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Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benign than what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. In this provocative new work, Linda Newson convincingly demonstrates that the Filipino population suffered a significant decline in the early colonial period. Newson argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times. She also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed and that subsequent Spanish demands for tribute, labor, and land brought socioeconomic transformations and depopulation that were prolonged beyond the early conquest years. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. Newson adopts a regional approach and examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. Building on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, she proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565--slightly higher than that suggested by previous studies--and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thirds. Based on extensive archival research conducted in secular and missionary archives in the Philippines, Spain, and elsewhere, Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines is an exemplary contribution to our understanding of the formative influences on demographic change in premodern Southeast Asian society and the history of the early Spanish Philippines.

"Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan is an ambitious and ground-breaking study that offers a new understanding of a formative stage in the development of the Japanese state. The late seventh and eighth centuries were a time of momentous change in Japan, much of it brought about by the short-lived Tenmu dynasty. Two new capital cities, a bureaucratic state led by an imperial ruler, and Chinese-style law codes were just a few of the innovations instituted by the new regime. Herman Ooms presents both a wide-ranging and fine-grained examination of the power struggles, symbolic manipulations, new mythological constructs, and historical revisions that both defined and propelled these changes." "In addition to a vast amount of research in Japanese sources, the author draws on a wealth of sinological scholarship in English, German, and French to illuminate the politics and symbolics of the time. An important feature of the book is the way it opens up early Japanese history to considerations of continental influences. Rulers and ritual specialists drew on several religious and ritual idioms, including Daoism, Buddhism, yin-yang hermeneutics, and kami worship, to articulate and justify their innovations. In looking at the religious symbols that were deployed in support of the state, Ooms gives special attention to the Daoist dimensions of the new political symbolics as well as to the crucial contributions made by successive generations of "immigrants" from the Korean peninsula. From the beginning, a "liturgical state" sought to co-opt factions and clans (uji) as participants in the new polity with the emperor acting as both a symbolic mediator and a silent partner. In contrast to the traditional interpretation of the Kojiki mythology as providing a vertical legitimation of a Sun lineage of rulers, an argument is presented for the importance of a lateral dimension of interdependency as a key structural element in the mythological narrative."--Jacket

Intro -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS -- FOREWORD -- CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION -- 1. Cultural Significance of the German Citizen from Late Medieval to Early Modern Period -- 2. On Terminology: Bürgertum, Culture, Ways of Living, and Environment -- 3. The Citizens and Rural Society -- CHAPTER TWO THE CHARACTER OF THE EARLY MODERN CITY IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE -- 1. Geography -- 2. Vedute: The Ideal and the Reality of the City -- 3. City Planning and Construction -- 4. The Ideal and the Planned City -- 5. The Burgher's House -- 6. Cobblestones and Filth -- CHAPTER THREE THE BURGHERS' LIFESTYLE -- 1. The "Burgher House" and its Furnishings: Problems of Research -- 2. Spheres of Life -- 3. Household Culture: Lighting and Heating -- 4. Organization of the Rooms -- 5. Furnishings and Living Atmosphere -- 6. Periodization -- 7. Economic and Social Prerequisites for Change -- CHAPTER FOUR ASPECTS OF THE DAILY LIFE -- 1. Organization of Time, Daily Routine -- 2. Meals and Drinks -- 3. Table Manners -- 4. Clothing and Fashion -- 5. Hygiene -- 6. Lifestyles and the Process of Civilization -- CHAPTER FIVE THE BURGHER FAMILY -- 1. Aspects of Recent Research -- 2. The "Whole House" -- 3. Values -- 4. New Avenues for Research -- CHAPTER SIX HISTORICAL MICROCOSMS: THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL -- 1. Youth and Education -- 2. Marriage -- 3. Death -- CHAPTER SEVEN BEYOND DAILY LIFE: AMUSEMENTS, MUSIC AND DANCE, ENTERTAINMENT AND THEATER -- 1. Leisure and Free-time -- 2. Music and Dance -- 3. Theater -- 4. 18th Century Developments: The Concert Hall and Burgher Theater with Circles and Balconies -- CHAPTER EIGHT BÜRGERTUM AND THE ARTS -- 1. Art as History -- 2. The Rise of the Artist -- 3. Works of Art in the City -- 4. Urban Architecture -- 5. The Art Market and the Collecting of Art -- 6. The Cultural Centrality of Church and Court in the 17th and 18th Centuries.

