is the point of reference from which all
other elements are observed and from which all derive significance and
meaning. This view was adopted and shared by authors dealing with population
items, explicitly or implicitly. Second stage lasted from 1960s till 1970s
and the most significant authors dealing with population problems were W.
Zelinsky, W. Bunge; H.Bobek, W. Hartke, K.Ruppert, F.Schaffer; D.I. Valentej,
K.Korcak. This phase was characterized by the application of quantitative
methods and efforts for understanding the spatial structure of the
population. Many scientists see this development phase as a particularly
prosperous period, because it carried more intensive relations of geography
and demography through the introduction of statistical, mathematical and
demographic methods and techniques in studies of population geography. Third
phase lasted from 1970s to 1980s, and was characterized by close relations
between population geography and formal demography. Development and
application of GIS and computer data, have made population studies more
complex and applicable in practice, through population policy and population
projections. The most significant authors in this period were L. Kosinski, A.
Jagelski, H?gerstrand. And at last, fourth stage started in 1980s and in many
countries lastes untill present days. In population geography appeared new
tendencies associated with the critique of positivism, the establishment of
humanistic approaches and modifications of general geographic concepts. In
this period, spatial analysis and quantitative scientific methods were
reaffirmed, and because of that some population studies were redefined in
spatial demography, a time dimension advocated in historical demography. In
this context, we emphasize the work of D. Plane and P. Rogerson. Population
geography is viewed differently from one country to another. Its definition
differs from too narrow to overly broad. But two research areas were of
particular interest to geographers - population distribution and migration.
Both items acquired an international dimension. Recently, eminent population
geographers exchanged various view points in an attempt to provoke new
thinking on subject and define the answers of new fields research in
population geography. Population geography in the XXI Century is no longer a
field comprised of spatial applications of fertility, mortality and migration
only. Contemporary population geography is theoretically sophisticated,
integrating spatial analysis, GIS and geo-referenced data. Future progress in
the field of population geography will derive from more research at the
intersections of population processes and societal issues and concerns. Major
themes of future empirical researches in population geography should be:
global population growth, studies of migration, transnationalism, human
security issues, population-health-environment nexus, human-environment
sustainability, economic development and poverty issues.

"Economies of Valuation and Desire: How New Deal Photography Made the Amish Modern" connects two substantial bodies of scholarship: the visual culture of the New Deal, and twentieth-century visual and literary representations of religious sub-cultures in the United States. Its primary objectives are two-fold. First, it provides an alternative model for the Great Depression as a historical narrative and popular concept in the American imagination. The images at the center of my dissertation propose a counter-narrative to those typically offered, which describe great waves of migration across the landscape - narratives of Okies, and other de-territorialized American identities moving through shifting topographies of loss and renewal. In contrast, the earliest group of photographs to depict consenting Amish subjects in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania make visible an American community's firm rootedness to a particular place, and moreover, the cost of that endurance to other citizens. Second, the project contributes to the field of Anabaptist Studies a critical assessment of twentieth-century photographs of the photography-averse Amish, a subject that has yet to receive consideration in any field. Since they arose as a distinct group within the Amish Church in 1865, the Old Order have exercised serious proscriptions against photography as both act and object. Yet images of Amish individuals have proliferated in American visual culture since the early twentieth century and contribute to our collective idea of the community as insular, old-fashioned, and curiously benign. A particular set of New Deal photographs act as a pivot point in a history of picturing the Old Order - they are paradoxical images because they present the Anabaptist community as nearly extinct on the periphery of the