O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre a religiosidade e o funcionamento mental em idosos portugueses. Os instrumentos metodológicos utilizados foram: um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Orientação Religiosa-R e o Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). Os resultados da análise mostraram que, embora sem uma relação estatisticamente relevante entre religiosidade e funcionamento mental de uma forma geral, existem, no entanto, diferenças significativas entre a frequência de participação em celebrações religiosas e melhores níveis de funcionamento mental.
Politische Partizipation und zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement stehen in einem Wechselverhältnis und sind wichtige Gradmesser der Integration. Der Beitrag bietet einen differenzierten Blick auf beide Formen der gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe und vergleicht dabei Eingewanderte und ihre Nachkommen mit der sog. Mehrheitsbevölkerung. Abschließend werden Wege zur Steigerung der Teilhabe skizziert.
Within engineering, economics, and the natural sciences, sustainable aviation is often configured as an ecological and economic problem, which can be solved through technological innovation. In contrast to this, we set up a research project centering on social innovation, named Human demands of sustainable aviation. In the project, we combined theories from Feminist Science and Technology Studies (FSTS) with methods from Participatory Design (PD) and practice-based Ontological Design (OD). In this paper, we use our project as a case study to analyze and discuss how users and non-users are configured within different disciplinary contexts. The findings illustrate that conceptualizations and categorizations of users and non-users are not stable. They denote highly situated phenomena that emerge out of different research approaches and understandings of innovation. Power structures that are entangled with the positions researchers take, including specific theories, methods, and (implicit) values, pervade these contexts and understandings. With this in mind, we advocate for power-critical reflections on the performative effects of knowledge making as processes of world making and for inter- and transdisciplinary research to do justice to the different life worlds we inhabit. We further argue that innovation should be based on collectively negotiated visions of how we want to live in the future, instead of predictions that project our current realities into the status quo of tomorrow.
The article presents a dataset on the legislative procedure in European Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) and a new method of data processeing. The dataset contains information on 529 procedures proposed between January 1998 and December 2017. For each of the legislative proposals, the dataset identifies the main elements of the legislative procedure (e.g., dates, types of procedure, directory codes and subcodes, actors, voting results, amendments, legal basis, etc.) and the changes introduced at each step of the legislative process from the text proposed by the European Commission to the final version published in the <em>Official Journal of the European Union</em>. This information has been gathered using text mining techniques. The dataset is relevant for a broad range of research questions regarding the EU decision-making process in JHA related to the balance of powers between European institutional actors and their capacity to influence the legislative outputs.
Die Arbeit wendet sich der Frage zu, ob Crowd Worker auf Microtask Plattformen als ArbeitnehmerInnen einzuordnen sind. Seit Jahren ist das aus der Sicht des Arbeitsrechts umstritten, jedoch mit einer gewissen Tendenz, es eher zu verneinen. Das BAG urteilte jedoch im Dezember 2020, dass ein Crowd Worker durchaus Arbeitnehmer sein kann. Wie sind also die Umstände zu werten, die einen Crowd Worker zum (Nicht-) Arbeitnehmer machen? Das untersucht diese Arbeit. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit erfolgt ein Review verschiedener Studien zu Crowd Work, sowie eine Analyse zur Funktionsweise von Plattformen. Dabei werden auch ökonomische und organisationssoziologische betrachtet. Im zweiten Teil werden konkrete Fallanalysen aus einem Selbstversuch dargestellt, um diese arbeitsrechtlich bewerten zu können. Im dritten Teil werden zwei Aspekte eröffnet, zum einen, wie sich die Divergenz zwischen nationalem und dem europarechtlichen Arbeitnehmerbegriff bei Crowd Work erneut offenbart. Zum anderen werden neue Formen der Regulierung angestoßen: Passt beispielsweise die P2B-VO 2019/1150 nicht auf viele Probleme der Plattformarbeit? Wie ist es um ihre Anwendbarkeit auf Plattformarbeit bestellt? Wie sieht es mit aus mit "regulation by design"? Schließlich ist insgesamt zu überlegen, wie das Arbeitsrecht mit neuen Arbeitsformen und vor allem Formen neuer Organisationsmethoden zurecht kommt.