Imagines the development of the Western Hemisphere without European contact and colonization. This work answers the hypothetical question: What would the Americas be like today- politically, economically, culturally- if Columbus and the Europeans had never found them, and how would American peoples interact with the world's other societies? It assumes that Columbus did not embark from Spain in 1492 and that no Europeans found or settled the New World afterward, leaving the peoples of the two American continents free to follow the natural course of their Native lives. The Americas That Might Have Been is a professional but layman-accessible, fact-based, nonfiction account of the major Native American political states that were thriving in the New World in 1492. Granberry considers a contemporary New World in which the glories of Aztec Mexico, Maya Middle America, and Inca Peru survived intact. He imagines the roles that the Iroquois Confederacy of the American Northeast, the powerful city-states along the Mississippi River in the Midwest and Southeast, the Navajo Nation and the Pueblo culture of the Southwest, the Eskimo Nation in the Far North, and the Taino/Arawak chiefdoms of the Caribbean would play in American and world politics in the 21st Century. Following a critical examination of the data using empirical archaeology, linguistics, and ethnohistory, Granberry presents a reasoned and compelling discussion of native cultures and the paths they would have logically taken over the past five centuries. He reveals the spectacular futures these brilliant pre-Columbian societies might have had, if not for one epochal meeting that set off a chain of events so overwhelming to them that the course of human history was forever changed. Julian Granberry is Language Coordinator with Native American Language Services in Florida and author of numerous

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction and Plan of the Work -- Book One: The Productive Powers of Labour -- Chapter I -- Of the Division of Labour -- Chapter II -- Of the Principle which gives occasion to the Division of Labour -- Chapter III -- That the Division of Labour is limited by the Extent of the Market -- Chapter IV -- Of the Origin and Use of Money -- Chapter V -- Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money -- Chapter VI -- Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities -- Chapter VII -- Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities -- Chapter VIII -- Of the Wages of Labour -- Chapter IX -- Of the Profits of Stock -- Chapter X -- Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and Stock -- PART 1 -- Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselves -- PART 2 -- Inequalities by the Policy of Europe -- Chapter XI -- Of the Rent of Land -- PART 1 -- Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent -- PART 2 -- Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent -- PART 3 -- -- DIGRESSION CONCERNING THE VARIATIONS IN THE VALUE OF SILVER DURING THE COURSE OF THE FOUR LAST CENTURIES -- First Period -- Second Period -- Third Period -- VARIATIONS IN THE PROPORTION BETWEEN THE RESPECTIVE VALUES OF GOLD AND SILVER -- GROUNDS OF THE SUSPICION THAT THE VALUE OF SILVER STILL CONTINUES TO DECREASE -- DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF THE PROGRESS OF IMPROVEMENT UPON THREE DIFFERENT SORTS OF RUDE PRODUCE -- First Sort -- Second Sort -- Third Sort -- CONCLUSION OF THE DIGRESSION CONCERNING THE VARIATIONS IN THE VALUE OF SILVER -- EFFECTS OF THE PROGRESS OF IMPROVEMENT UPON THE REAL PRICE OF MANUFACTURES -- CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER -- Tables Referred to in Chapter 11, Part 3 -- Book Two: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock -- Introduction.