modern world, yet also a viable threat to central tenets of multiple modernisms. Furthermore, it is precisely the Old Order's particular objections to photography that constitute some of the most serious challenges to established ideas of Modernism. "Economies of Valuation and Desire" considers photographs by Irving Rusinow taken for the American Farm Community Study, a sociological research endeavor directed by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics from 1938 to 1942. As the Bureau's Head Field Photographer, the little-known Rusinow replaced Dorothea Lange, who left in 1940 to pursue work on a Guggenheim Fellowship. The Study was comprised of six rural communities, including the Lancaster Amish, that the Bureau's team of sociologists selected as representative of the nation's rural inhabitants. In 1941, Rusinow produced about 1,000 photographs of these communities; however, only 76 of them were published with the Study's technical reports between 1942 and 1945. The project investigates a small portion of the photographer's (published and unpublished) images within the context of the Study's ultimate objective: to structure the six communities into a legible "continuum of stability and instability" and in the process, uncover cultural, environmental, and agricultural variables that led to a community's economic success or failure. The Community Study was in the service of the Bureau's primary program, Federal-County Land-Use Planning; the second half of the chapter considers the possibilities of Rusinow's photographs for this larger program. Land-Use Planning facilitated direct dialogue between all agricultural stakeholders in order to propose and enact policy change. Bureau-organized municipal meetings brought together farmers, university agriculture extension agents, social scientists, Washington bureaucrats, and farm union representatives who collaborated to literally redraw maps of local topographies as the first step towards higher agricultural profits and more economically resilient communities. Land-Use Planning was tasked with inculcating big business methods into agriculture, but doing so with a grassroots democratic approach that required "inside" information about each of the communities in question. To this end, Rusinow's camera was the program's fundamental research tool, freely oscillating between ethnographic and anthropological looking at (O)ther Americans. His photographs substantially reframe established narratives about the New Deal; they muddy (or unexpectedly illuminate) Roy Stryker's assertion that the most famous government photography project, enabled by the Farm Security Administration, was going to "introduce America to Americans." I argue that Land-Use Planning photography was deployed as a mode of surveillance in the countryside, a tool for social gardening with which the vulnerabilities of peripheral populations could be identified, ordered, and "corrected."

Ever since its independence several reforms in agriculture of Uzbekistan have been taken as part of a gradual transition process towards a market-based economy. These processes include: market liberalization, reformation of land relations, structural changes, and creation of supporting market infrastructure. Furthermore, there has been considerable promotion of input market liberalization, abolishment of state procurement system, introduction of water charges and improvement of the livestock sector. The understanding of the effects of these reforms on the agricultural producers and consumers is very important for further decision making. This work is part of ZEF's project in development research on the 'Economic and ecological restructuring of land and water use in Khorezm, Uzbekistan'. In order to formalize the key aspects of sectoral decision making, the major task of this research is to develop a model for policy analysis which reflects the unique features of the agricultural sector of Khorezm. The developed model integrates linear supply and non-linear demand modules at the point of partial equilibrium under observed values from 2003. The supply module consist of the regional crop and animal production activities over three farm groups. The demand module is based on a Normalized Quadratic – Quadratic Expenditure System which specifies both an Engel curve and relative price effects consistent with microeconomic theory. The demand module consists of food and manufactured commodities including leisure time with endogenous prices over two consumer types. A large amount of aggregated and micro-economic data on the regional agriculture sector is used for providing the necessary information to understand the construction of the model and the results. To ensure that the base solution of the model fits the observed values of modeled activities and that