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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2W-4DTKN77-1&_user=1080505&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WYA-MsSAYWW-UUW-U-AABWVWVUEE-AABUUUVYEE-VAYWEWCZU-WYA-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=11%2F17%2F2004&_rdoc=234&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235713%239999%239999 ; International audience ; The low level of involvement by international oil companies in Russia seems difficult to explain given what development of its resources and production has to offer. There are still many restrictions and contradictions, born of the particular institutional and political environment of the Russian oil industry at the end of fifteen years of transition, that act as a bar to international integration. Three factors currently define the establishment of relations with foreign investors. First, because of the many different levels of negotiation with Russian companies, the State and the Regions, the decisions are based on complex relations between the various forces. Second, the reforms, and especially privatisation and the allocation of rights of ownership to deposits, are considered by sizeable sections of public opinion and many political classes to be illegitimate, thus making the issue of international investment and foreign presence still more complicated. Finally, the State's wish to take back the oil industry in order to use it to fulfil its economic and foreign policies is creating further uncertainty. These three elements seriously restrict the entry of international oil companies to the Russian market.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2W-4DTKN77-1&_user=1080505&_handle=V-WA-A-W-WYA-MsSAYWW-UUW-U-AABWVWVUEE-AABUUUVYEE-VAYWEWCZU-WYA-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=11%2F17%2F2004&_rdoc=234&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235713%239999%239999 ; International audience ; The low level of involvement by international oil companies in Russia seems difficult to explain given what development of its resources and production has to offer. There are still many restrictions and contradictions, born of the particular institutional and political environment of the Russian oil industry at the end of fifteen years of transition, that act as a bar to international integration. Three factors currently define the establishment of relations with foreign investors. First, because of the many different levels of negotiation with Russian companies, the State and the Regions, the decisions are based on complex relations between the various forces. Second, the reforms, and especially privatisation and the allocation of rights of ownership to deposits, are considered by sizeable sections of public opinion and many political classes to be illegitimate, thus making the issue of international investment and foreign presence still more complicated. Finally, the State's wish to take back the oil industry in order to use it to fulfil its economic and foreign policies is creating further uncertainty. These three elements seriously restrict the entry of international oil companies to the Russian market.

Since January 2002, following the SRU Law (1), the metropolitan regions (with the exception of the Ile de France and Corsica) exercise all the powers of organising authority (AO) for collective transport of passengers of regional interest. If the law establishes common provisions, a large part of the contractual autonomy of the parties is left. Have the regions made use of this contractual autonomy? To what extent? What type of involvement? In which areas? The purpose of this article is to report on regional/SNCF governance methods in the light of analyses of subcontracting. We will assume that the Region/SNCF contractual relationship can be equated with a particular subcontracting relationship, close to co-contracting (2), the Regions being in the role of principal and SNCF as a single subcontractor (3). Subcontracting relationship, which is still special, by the fact that, for the time being, SNCF presents itself as the obligated partner. After describing the types of governance that could theoretically be envisaged, we will present the characteristics of the contractual organisation of relations between SNCF and each of the seven experimental regions (4), through the agreements concluded in 2002. ; The regionalisation of the rail sector: contractual structure and management methods. – Since January 2002, following the SRU Law, the metropolitan regions (with the exception of the Paris Region and Corsica) enjoy all of the prerogatives of an organisational authority (OA) for collective regional passenger transport. Although the law introduces common measures, a great deal of room for manoeuvre remains concerning the contractual autonomy of the parties concerned. Have the regions made the best of this contractual autonomy? To what extent? In what form? In which field? The purpose of this article is to assess the regional/SNCF management methods in view of the analyses of the subcontracting operations. We will begin with the hypothesis that the contractual region/SNCF relationship may be likened to a special ...

International audience ; The ecological, economic and social functions of French forests may be profoundly impacted by the expected changes in climate in the 21rst century. The fragmentation of wooded areas could be intensified as a result, depending on whether the area is wood-producing or not, or because of diverging management options of owners of holdings. To handle these new situations, central government must step up national forest monitoring systems and place more emphasis on steering research and development. A new overall forestry strategy must be defined and implemented. Implementation of sustainable forest management in the field remains a valid objective and should be strengthened. In the field, foresters and the other stakeholders should be called on to participate in research and development activities, in particular in the framework of forest certification schemes, and should contribute even more actively and practically to defining sustainable forest management. To succeed, central government and local actors need to work together more closely to set up step-by-step approaches and establish a performance-based culture. ; Les changements climatiques annoncés en France au cours du XXIe siècle pourraient affecter profondément les fonctions écologiques, économiques et sociales des forêts. Le morcellement de l'espace forestier pourrait s'en trouver fortement accentué, selon le niveau de la production de bois ou en raison d'options de gestion divergentes des propriétaires. Pour faire face aux situations nouvelles qui vont être rencontrées, l'État devra renforcer son action en matière d'observation des forêts et de pilotage des programmes de recherche et de développement ; il devra aussi définir une nouvelle stratégie d'ensemble et la mettre en oeuvre. Par ailleurs, la mise en application de la gestion durable des forêts, dont la pertinence reste entière, devra être renforcée. Les acteurs de terrain devront donc participer, notamment dans le cadre des systèmes d'écocertification, à la recherche et ...