Main description: In Paris during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the practice of adopting children was strongly discouraged by cultural, religious, and legal authorities on the grounds that it disrupted family blood lines. In fact, historians have assumed that adoption had generally not been practiced in France or in the rest of Europe since late antiquity. Challenging this view, Kristin Gager brings to light evidence showing how married couples and single men and women from the artisan neighborhoods in early modern Paris did manage to adopt children as their legal heirs. In so doing, she offers a new, richly detailed portrait of family life, civil law, and public assistance in Paris, and reveals how citizens forged a wide variety of family forms in defiance of social, cultural, and legal norms.Gager bases her work on documents ranging from previously unexplored notarized contracts of adoption to court cases, theological treatises, and literary texts. She examines two main patterns of adoption: those privately arranged between households and those of destitute children from the Parisian foundling hospice and the Hôtel-Dieu. Gager argues that although customary law rejected adoption and promoted an exclusively biological model of the family, there existed an alternative domestic culture based on a variety of "fictive" ties. Gager connects her arguments to current debates about adoption and the nature of the family in Europe and the United States.Originally published in 1996.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Is Communism's collapse merely the passing of a particularly lethal adversarial relationship between the super powers - or an extraordinary chance to make fundamental changes in how nations resolve conflicts? In answering this query, Bruce Russett shows that the world's great nations now have an opportunity to realize the "democratic peace" envisioned by Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson. These two men suggested in their own eras what has become increasingly clear in our own: democracies do not fight each other. Now, as the Clinton administration strives to replace the goals of the Cold War with a "pro-democracy" foreign policy, the desire for a shared peace among democracies is becoming one of the most urgent concerns not only of the United States but of the entire international community. In this original and far-reaching study of the relevant issues, Russett discusses instances of "democratic peace" from preindustrial societies through ancient Greece through the modern international system of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His account reveals that the relative peace between democracies is due not to their wealth, their alliances, and their distance from each other, but to the norms and strategies characteristic of democracy-to-democracy relationships. By illuminating the conflict-resolving mechanisms inherent in these relationships, he explains one of the most promising developments of the modern international system: the striking fact that the democracies that it comprises have almost never fought each other. This profound work not only addresses a broad audience of scholars and policy professionals but also reaches outside the professional debate to engage other readers who are also seriously interested in the new administration's foreign policy and in international relations are generally. It promises to become the major text of the continuing dialogue on whether and how a "democratic peace" may finally be achieved

Preface -- Map -- List of illustrations -- Genealogies (Theodosius I, Aspar, Leo I) -- I. Why does Aspar matter? -- II. "Barbarians" and "heretics" -- III. Aspar's antecedents -- IV. Ardaburius the Elder & Aspar: wars in Persia and Italy (421-25) -- V. Aspar in Africa: the war with the Vandals (431-435) -- VI. Aspar and Attila: the wars with the Huns (440-450) -- VII. Aspar and the choice of Marcian (450-457) -- VIII. Aspar and the choice of Leo (457) -- IX. Aspar's struggle with Leo begins (457-465) -- X. The rise of Zeno (465-467) -- XI. Leo's African gamble (467-468) -- XII. Aspar's apogee (469-471) -- XIII. Aftermath (471-491) -- XIV. Conclusions. "The first full-length biography in English of Aspar, the eastern Roman general and statesman, this book explores his central role in the history and politics of the fragmenting Roman Empire in the 5th century. It also considers what his life and career may suggest as to the differing fates of the eastern and western parts of the empire. Taking a chronological approach, Bleeker guides us through what is known of Aspar's life and his changing influence in the eastern Roman army and court. Born and raised in Constantinople, Aspar primarily viewed and presented himself as a Roman general, consul, and senator. Yet he also stood outside the Roman mainstream in two important ways - as a member of the empire's "barbarian" military leadership and as a devout Arian Christian. Early chapters treat his formative military experiences with the Persians, a Roman usurper in Italy, the Vandals in Africa, and the Huns of Attila, while later chapters focus on Aspar's political role in resolving the two imperial succession crises that struck the eastern Roman empire in the mid-5th century and his extended struggle to control the succession to Leo I. Bleeker builds on earlier studies in three ways. First, previous work has largely concentrated on the role of "barbarian" generals in the western Roman empire, while much less attention has been paid to similar figures (such as Aspar) in the east. Secondly, while important recent work has explored the prevalence of "child-emperors" in the late-fourth and early-fifth centuries, this book suggests a further evolution of the imperial role in the mid-fifth century. Finally, while previous studies of this period have focused on Aspar's late career role in the succession struggles, a full study allows us to see how and why his relations with other key figures within and outside the eastern Roman government changed over the course of his lengthy career"--

