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Social movements have become a constitutive part of contemporary societies, especially so in democratic contexts where the institutional conditions allow for movements to be formed and express themselves freely. They involve conflictual relations with clearly identified opponents, are linked by dense informal networks, share a distinct collective identity, and engage primarily – but not exclusively – in protest activities. Explanations of movement mobilization have typically stressed a number of key factors, or combinations thereof: in particular, grievances, mobilizing structures, political opportunities, and framing processes. This chapter provides an overview of some key aspects relating to the study of social movements. Given the breath of this field, it can only be very selective in doing so. The chapter first addresses the question of the definition of social movements. Then it moves on to looking at the ways in which they have been studied. Finally, it briefly discusses what movements leave behind them, that is, the issue of their outcomes and consequences. The chapter concludes with a summary of the most salient aspects addressed and some directions for future research.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- 1 The Study of Social Movements: Recurring Questions, (Partially) Changing Answers -- 1.1 Four Core Questions for Social Movement Analysis -- 1.2 What is Distinctive about Social Movements? -- 1.3 On This Book -- 2 Social Changes and Social Movements -- 2.1 Social Structure, Political Cleavages, and Collective Action -- 2.2 States, Markets, and Social Movements -- 2.3 Knowledge, Culture, and Conflicts -- 2.4 Structural Transformations, New Conflicts, New Classes -- 2.5 Summary -- 3 The Symbolic Dimension of Collective Action -- 3.1 Culture and Action: The Role of Values -- 3.2 Culture and Action: The Cognitive Perspective -- 3.3 Problems and Responses -- 3.4 Summary -- 4 Collective Action and Identity -- 4.1 How Does Identity Work? -- 4.2 Multiple Identities -- 4.3 Does Identity Facilitate Participation? -- 4.4 How Is Identity Generated and Reproduced? -- 4.5 Summary -- 5 Individuals, Networks, and Participation -- 5.1 Why Do People Get Involved in Collective Action? The Role of Networks -- 5.2 Do Networks Always Matter? -- 5.3 Individuals and Organizations -- 5.4 Individual Participation, Movement Subcultures, and Virtual Networks -- 5.5 Summary -- 6 Social Movements and Organizations -- 6.1 Organizational Dilemmas in Social Movements -- 6.2 Types of Social Movement Organizations -- 6.3 How Do Social Movement Organizations Change? -- 6.4 From Movement Organizations to Social Movement Networks -- 6.5 Summary -- 7 Action Forms, Repertoires, and Cycles of Protest -- 7.1 Protest: A Definition -- 7.2 Repertoires of Action -- 7.3 The Logics and Forms of Protest -- 7.4 Strategic Options and Protest -- 7.5 Factors Influencing Repertoire Choice -- 7.6 The Cross-National Diffusion of Protest -- 7.7 Cycles of Protest, Protest Waves, and Protest Campaigns -- 7.8 Summary.

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