Despite a rapid expansion in research on Sport for Development (SfD), there remain numerous untapped veins of exploration. This article makes a novel argument for increasing the theoretical and substantive depth of SfD research by linking it to the relatively small, yet developing, body of literature on sport and incarceration. Drawing from the emergent field of carceral geography and the literature on prison sport, this article provides critical theoretical considerations for SfD programs that occur in 'compact' sites of confinement, such as prisons or refugee camps, or are enmeshed in 'diffuse' manifestations of carcerality. Given the structures of inequality that have led to the confinement of more than 13 million people in prisons, refugee camps, and migrant detention centres across the globe, as well as the multitude of ways that groups and individuals are criminalized and stigmatized in community settings, there are compelling reasons for SfD research to more deeply engage with concerns of space and carcerality as they relate to sport. As such, this article provides an important foundation for future analyses of SfD and carcerality, and signposts some potential ways forward for a deepening of theoretical perspectives in SfD research.
Whether we look at Europe, the USA or Japan, in many areas in the world new possibilities of employing robotic systems in work settings essentially rely on direct collaborative interaction be-tween human workers and collaborative robots leading to new distributions of agency between them and making available robotic operations as resources for performing different forms of work, work which otherwise would remain out of reach for robotic automation for the time being. In this paper we introduce our concepts of studying the social construction of these collaborative work settings and the distribution of agency, accordingly. Referring to the basic idea of actor-network theory that technology in use should be analysed in a symmetrical manner, treating all the human and nonhuman entities involved as actors, our concept of distributed agency goes beyond actor-network theory in that it introduces the notion of gradualised action, which allows distinguishing between different levels of distributed agency. Therefore, we can precisely describe, in which way and to what extent activities and actor positions are delegated to robot co-workers or remain with its human counterpart. For analysing how the distribution of agency between human and robot co-workers is socially constructed in different stages, first in laboratory settings and then in increas-ingly realistic real-world settings, we interpret the spectrum of manifestations of human-robot col-laboration as prototypically realised scenarios at different stages of elaboration. In doing so we introduce the current state of collaborative robots in the areas of industrial production and care work as they represent contrastive cases: In industrial production collaborative robots are the next step in a long-standing history of robotic automation whereas in care work the new robots are also the first robots to be employed there. We believe that in both fields a perspective on collaborative work between humans and robots as a socio-technical constellation is helpful in order to be able to identify new distributions of work tasks.
Infolge der Digitalisierung durchlaufen Arbeitsbeziehungen einen fundamentalen Wandel. Besonders ist dies im Feld der plattformvermittelten Dienstleistungen und speziell der digital koordinierten und kontrollierten Kurierarbeit der Fall. Als neue Branche sind hier noch keine Strukturen etabliert, die die Beziehungen zwischen Arbeit und Kapital anleiten. Damit erlangen Auseinandersetzungen auf der Ebene der Mikropolitik besondere Bedeutung. Der Beitrag analysiert diese mikropolitischen Konflikte zwischen Ridern und Plattformen in den zentralen Spielfeldern: Raum, Umwelt, Informationen und Kommunikation. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Rider trotz ausgeprägter Heteronomie über Handlungsressourcen verfügen und sogar einige Betriebsräte wählen konnten. Zugleich wehren sich die Plattformen gegenüber weiteren Institutionalisierungen der Arbeitsbeziehungen und versuchen den für sie vorteilhaften Status quo beizubehalten und die ungeregelte Machtasymmetrie zu ihren Gunsten zu nutzen.
During the recent refugee crisis and following the common statement-agreement between the European Union and Turkey (18 March 2016), more than half a million refugees have been trapped in Istanbul. Although the vast majority is living in remote areas in the perimeter of the city, there is a remarkable exception in the central neighborhood of Tarlabaşı. Over the decades, this area has become a shelter for newcomers from eastern Turkey and, recently, for thousands of refugees from the Middle East and Africa. In this neighborhood, refugees with the support of local and international solidarity groups establish communal houses, social centers, and collective kitchens, creating an example of commoning practices, mutual help, and transnational togetherness in the urban core. At the same time, over the past few years, Tarlabaşı has been the target of gentrification policies that aim to dislocate poor residents and refugees and to transform the area into a highincome residential area and a tourist destination. Thus, ongoing urban conflict is taking place for the right to the center of the city. This article follows the Lefebvrian concept of 'the right to the city' and Soja's and Harvey's notion of 'spatial justice,' taking also into account the discussion on the spatialities of 'urban commons' and 'enclosures.' It combines spatial analysis, participatory observation, and ethnographic research, and its main findings concern the refugees' daily efforts against social segregation and exclusion shaped by commoning practices for spatial justice, visibility, and the right to the center of the city.