'I have no dress except the one I wear every day. If you are going to be kind enough to give me one, please let it be practical and dark so that I can put it on afterwards to go to the laboratory', said Marie Curie about her wedding dress. According to her lecture notes, Gertrude B. Elion is quoted a few decades later: 'Don't be afraid of hard work. Don't let others discourage you, or tell you that you can't do it. In my day I was told women didn't go into chemistry. I saw no reason why we couldn't.' These two quotations from famous, Nobel Prize winning chemists amply demonstrate the challenges that female scientists in the past centuries have had to overcome; challenges that are still sometimes faced by the current generation. They 'must have the noblest courage, quite extraordinary talents and superior genius' wrote Carl Friedrich Gauss 1807 in a letter to mathematician Sophie Germain. For the official book to celebrate the International Year of Chemistry, the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS) has chosen one of the central goals of the International Year: the contribution and role of women in chemistry. This celebration, which is the focus of European Women in Chemistry, takes us on a journey through centuries of chemical research, focusing on the lives of those amazing women from ancient times to the current day who dared to study this subject, often against advice or societal expectations. These portraits emphasize the extraordinary path and personality of these fascinating women, their major contribution to chemistry, but all in the context of their time and social environment. Some of these women, like Marie Curie and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, are famous and still well-known today. Others have contributed significantly to the development of science and lived an exceptional life, but are nowadays almost forgotten. This book is a tribute to all of them and a motivation for new generations to come to tread new paths, fight for unusual ideas and control one?s own destiny. Jan Apotheker is a lecturer in Chemistry Education at the University of Groningen. After obtaining his academic degrees from the University of Groningen in Biochemistry, he taught chemistry at a local secondary school for 25 years. One of his prime responsibilities as lecturer is the training of teachers in all levels of education. He is also involved in the organization of outreach activities both from the university and on a national scale. He is a member of the steering committee 'New Chemistry' that is currently developing a new chemistry curriculum for secondary education in the Netherlands. Jan is the Royal Dutch Chemical Society board member for education, an IUPAC Committee Member for chemistry education, and a member of the EUCHEMS division for chemistry education. Livia Simon Sarkadi is a Professor of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary. Since 1980, she has taught biochemistry, food chemistry, and food analysis. She has supervised a number of PhD, BSc and MSc students. Besides being an author and co-author of many scientific papers, she wrote a textbook on Biochemistry. She is a member of the Editorial Board of International Journals (European Food Research and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research). She has been the Chair of the Food Protein Working Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences since 1996 and is currently the Chair of the EuCheMS Food Chemistry Division, and an elected member of the EuCheMS Executive Board.

