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International audience ; The Labour government elected in 1945/1950, and the Conservative one which succeeded it, were determined to maintain a world role for the UK with the Empire and Commonwealth as its cornerstone. By 1945, Indian Independence was inevitable, the only question that remained was what form it would take. It was hoped that a smooth transition would encourage India's new leaders to maintain a strong connection with Britain, ideally as a member of the Commonwealth. Cultural and educational diplomacy were seen as ways of maintaining that connection despite the loss of direct political control.It was in this context that the British government finally agreed to sanction, and fund, the establishment of the British Council in India. It is with this process, the obstacles it encountered and the objectives pursued by the Council in newly independent India that this chapter is concerned. The chronological focus is on the first decade of peace after the end of World War Two but the British Council's wartime role and contacts with India form the background to this story and the starting point of this chapter.

International audience ; Digital humanities scholars strongly need a corpus exploration method that provides topics easier to interpret than standard LDA topic models. To move towards this goal, here we propose a combination of two techniques, called Entity Linking and Labeled LDA. Our method identifies in an ontology a series of descriptive labels for each document in a corpus. Then it generates a specific topic for each label. Having a direct relation between topics and labels makes interpretation easier; using an ontology as background knowledge limits label ambiguity. As our topics are described with a limited number of clear-cut labels, they promote interpretability and support the quantitative evaluation of the obtained results. We illustrate the potential of the approach by applying it to three datasets, namely the transcription of speeches from the European Parliament fifth mandate, the Enron Corpus and the Hillary Clinton Email Dataset. While some of these resources have already been adopted by the natural language processing community, they still hold a large potential for humanities scholars, part of which could be exploited in studies that will adopt the fine-grained exploration method presented in this paper.

This contribution relates the authors' experiences of applying a relational and scaling-sensitive approach to human service clients within the framework of a research training project with bachelor degree students in social work. By conceiving persons as relational (and not self-actional or interactional entities) and hypothesising that persons-in-relation-at-places-in-time cut the 'world' into scales of various ideational, emotional and material dimensionality, the basic question consisted of how persons as clients relate to and scale persons as professionals and members of so-called social services, and thereby continuously reinvent and covenante social reality. On the one hand, the presentation will put to discussion the pursued methodological movement by giving direct insight into the analytical process of transcribing, relationing and comparing. On the other hand, we will discuss the 'merits' of such a movement, especially with regard to questions of equivocity, ambiguity, hybridity or, as we would put it, fractality of social reality. Indeed, persons and places (or any other thinglike entity) take on a holographic stance depending on the relationalities.

The question of how courts respond to national emergencies or crises is of profound importance in a democratic society. In the United States, the federal courts exercise the power of judicial review, giving them the authority to invalidate acts of legislatures or executives as unconstitutional. Given this, those groups who wish to ensure that government does not infringe on valued liberties during times of crisis often look to the federal courts to serve as a limitation on legislative and executive overreach. This policy brief suggests that framing the question as an oppositional one; that is, as a question of the courts in opposition to other branches of government, misrepresents fundamental and distinctive aspects of the US federal courts. Rather, the judiciary operates in conjunction with other branches of government, often by invitation or by default when governing majorities either cannot or will not resolve disputes that divide them. In this sense, the impact of court decisions is measured less by direct social policy outcomes or compliance by other actors, than by the ways in which they contribute to or challenge dominant governing coalitions.

Digital humanities scholars strongly need a corpus exploration method that provides topics easier to interpret than standard LDA topic models. To move towards this goal, here we propose a combination of two techniques, called Entity Linking and Labeled LDA. Our method identifies in an ontology a series of descriptive labels for each document in a corpus. Then it generates a specific topic for each label. Having a direct relation between topics and labels makes interpretation easier; using an ontology as background knowledge limits label ambiguity. As our topics are described with a limited number of clear-cut labels, they promote interpretability and support the quantitative evaluation of the obtained results. We illustrate the potential of the approach by applying it to three datasets, namely the transcription of speeches from the European Parliament fifth mandate, the Enron Corpus and the Hillary Clinton Email Dataset. While some of these resources have already been adopted by the natural language processing community, they still hold a large potential for humanities scholars, part of which could be exploited in studies that will adopt the fine-grained exploration method presented in this paper.