the model simulations include the characteristics of regional demand and supply, the model parameters both for demand and supply modules are adjusted separately. This study contributes to the field of known calibration techniques for positive mathematical programming models. The developed method solves the overspecialization problem, maintains model flexibility, and allows the model exactly replicate the observed situation by recovering its original specification. The model results eventually show that, despite higher input prices and water pricing being introduced, positive effects of water use efficiency and market liberalization may dominate. Furthermore, it could be shown that the livestock sector serves as a security tool in rural households for maintaining their income level. Moreover, the improvement in livestock productivity shows the potential to decrease water consumption in the agricultural sector of the region. The market liberalization will not necessarily lead to an increase in the regional production of cotton. In general, the market liberalization has a positive effect on the regional rice sector which can be cultivated on land released from the procurement quotas in case the land is suitable for rice cultivation. ; Eine Mikroökonomische Analyse des Landwirtschaftlichen Strukturwandels in der Region Khorezm, Usbekistan Seit der Unabhängigkeit von der ehemaligen Sowjetunion fand in Usbekistan eine Vielzahl von wirtschaftspolitischen Reformen statt, die auf einen schrittweisen Umbau der Wirtschaftsordnung, einschließlich des Agrarsektors, in Richtung Marktwirtschaft abzielten. Diese Reformen betrafen Gütermarktordnungen, Eigentums- und Nutzungsrechte landwirtschaftlicher Flächen, sowie infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen. Darüber hinaus wurden insbesondere die Märkte für landwirtschaftliche Vorleistungen liberalisiert, die staatliche Intervention weitgehend abgeschafft, Gebühren für Wassernutzung eingeführt und Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Tierproduktion ergriffen. Ein tieferes Verständnis der Auswirkungen dieser Reformen auf die landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe wie auch auf den gesamten Agrarsektor ist von grundlegender Bedeutung für die Formulierung weiterführender politischer Strategien. Die hier vorgelegte Studie wurde im Rahmen des Projekts 'Economic and ecological restructuring of land and water use in Khorezm, Uzbekistan' am Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung der Universität Bonn durchgeführt. Im Zentrum der durchgeführten Analysen stand die Entwicklung eines quantitativen Modells, das die relevanten politischen Maßnahmen und die Besonderheiten des regionalen Agrarsektors in formalisierter Weise darstellt. Das hierzu entwickelte Modell verbindet ein lineares Angebotsmodul mit einem nicht-linearen Nachfragemodul mit Hilfe eines partiellen Gleichgewichtsmodells. Das Angebotsmodul beinhaltet landwirtschaftliche Produktionsverfahren dreier standardisierter Betriebstypen auf regionaler Ebene. Das Nachfragemodul basiert auf einem normalisiert quadratisch-quadratischem Ausgabensystem (NQ-QES), welches Einkommenseffekte wie auch relative Preiseffekte konsistent mit mikroökonomischer Theorie abbildet. Das Nachfragemodul berücksichtigt als endogene Variablen den Konsum von Nahrungsmitteln und weiterverarbeiteten Gütern, wie auch die Nachfrage nach Freizeit und damit das Angebot und den Preis für landwirtschaftliche Arbeitskraft. Es werden zwei Haushaltstypen unterschieden. Der enorme Datenbedarf des Modells wird durch offizielle Statistiken für den Agrarsektor und eigene Erhebungen gedeckt. Die strukturellen Parameter des Nachfrage- und Angebotsmoduls wurden in einem zweistufigen Verfahren so kalibriert, dass die Beobachtungen des Basisjahrs 2003 vom Modell repliziert werden. Diese Studie leistet mit der hierzu angewendeten Methode einen Beitrag im Bereich der positiv-mathematischen Programmierung und der Anwendung von Kalibrierungstechniken für partielle Gleichgewichtsmodelle. Die Modellrechnungen zeigen, dass die Einführung von Gebühren für Wassernutzung, wie auch die Verringerung der staatlichen Beihilfen für landwirtschaftliche Vorleistungen, durch Steigerung der Wassereffizienz und weitere Marktliberalisierung kompensiert werden können. Darüber hinaus wurde deutlich, dass Tierhaltung einen großen Beitrag zur Stabilisierung der ländlichen Einkommen leistet. Eine Verbesserung der Produktivität in diesem Bereich würde daher zu einer Verminderung der Abhängigkeit von pflanzlicher Produktion führen und potentiell den regionalen Bedarf nach Wasser verringern. Die regionale Produktion von Baumwolle würde durch eine Liberalisierung der Marktordnung eher sinken, so dass die frei werdenden Flächen zum Teil zum Anbau von Reis genutzt werden könnten.