Verlagsinfo: This work centers on philosophy of history and political economy. Globalization is writ large. Civilizational historicism is a worldview which affirms the reality of social laws. It is an explanatory model which highlights political economy. The eradication of white supremacy globally would enable real emancipation for the black world and parity for African Americans. Civilizational historicism posits race, instead of class, religion or culture, as the key historical construct. Race is conceived as a historical artifact, not a biological hypothesis. Race is a made-in-America potency which determines how African Americans are treated. From the holocaust of black enslavement sprang the oppressive racial interdependence between blacks and whites, past and present. The staged incremental progress African Americans are alleged to have benefited from is, in fact, a contingency-rooted, episodic modernization of second-class citizenship, the kernel of which has remained stable, despite civil rights concessions. Munford has done it again a brilliantly original foray into global history! In an exhaustive overview he tracks human development from early Homo Sapiens to the present, targeting Africa s history of prosperity and creativity, followed by centuries of devastating colonialism. Examining the 400-year-war of Europeans versus Africans (inaccurately known as slave trade ), Munford chronicles the decimation of Africa and theft of its youth to create founding wealth for western capitalism. What is naively viewed as a democratic multiracial America is shown as intentional illusion, a façade lying over white-on-black oppression still central to white privilege and power. Using a distinctive civilizational historicism approach, Munford contributes well to the critical racial paradigm emerging on the edge of social science that seeks to liberate all, and especially African-descent people, from continuing white-maintained oppression termed world history. In the process, he offers deep lessons into what a fully liberated human world could be. Joe R. Feagin Ella C. McFadden Professor of Liberal Arts, Texas A & M University Author, Systemic Racism: A Theory of Oppression Prof Munford s American Crucible is WEB DuBois Black Reconstruction for our times. Like Black Reconstruction, it breaks new intellectual grounds while exposing the two-headed monster that commands not only the US, but the world: Capitalism and Racism. American Crucible ultimately shows us that the world cannot be straightened out without dealing with this two-headed monster that has set the civilizational norm for the world s people. And it is this rebirth of Black Genius that Munford so passionately calls forth that will be a central force slaying this monster of dehumanizing greed, depravity and antiNature. S. E. Anderson Author, Black Holocaust for Beginners (Writers and Readers) Adjunct Professor at Brooklyn College School of Education Brooklyn, NY.

"Responding to Vine Deloria, Jr.'s call in For This Land for all people to "become involved" in the struggle to protect Indigenous sacred sites, Dana Lloyd's Land Is Kin proposes a rethinking of sacred sites, even a rethinking of land itself. While Deloria suggested using the principle of religious freedom, Lloyd argues that this principle cannot help because settler law creates a tension between two competing rights-one party's religious freedom and another party's property rights. Framing the matter in this way means the right of property will always win. Through an analysis of the 1988 US Supreme Court case Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, which she interprets as a case about sovereignty and the meaning of land, Lloyd proposes a multilayered understanding of land that can play different roles simultaneously. Rejecting the binary logic of sacred religion versus secular property, Lloyd uses the legal dispute over the High Country-an area of the Six Rivers National Forest in northern California sacred to the Yurok, Karuk, and Tolowa Indigenous nations-to show that there are at least five different, but not equally valid, ways to understand land in the Lyng case: home, property, sacred site, wilderness, and kin. To protect the High Country, the Yurok filed a religious freedom lawsuit but then proceeded to describe the land as their home in court. They lobbied for protecting the High Country through a wilderness designation even as they continued to argue they have been managing it for centuries. They have purchased large parcels of ancestral land even as they declare the land their kin, a relationship that ostensibly excludes the possibility of ownership. Land Is Kin shows the complexity of land in contemporary religious, political, and legal discourse. By drawing on Indigenous perspectives on the land as kin, Lloyd points toward a framework that shifts sovereignty away from binary oppositions-between property and sacred site, between the federal government and Native nations-towards seeing the land itself as sovereign"--