The purpose of this article is to determine the imbalances between national economies in the development of technology and information. The meaning of the technology is compared in various growth theories. An analysis is performed for China and the European Union as a very different situation in terms of demographic, geographic and political. On that basis some commonly accepted assumptions are challenged. An attempt was made to determine the new circumstances under which the technical and informational development take place. Efforts is made to identify the current place of technology in the economy. Article attempts to identify new problems that can meet both in developed and developing economy. Factors that have a direct impact on the rate of accumulation of technology are presented. The role of that accumulation, education and human capital is described. Problems related to the not precise definition of activities of R & D and its actual role are presented. On that basis the conclusions are drawn about the shape of the modern theory of economics in the field of technological development and information. Initial direction of research in this field is defined.

This research aimed at identifying the major livelihood diversification activities, reasons for diversification and the main challenges of livelihood diversification and assessing the effect of livelihood diversification on food security at household level. A blended approach that involved quantitative and qualitative research methods was used. Quantitative data were collected through household survey using questionnaire, while focus group discussions, key informant interview and direct observation were used to generate the relevant qualitative data. The data were analysed using appropriate methods and the results revealed that the insufficient endowment of households with the major livelihood assets (the tiny landholding being the prominent one) hampered their efforts to produce sufficient food for their household requirement. Diversification was widespread in the study area and it was the poor and the destitute households who diversified their livelihood most. The research also found out that livelihood diversification, despite its being taken up as a food security strategy mostly by the poor and the destitute who have limited access to livelihood assets, could not enable the households to feel food secure.

In Slovo, a speech that Bozidar Grujovic (Teodor Filipovic) prepared for the
occasion of the foundation of the Governmental Council of Serbia
(Praviteljstvujusci sovjet srpski) in 1805, there is a definition of the
concept of ?statutory law? (zakon), according to which it has the following
characteristics: it is the expression of the popular will; it applies equally
to all citizens; it has rational and ethical characteristics because it
requires good deeds and prevents the bad ones. Such a concept of statutory
law significantly differs from the positivist conception, dominant in the
contemporary Serbian law. In this article, the author analyzes the legal and
political ideas of Bozidar Grujovic with the aim to show that his ideas
derive from the Roman law, and that they are received, indirectly, by
Rousseau and the ideologues of the French Revolution. Contrary to the
dominant theory in today?s science, the author believes that the direct model
for the ideas of Grujovic is not to be sought in the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, but in the Montagnard Constitution
and the Declaration of the Rights of 1793.

The paper investigates the stylistic features of narrative procedure in a psychological short story in the context of its interpretation in the teaching of the Serbian language and literature. The narrative procedure in a psychological short story is characterized by the use of the first person in narrating, that is I form, an interior monologue and direct interior monologue, dreams, oversights and introspective. It is also characterized by a particular sentence structure, of often incomplete and elliptical form, used to express the conflicts going on in characters' inner sphere and verbal interaction between the characters. The narrative procedure applied in a psychological short story indicates that its plot is subdued to the internal psychological experiences. During the interpretation of a psychological short story students, through the interpretation of stylistic and narrative procedures, are directed and encouraged to discover complex and often hidden psychological mechanisms which spur the characters to act, influence their behavior, verbal expression and mutual relations. The interpretation of language signs which may have psychological and semantic potential leads to the revealing of unconscious internal psychological processes and mechanisms which take place within a literary character.

A strong tradition of anthropological studies highlights how institutions tend to produce classifications and put in place a process of framing in which immigrant groups are identified in advance and are therefore constructed as objects of policy. These framings direct social interventions and shape the public perception of the Roma. This article is the result of ethnographic fieldwork conducted among Roma and non Roma Romanian immigrants in four neighbourhoods in Turin, Italy and in Caraș-Severin, their departure region in Romania. Research brought to light complex dynamics by examining some illustrative life stories. In response to the attitude of the institutions, the protagonists of these stories make strategic use of cultural features, exacerbating the difference, or hiding it with processes of mimicry. Some rediscovered their ethnicity, benefitting as "nomads" from special housing projects; some dealt with the features of identity in a "segregating" form; some, despite not having Roma ancestors, in Italy define themselves as "Gypsy", adopting the distinctive economic survival strategies of the Roma. This research study has shown how, in Italy and in Romania, the boundaries between identity categories are constantly negotiated.