Book reviewed in this article:CAN MINISTERS COPE? Australian Federal Ministers at Work. By Patrick Weller and Michelle Grattan.JAMES MACARTHUR: Colonial Conservative, 1798–1867. By John Manning Ward.A JUST SOCIETY? Essays on Equity in Australia. Edited by P. N. Troy.EQUITY IN THE CITY. Edited by P. N. Troy.INNOVATION AND REACTION: The life and death of the Federal Department of Urban and Regional Development. By C. J. Lloyd and Patrick N. Troy.SYDNEY; A Social and Political Atlas. By Michael Poulsen and Peter Spearritt.TOWARDS ADAPTIVE FEDERALISM; A Search for Criteria for Responsibility Sharing in a Federal System.PARLAMENTARISCHE BUNDESSTAATEN IM COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS: KANADA, AUSTRALIEN, INDIEN: Ein Vergleich. Bd I. Grundbegriffe und Grundlagen.UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. Edited by G. R. Curnow and R. L. Wettenhall.DECISIONS: Case Studies in Australian Public Policy. Edited by Sol Encel, Peter Wilenski and Bernard Schaffer.THE ABC–AUNT SALLY AND SACRED COW. By Clement Semmler.MELBOURNE STUDIES IN EDUCATION 1981. Edited by Stephen Murray‐Smith.HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PRACTICE Edited by J. A. Pettifer.AUSTRALIAN IMPERIALISM IN THE PACIFIC: The Expansionist Era 1820–1920. By Roger C. ThompsonCRITICAL ESSAYS IN AUSTRALIAN POLITICS. Edited by Graeme Duncan.WOOL IN WARTIME: A Study in Colonialism, by Les White.NORTHERN AUSTRALIA: Options and Implications. Edited by Rhys Jones.GUIDE TO NORTHERN TERRITORY RESEARCH RESOURCES IN NORTHERN TERRITORY COLLECTIONS. Compiled by M.A. Clinch for the Northern Territory Government.THE ABORIGINAL TASMANIANS. By Lyndall Ryan.ALBERT HAHL: Governor in New Guinea. Edited and translated by Peter G. Sack and Dymphna Clark.Peter Biskup, 'Dr Albert Hahl–Sketch of a German Colonial Official', Australian Journal of Politics and History 14 (3), 1968, 343–57.Peter Sack, Land Between Two Laws: early European Land acquisitions in New Guinea (Canberra, 1973).Stewart Firth, 'Albert Hahl: Governor of German New Guinea', in James Griffin (ed.), Papua New Guinea Portraits: The Expatriate Experience (Canberra, 1978), 28–48.WOMEN, POLITICS AND CHANGE: The Kaum Ibu UMNO, Malaysia, 1945–1972. By Lenore Manderson.UNEQUAL TREATY 1898‐1997: China, Great Britain and Hong Kong's New Territories. By Peter Wesley‐Smith.THE LAST COLONY: But Whose? A study of the labour movement, labour market and labour relations in Hong Kong. By H.A. Turner et al.CHINA'S INTELLECTUAL DILEMMA: Politics and University Enrolment, 1949–1978. By Robert Taylor.ANATOMY OF THE RAJ: Russian Consular Reports. Edited by Suhash Chakravarty.CLASS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN KENYA: The Making of an African Petite Bourgeoisie 1905–1970. By Gavin Kitching.THE BRITISH SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. Fourth Edition. By Anthony H. Birch.AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS. Third Edition. By Allen M. Potter, Peter Fotheringham and James G. Kellas.THE PROJECTION OF BRITAIN: British Overseas Publicity and Propaganda 1919–1939. By Philip M. Taylor.GREAT BRITAIN GREAT EMPIRE: An Evaluation of the British Imperial Experience. By W. Ross Johnston.THE BRITISH BUSINESS ELITE: Its attitudes to Class, Status and Power. By John Fidler.A CLASS AGAINST ITSELF: Power and the Nationalisation of the British Steel Industry. By Doug McEachern.A LIBERAL DESCENT: Victorian Historians and the English Past. By J. W. Burrow.THE GREAT POWERS OF THE EUROPEAN STATES SYSTEM 1815 1914. By F. R. Bridge and Roger Bullen.WHO WERE THE FASCISTS: Social Roots of European Fascism. Edited by Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bern! Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust.DECEPTION IN WORLD WAR II. By Charles Cruickshank.THE GERMAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY, 1875‐1935: From Ghetto to Government. By W. L. Guttsman.DIE DEUTSCHE INFLATION 1914–1923. Ursachen und Folgen in internationaler Perspektive. By Carl‐Ludwig Holtfrerich.INTERPRETING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. By François Furet.TSAR ALEXIS: His Reign and His Russia. By Joseph T. Fuhrmann.DIARY OF VOLODYMYR VYNNYCHENKO, Vol. 1, 1911–1920. Edited by Hryhory Kostiuk.THE ETHNIC REVIVAL IN THE MODERN WORLD. By Anthony D. Smith.POLITICS IN ETHNICALLY BIPOLAR STATES: Guyana, Malaysia, Fiji. By R. S. Milne.ETHNIC SOLDIERS: State security in a divided society. By Cynthia H. Enloe.ELITES IN AMERICAN HISTORY: The Federalist Years to the Civil War. By Philip H. Burch.BRITISH REGULARS IN MONTREAL: An Imperial Garrison, 1832–1854. By Elinor Kyte Senior.THE POLITICS OF THE SECOND ELECTORATE: Women and Public Participation–Britain, USA, Canada, Australia, France, Spain, West Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Eastern Europe, USSR, Japan. Edited by Joni Lovenduski and Jill Hills.WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN: Essays in Philosophical Anthropology, Political Philosophy and Social Psychology. Edited by Ross Fitzgerald.JEAN BODIN: Selected Writings on Philosophy, Religion and Politics. Edited by Paul Lawrence Rose.MACHIAVELLI. By Quentin Skinner.CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY. By Geoffrey Marshall.THE DESIGN AND UNDERSTANDING OF SURVEY QUESTIONS. By William A. Belson.