"First published in French in 1907, Henri Bergson's L'évolution créatrice is a scintillating and radical work by one of the great French philosophers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This outstanding new translation, the first for over a hundred years, brings one of Bergson's most important and ambitious works to a new generation of readers. A sympathetic though critical reader of Darwin, Bergson argues in Creative Evolution against a mechanistic, reductionist view of evolution. For Bergson, all life emerges from a creative, shared impulse, which he famously terms élan vital and which passes like a current through different organisms and generations over time. Whilst this impulse remains as forms of life diverge and multiply, human life is characterised by distinctive form of consciousness or intellect that is modelled upon how objects or parts of objects are juxtaposed in space. Yet as Bergson brilliantly shows, the intellect's fragmentary and action-oriented nature, which he likens to the cinematograph, means it alone cannot grasp nature's creativity and invention over time. A major task of Creative Evolution is how to reconcile these two elements. For Bergson, the answer famously lies in intuition, which brings instinct and intellect together and takes us "into the very interior of life." A work of great rigour and imaginative richness that contributed to Bergson winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927, Creative Evolution played an important and controversial role in the trajectory of twentieth-century philosophy and continues to create significant discussion and debate. The philosopher and psychologist William James, who admired Bergson's work, was writing an introduction to the first English translation of the book before his death in 1910. This new translation includes a foreword by Elizabeth Grosz and a helpful Translator's introduction by Donald Landes. Also translated for the first time are additional notes, articles, reviews and letters on the reception of Creative Evolution in biology, mathematics and theology. This edition includes fascinating commentaries by philosophers Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Georges Canguilhem, and Gilles Deleuze"--

Frontmatter --Preface --Contents --Introduction: Expanding the Discourse on Good Christian Rulership --A. The Good Christian Ruler in the Roman Empire --Finding a Common Cause: Fourth-Century Greek Discourses on Rulership --The Good Sinful Ruler: Ambrose of Milan and Theodosius I --The Emperor's Two Cities: Augustine's Image of the Good Christian Ruler in De civitate Dei 5.24 --Pious and Impious Christian Rulers According to Egyptian Historiography and Hagiography: A First Survey of the Evidence --Faithful Rulers and Theological Deviance: Ephrem the Syrian and Jacob of Serugh on the Roman Emperor --B. The Good Christian Ruler between Persia and Rome --Images of the Good Ruler in Sasanian Iran: An Emic View --Representations of Rulership in Late Antique Armenia --The Depiction of the Arsacid Dynasty in Medieval Armenian Historiography --Vakhtang I Gorgasali (r. 447-522) as a Christian Monarch in Georgia: His Depiction in the Life of Kartli --The Creation of a "Pious" Image of King Vačʽagan II (r. c. 485-523) of Caucasian Albania in the Tale of Vačʽagan (Early Sixth Century) --Concerning Four Kings From the Land of 'Deep Ravines, Dense Forests and Dark Thickets' --C. The Good Christian Ruler in Post-Roman Traditions --The Good Ruler from a Papal Perspective: Continuities and Discontinuities in Papal Letters from the Fourth to Eighth Centuries --The Image of the Christian Ruler in the Catholic Monarchy of Visigothic Spain: Julian of Toledo's Historia Wambae --Goodness and Cruelty: The Image of the Ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in the Period of Christianisation (Ninth Century) --A Christian King in Africa: The Image of Christian Nubian Rulers in Internal and External Sources --D. The Good Ruler under Islamic Rule --Justice and Good Administration in Medieval Islam: The Book of the Pearl of the Ruler by Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih (860-940) --Images of Emperors and Emirs in Early Islamic Egypt --Shaping the Good Christian King under Muslim Rule: Constantine and the Torah in the Melkite Arabic Chronicle of Agapius of Mabbug (Tenth Century) --Index of Persons and Places --Subject Index