The ecological, economic and social functions of French forests may be profoundly impacted by the expected changes in climate in the 21rst century. The fragmentation of wooded areas could be intensified as a result, depending on whether the area is wood-producing or not, or because of diverging management options of owners of holdings. To handle these new situations, central government must step up national forest monitoring systems and place more emphasis on steering research and development. A new overall forestry strategy must be defined and implemented. Implementation of sustainable forest management in the field remains a valid objective and should be strengthened. In the field, foresters and the other stakeholders should be called on to participate in research and development activities, in particular in the framework of forest certification schemes, and should contribute even more actively and practically to defining sustainable forest management. To succeed, central government and local actors need to work together more closely to set up step-by-step approaches and establish a performance-based culture. ; Les changements climatiques annoncés en France au cours du XXIe siècle pourraient affecter profondément les fonctions écologiques, économiques et sociales des forêts. Le morcellement de l'espace forestier pourrait s'en trouver fortement accentué, selon le niveau de la production de bois ou en raison d'options de gestion divergentes des propriétaires. Pour faire face aux situations nouvelles qui vont être rencontrées, l'État devra renforcer son action en matière d'observation des forêts et de pilotage des programmes de recherche et de développement ; il devra aussi définir une nouvelle stratégie d'ensemble et la mettre en oeuvre. Par ailleurs, la mise en application de la gestion durable des forêts, dont la pertinence reste entière, devra être renforcée. Les acteurs de terrain devront donc participer, notamment dans le cadre des systèmes d'écocertification, à la recherche et surtout au développement, et être très actifs dans la définition des nouveaux équilibres de la gestion durable des forêts au niveau local et régional. Pour réussir, État et acteurs locaux devront probablement accroître leur coordination, adopter une démarche par étapes, et renforcer leur culture du résultat.

International audience ; In response to the difficulties facing public authorities in their efforts to administrate global forestry issues, new forms of non-state governance have recently emerged. This article proposes first to describe some of these forms. It then goes on to examine three types of political effects induced by some of these private forms of forest governance. In the first place, the growing influence of NGOs and of the private sector in international forestry affairs which has the effect of redefining relationships between the public and private spheres. Secondly the article examines how private schemes call on new forms of expertise found in participatory settings and the related risk that some actors will be excluded. Finally, the article looks at how these transnational forms of private governance can alter international relations, in particular North-South relations. ; Face aux difficultés auxquelles fait face l'action publique pour gouverner les questions forestières globales, de nouvelles formes de gouvernance non étatiques ont récemment émergé. Cet article se propose dans un premier temps de décrire les caractéristiques de certaines d'entre elles. Puis, dans un second temps, il examine trois types d'effets politiques induits par ces nouvelles formes de gouvernance forestière privée. Premièrement, il s'agit de la manière dont l'insertion croissante des ONG et du secteur privé dans les affaires forestières internationales redéfinit les relations entre les sphères publiques et privées. Deuxièmement, l'article analyse comment les dispositifs privés font intervenir de nouvelles formes d'expertise au sein d'arènes de discussion participatives et les risques d'exclusion de certains acteurs qui y sont liés. Enfin, l'article examine les évolutions que ces formes de gouvernance privée transnationale font peser sur les relations internationales, en particulier sur les rapports Nord-Sud.

In response to the difficulties facing public authorities in their efforts to administrate global forestry issues, new forms of non-state governance have recently emerged. This article proposes first to describe some of these forms. It then goes on to examine three types of political effects induced by some of these private forms of forest governance. In the first place, the growing influence of NGOs and of the private sector in international forestry affairs which has the effect of redefining relationships between the public and private spheres. Secondly the article examines how private schemes call on new forms of expertise found in participatory settings and the related risk that some actors will be excluded. Finally, the article looks at how these transnational forms of private governance can alter international relations, in particular North-South relations. ; Face aux difficultés auxquelles fait face l'action publique pour gouverner les questions forestières globales, de nouvelles formes de gouvernance non étatiques ont récemment émergé. Cet article se propose dans un premier temps de décrire les caractéristiques de certaines d'entre elles. Puis, dans un second temps, il examine trois types d'effets politiques induits par ces nouvelles formes de gouvernance forestière privée. Premièrement, il s'agit de la manière dont l'insertion croissante des ONG et du secteur privé dans les affaires forestières internationales redéfinit les relations entre les sphères publiques et privées. Deuxièmement, l'article analyse comment les dispositifs privés font intervenir de nouvelles formes d'expertise au sein d'arènes de discussion participatives et les risques d'exclusion de certains acteurs qui y sont liés. Enfin, l'article examine les évolutions que ces formes de gouvernance privée transnationale font peser sur les relations internationales, en particulier sur les rapports Nord-Sud.

Significant changes in forest management methods — e.g., granting of concessions in state-owned forests, introduction of forest planning, low-impact logging methods — have occurred in the three major tropical forest regions since the 1980s when forest issues became topics of worldwide concern. The main focuses of discussions between the North and the South, between the world of conservation and the world of development, have also shifted as new forms of governance where non-state players are more heavily involved in forestry affairs gained ground. These changes lead some players to oppose new instruments — in particular payment for ecosystem services — to other, currently implemented ones — in particular forest planning. We argue on the contrary that forest policies would derive cumulative benefit from using both tools. ; Dans les trois grands bassins forestiers tropicaux, des évolutions considérables des modes de gestion de la forêt (mise en concession du domaine privé de l'État, percée de l'aménagement forestier, méthodes d'exploitation à faible impact) ont eu lieu depuis les années 1980, lorsque les problématiques forestières sont devenues des sujets de préoccupation mondiale. Les principales lignes de débat, entre le Nord et le Sud, entre le monde de la conservation et celui du développement, se sont également déplacées avec la montée en puissance de nouvelles formes de gouvernance, caractérisées par une plus grande implication des acteurs non étatiques dans les affaires forestières. Alors que ces changements conduisent certains acteurs à opposer de nouveaux instruments — notamment les paiements pour services écosystémiques — à d'autres, actuellement mis en oeuvre — notamment l'aménagement forestier —, nous arguons que les politiques forestières devraient au contraire être basées sur une complémentarité entre ces différents outils.