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's visit to the United States in August 1982 was seen by many as the beginnings of a new era in Indo-US relations. The American and Indian press hailed it as a turning point in US policies towards the sub-continent, but the Indian Prime Minister cautioned that it was no more than an exchange of views. In concrete terms, the United Slates agreed to supply fuel to the Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant and promised a more sympathetic response to India's requests for loans and credits to the IMF and the World Bank.1 But on all security matters the two remained as far apart as ever. There was no agreement on US arms to Pakistan, the growing militarisation of the Indian Ocean or, Afghanistan. Those who perceived the visit as a positive sign for the future argued that summit meetings never produce dramatic results but in this instance, it crystallised and gave shape to a whole range of imperceptible shifts in the region.2 The willingness on the part of the United States and India to seek closer ties reflected their desire to gain advantages from the changing alignment of power in South West Asia. For instance, India's attempts to distance itself from the Soviet Union were noted in Washington and so also Pakistan's friendly overtures to India. The United States was aware of the slight but discernible thaw in Sino-Indian relations. They further pointed that this general relaxation of tensions was viewed by them (United States) to be in its interest since it at the same time denied the Soviet Union opportunities to expand its influence. Although it is true that India and Pakistan have been exchanging views on the "No War Pact," China, too has held preliminary negotiations with India on their common borders, Indira Gandhi has distanced herself from the Communist Party of India signalling displeasure with Soviet policies in South and South West Asia3 and some new tensions between the United States and Pakistan have arisen, but the question still remains whether these disparate actions add up to a major re-alignment of power in the region and whether this is likely to trigger an equally serious change in the United States policies. If we were to assume that such a change is indeed in progress, it can only be a result of changed perceptions of threats and opportunities in Washington, threats that emanate from the continued Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and opportunities that arise from the strengthening of pro-American elements in the region. Because, in the first place, it was the fear of Soviet expansion that brought enhanced US presence to South West Asia, particularly to Pakistan. Before 1979, the sub-continent was either ignored or perceived as only a test case for Carter's human rights and nuclear non-proliferation policy. It is therefore important to ask how and in what way has the Reagan assessment of Soviet intentions towards South West Asia changed to warrant a fundamental departure from commitments and ties with Pakistan forged just over a year ago. Secondly, how far such a realignment is likely to go and what do the nations in question—US, India and Pakistan gain from it? Since the Reagan Administration's policies have been motivated by an overwhelming concern for the vital interests of the United States in the region, these questions can only be answered by first examining precisely how the United States sought to safeguard these. This would necessitate discussion of four main questions: 1 The strategic rationale behind President Reagan's policies and the change in perceptions that led to the reversal of the Carter approach; 2 the role assigned to South West Asia and particularly to Pakistan in this strategy; 3 the alternative courses of action open to the United States as a result of changing perspectives in the region; and 4 whether the policies and recent adjustments towards South Asia signal a real departure from the strategic postures of 1980, or merely a continuation of the same approach but within a different diplomatic framework? The aim of this paper is to show that the present US initiatives signalled by the invitation to Mrs. Gandhi may ease tensions in the region but does not constitute a fundamental change in the strategic posture of its perceptions of the covert threats to its interests in the region.