"This book investigates the policy of Russia on the Caspian and in the nearby territories from old times to the beginning of the present millennium, thus, spanning several centuries. The book also discusses the motivations of the rulers of Rus', Moscow State, Russian Empire, the USSR and later on, Russia that pursued active foreign policy targeted to extension of the geopolitical influence and strengthening of the economic presence in the near-Caspian territories and on the Caspian Sea proper. The main stages of formation of the Russian foreign policy are studied. The causes underlying the rivalry of Russia with Persia and Turkey, Central Asian Khanates and European states for the leading positions on the Caspian are analyzed. The authors describe the mechanisms used by Russia in its foreign policy with regard to the established political and economic conditions. Much attention is focused on the analysis of Russia's foreign policy in the Caspian region after disintegration of the USSR when the situation on the Caspian had changed drastically. Formerly there were two Caspian statesaUSSR and Iran, but now three new independent states appeared, i.e. Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, which immediately became the focus of interest of non-regional states and leading oil and gas companies. This book describes how the policy of Russia has been changing in the face of a new geopolitical situation in the Caspian region. The approaches of Russia to addressing the regional problems, first of all, the international legal status of the Caspian Sea, hydrocarbon production and transportation, militarization and ecology, etc. are analyzed. All these factors urged Russia to develop new approaches towards the Caspian region. The book investigates the effect of the foreign policy of new Caspian states, the USA, EU and China on the Caspian policy of Russia. The complicated geopolitical situation on the Caspian and unceasing attention to its hydrocarbon resources force Russia to keep a close watch on the Caspian region that remains the main vector of the Russian foreign policy."--Preface

Warum verändern sich Dinge zu bestimmten Zeiten und nicht zu anderen? Die Beiträge in diesem Band betrachten diese Frage aus der Perspektive der Bedrohung. Selbstalarmierungen aus Gesellschaften oder sozialen Gruppen heraus öffnen Möglichkeitsfenster für Wandel – der oft nicht so verläuft, wie die Urheber der Alarmierung wünschen. Einmal bedroht, werden soziale Ordnungen, die zuvor als gegeben hingenommen wurden, sichtbar, verhandelbar und damit auch veränderbar. In fünf Sektionen behandeln die Beiträge ein weites Spektrum an bedrohten Ordnungen: Dürre und Flut in der modernen Welt, Aufstände in mittelalterlichen Städten, antike Glaubenssysteme sowie heutige organisierte Kriminalität und Protest. Alarmierung und Bedrohung, so zeigt sich, ermöglichen Analyse und Vergleich schnellen und überraschenden sozialen Wandels in vielen Gesellschaften.InhaltsübersichtEwald Frie/Mischa Meier: Dynamics of Social Change and Perceptions of Threat. An Introduction I. Framing Situations of Social Change and Threat in Contemporary Society Andreas Hasenclever: Introduction: Taking the Cultural Contexts of Group Mobilization Seriously – Holger Stritzel: The Travelling Concept of Organized Crime as a Threat to Political and Social Orders – Jan Sändig: Framing Non-Violence: MASSOB and the Puzzling Non-Escalation of the Struggle for Biafra in Nigeria II. Urban Unrest, Power and the Internal Dynamics of Social Change, c. 1050–1550 Klaus Ridder: Introduction – Thomas Kohl: Violence, Power and Social Change: European Cities c. 1050–1120 – Hannah Skoda: Threatened Orders in Paris, Oxford and Heidelberg – Beatrice von Lüpke: The Nuremberg Shrovetide Plays and their Perception of Social (Dis-)Order III. Making Sense of Threat – Systems of Belief under Threat, c. 200–800 Sebastian Schmidt-Hofner: Introduction – Communication of Threat and the Construction of Meaning – Matthias Becker: Framing the Christians as Sophists in Porphyry's Contra Christianos – Phil Booth: Liturgification« and Dissent in the Crisis of the East Roman Empire (6th-8th Centuries) IV. Disasters and Social Change, 19th-20th c. Klaus Gestwa: Introduction – Anna Ananieva/Rolf Haaser: Coping with Floods: The Imaginary Community of the »Elegant World« and the Hungarian Flood Disaster of 1838 – Rebecca Jones: Understanding the Conundrum of Drought in Australia V. The End of Threat: Diverging perspectives on Social Change during the 'Sattelzeit' (c. 1750–1850) Renate Dürr: Introduction – Dennis Schmidt: 'Daß alles beym Alten bleibet' Josephinism and Religious Orders in Inner Austria – Fernando Esposito: The Two Ends of History and Historical Temporality as a Threatened Order