Die Arbeit begründet die Vorlageberechtigung von Sportschiedsgerichten zum EuGH in drei einander teilweise ergänzenden Ansätzen. Neben einer umfassenden Auslegung des Art. 267 AEUV ist Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs. Die vom EuGH aufgestellten Kriterien zur Vorlageberechtigung werden dabei zunächst auf Sportschiedsgerichte angewendet. Für deren Erfüllung werden unter anderem die Wirksamkeit von Schiedsvereinbarungen im Sport sowie die Eigenheiten des Sports – auch unter Beachtung der lex sportiva – ausführlich untersucht. Zuletzt erfolgt eine dogmatische Begründung der aufgestellten Kriterien anhand der bei der Auslegung gefundenen Ergebnisse unter Rückgriff auf das europäische Rechtsstaatsprinzip. Dies erlaubt die Einordnung der Kriterien in ein bewegliches System nach der Idee Walter Wilburgs. Daneben wird auch eine Vorlagepflicht für letztinstanzliche Sportschiedsgerichte begründet, eine Vorlage durch den Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) hingegen abgelehnt. / »The Authority of Arbitral Courts for Sport to Request the Court of Justice of the European Union Referred to Art. 267 TFEU« -- In most cases athletes are required to sign a contract that directs disputes to arbitration before taking part in their chosen sport. So litigation in sport in principle is decided by arbitration panels. Their judgments must respect both the national law and the law of the European Union. Simultaneously the number of cases related to sports law increases steadily. It is important that arbitration panels in sport have the authority to request the CJEU to apply Article 267 of the TFEU

This Working Paper examines military interventions by precision strikes from a distance as a means to avoiding ground combat with own troops. A prominent strand of the literature argues that this is a particularly Western phenomenon; a consequence of the casualty aversion of democratic states and their riskaverse political leaders. In contrast to this line of argument, this Paper argues that precision-strike warfare is not a particularly Western phenomenon, but that it follows from the proliferation of precision-strike technologies prompted by military modernization processes and the transformation of power in what Bauman calls "liquid modernity". In liquid modernity, the major technique of power is the rejection of territorial confinement and the related responsibilities and costs of order-building. Based on these thoughts, this Paper argues that we have to understand precision-strike warfare with its hit-and-run characteristics as liquid warfare: a way of war that shuns the direct control of territory, focusing instead on the destruction of enemy forces and/or infrastructure, copying certain characteristics of guerrilla warfare.

The Russian air attacks on Aleppo have diverted attention from Moscow's intervention intended to secure Bashar al-Assad's position in Damascus. Extending beyond northern Syria, Moscow's direct military involvement has instilled fear in the countries backing the non-Jihadist rebel units in the south. Known as the Southern Front, they are based in the area stretching from south of the capital to the Jordanian border and close to the Israeli border. Hardline Islamist rebels, as well as so-called Islamic State (IS), are poised to gain as moderates are undermined. A rethink on ways to empower the Southern Front and once more put pressure on Assad is overdue if the region and its civil structures are to escape capture by the regime and further penetration by the Jihadists is to be prevented – scenarios that could create a new wave of refugees towards Jordan. Due to the south's strategic importance, Israel has emerged as a veto player in the neighborhood, helping to curb Russian bombing as Moscow acts with different interests in the south and the north. (Autorenreferat)

An adequate afforestation contributes to the discomfort reduction generated by heat. The present study was conducted in a residential block of mixed use in the northern region of the Palmascity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the vegetation influence, mainly cerrado trees, in the climate of the public square of the NS 15 avenue in 307 north.With the region trees inventory, the proper choice of the tree species was conducted. The measurements performed were: ambient, air and globe temperature, surface temperature, relative air humidity, luminosity, temperature and wind speed. With these variables, we were able to verify the behavior of the factors that make up the climate and thermal comfort in each situation. In addition, an open ground was used for comparison purposes.Computational simulations were carried out through the Envi-Met program, detecting afforestation influence zones in the studied area and its surroundings. Therefore, we highlight the vegetation relevance to get a thermally comfortable environment, once it collaborates with the microclimate stability, direct insolation reduction,lower winds speed, playing an important role in the cities environmental condition improvement and life quality.

This article investigates how Danish and Swedish national policies vis-à-vis refugees and asylum seekers are perceived, and responded to, at the municipal level in the cities of Aarhus and Malmö. As will be spelled out in the article, municipal representatives raised their voices in both Denmark and Sweden during the middle of the 1990s, arguing that their municipalities had to carry a larger 'burden of reception' than they could manage, and they thus urged for changes in the national dispersal and migration policies. The response at the national level was dramatically different in Denmark than in Sweden, however. This is today apparent not only in the sheer numbers of newcomers but also in municipal introduction practices as well as in the institutional memories of municipal officials.Points for practitionersThe findings presented in this study point both to the possibility for municipalities to have a direct impact on national policies, in this case mainly on refugee settlement policies, but also to how policy decisions at one point in time shapes the political opportunity structures at national as well as local levels at later points in time.