"In 1748, as yellow fever raged in Charleston, South Carolina, doctor John Lining remarked, 'There is something very singular in the constitution of the Negroes, which renders them not liable to this fever.' Lining's comments presaged ideas about blackness that would endure in medical discourses and beyond. In this fascinating medical history, Rana A. Hogarth examines the creation and circulation of medical ideas about blackness in the Atlantic World during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. She shows how white physicians deployed blackness as a medically significant marker of difference and used medical knowledge to improve plantation labor efficiency, safeguard colonial and civic interests, and enhance control over black bodies during the era of slavery. Hogarth refigures Atlantic slave societies as medical frontiers of knowledge production on the topic of racial difference. Rather than looking to their counterparts in Europe who collected and dissected bodies to gain knowledge about race, white physicians in Atlantic slaveholding regions created and tested ideas about race based on the contexts in which they lived and practiced. What emerges in sharp relief is the ways in which blackness was reified in medical discourses and used to perpetuate notions of white supremacy."--

The chief purpose of this handbook is to provide government lawyers with a framework to evaluate the quality of a country's investment legislation (if it exists) and how the legislation relates to its investment policy and investment incentives. More specifically, it deals with creating new and reforming existing investment legislation in developing and transition economies in furtherance of the World Bank Group's (WBG's) mandate to promote private investment - domestic and foreign - in those economies. Handbook appendices contain drafting guidelines and checklist of issues that foreign direct investment (FDI) laws should include and that countries can use when drafting investment legislation. The report is structured as follows: chapter one defines key terms about investment law reform in an effort to clarify terminology and concepts and show how they are related. Chapter two examines how widespread investment codes are and explains their utility and limitations. Chapter three provides recommendations on the structure of investment legislation and the key provisions to be included such as definitions, investors' guarantees, incentives, framework for investment promotion, and transitional provisions. Chapter four discusses the fundamental issue of investor entry, in particular the conditions under which foreign investors can invest including sectoral restrictions, limitations on foreign ownership, authorization and screening, minimum investment, and performance requirements. Chapter five discusses key investor guarantees including fair and equitable treatment, national treatment, most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, protection against expropriation, guaranteed convertibility and repatriation of profits, and settlement of disputes. Chapter six looks at the issue of investment incentives, (fiscal incentives in particular) and their effectiveness. Chapter seven summarizes key aspects of investment promotion to guide legal drafters, should policymakers want the investment code to set out the basic framework of investment promotion. Chapter eight presents the various phases of investment law reform projects, from the government's request for assistance with legislation to the delivery of a project plan. Chapter nine identifies some of the challenges in preparing an investment code and the support that governments may need until the law is promulgated. Chapter ten discusses the monitoring and evaluation (M and E) of investment law reforms, including the key indicators involved in a desk review and medium- and large-scale projects.

The Doing Business data highlight the important role of the government and government policies in the day-to-day life of domestic small and medium-size firms. The objective is to encourage regulations that are designed to be efficient, accessible to all who use them and simple in their implementation. Where regulation is burdensome and competition limited, success tends to depend on whom one knows. But where regulation is efficient, transparent and implemented in a simple way, it becomes easier for aspiring entrepreneurs to compete on an equal footing and to innovate and expand. In this sense Doing Business values good rules as a key to social inclusion. Enabling growth, and ensuring that all people, regardless of income level, can participate in its benefits, requires an environment where new entrants with drive and good ideas can get started in business and where good firms can invest and grow, thereby creating more jobs. Doing Business was designed with 2 main types of users in mind: policy makers and researchers. Doing Business is a tool that governments can use to design sound policies for the creation of firms and jobs. But this tool should not be used in isolation. Doing Business provides a rich opportunity for benchmarking by capturing key dimensions of regulatory regimes. Nevertheless, the Doing Business data are limited in scope and should be complemented with other sources of information.