Ein umfangreiches empirisches Forschungsprojekt zur Multilokalität des Flugpersonals und zur Lebensführung speziell von Pilotinnen und Piloten zeigt verschiedene Formen des multilokalen Wohnens und unterschiedliche Bewältigungsstrategien, deren Vielfalt es - trotz unterschiedlicher Vor- und Nachteile - zu erhalten gilt. Eine besondere Rolle spielt dabei die betriebliche Gestaltung der Mobilität zum Beispiel mittels abgestimmter Unterstützungsmaßnahmen.
Der interdisziplinäre Beitrag behandelt erstmalig Stand und Perspektiven der Arbeitsbeziehungen im Profifußball, wobei die Spielergewerkschaft besondere Berücksichtigung findet. Der erste Hauptteil analysiert ausführlich die Mitgliedschaftslogik (Verbandsstrukturen, Mitgliedschaft, Dienstleistungen für Mitglieder als Lösung des Kollektivgutproblems). Dieser umfangreiche Teil der Verbandspolitik ist auf die Besonderheiten des Arbeitsmarktes abgestimmt. Der zweite Hauptteil analysiert die Einflusslogik (Beziehungen zu korporativen Akteuren von sportspezifischer oder allgemeiner Bedeutung sowie Lobbying). Kollektivverhandlungen finden nicht statt, da die institutionellen Voraussetzungen fehlen, so dass die Einflusslogik weniger entwickelt ist als die Mitgliedschaftslogik. Das Fazit lautet, dass die Entwicklung dualer Arbeitsbeziehungen unwahrscheinlich ist, monistische entstehen allenfalls bei einigen Vereinen. In methodischer Hinsicht basiert der Beitrag auf einer umfassenden Dokumentenanalyse aller zugänglichen Verbandsmaterialien sowie Interviews mit Hauptamtlichen des Verbandes.
Young adults in Europe have more difficulty than previous generations to maintain or improve on their parents' housing situation. Recommodification, financialisation and the withdrawal of the state as housing provider have transformed housing markets and affected the housing situation of young people. By drawing on various data sources, especially on the EU-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), I aim to present a differentiated assessment and comparison of current housing conditions and problems in Europe with a focus on young people. I argue that a rights-based housing strategy with an explicit intergenerational justice perspective is a promising approach to tackle the housing crisis in a way that meets the housing needs of young people.
With many cities in the Global South experiencing immense growth in informal settlements, city authorities frequently try to assert control over these settlements and their inhabitants through coercive measures such as threats of eviction, exclusion, blocked access to services and other forms of structural violence. Such coercive control is legitimized through the discursive formation of informal settlements as criminal and unsanitary, and of the residents as migrants and as temporary and illegitimate settlers. Using findings from ethnographic research carried out in two informal settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this article explores how informal settlement residents engage with and resist territorial stigma in a rapidly growing Southern megacity. Findings show residents resist stigmatising narratives of neighbourhood blame by constructing counternarratives that frame informal settlements as a "good place for the poor." These place-based narratives emerge from shared experiences of informality and associational life in a city where such populations are needed yet unwanted. While residents of these neighbourhoods are acutely aware of the temporariness and illegality of unauthorised settlements, these narratives produce solidarities to resist eviction and serve to legitimise their claim to the city.
Children's personal data are often collected for commercial aims. Although regulations in different countries aim to protect children's privacy (e.g., by imposing websites to request parental consent for the processing of children's data for commercial purposes), concerns about protecting children's online data continue to rise. This article therefore aims to get insights into parents' and children's privacy coping strategies and perceptions underlying these strategies. In-depth interviews with ten parents and nine children (8–11 years) were conducted. Findings show that although children engaged in avoidance (e.g., leaving the particular website) and confrontation (e.g., seeking support) strategies, they mainly did this to protect their privacy from malicious individuals—and not from commercial parties. Participating children also lacked general knowledge about both explicit and implicit data practices. To protect their children's privacy, parents in this study mainly adopted restrictive mediation strategies, but lacked the knowledge to undertake concrete actions in the case of implicit data collection. Implications for policymakers are discussed.
Seit etwa 2000 wurde von der Forschung eine neue Lebensphase entdeckt, die zwischen Jugend und Erwachsenalter steht und durch spezifische Merkmale wie ein Hinausschieben von Markern des Erwachsenseins und einen erhöhter Narzissmus gekennzeichnet ist. Seit der Konzeption von Erikson lässt sich des Weiteren eine starke zeitliche Verzögerung und qualitative Veränderung der Identitätsentwicklung belegen. Studien zeigen, dass diese Veränderungen in der gesamten Alterskohorte, wenn auch mit leichten ausbildungsabhängigen Unterschieden, bestehen. Wir können also nicht mehr länger von einer pathologisch prolongierten Adoleszenz sprechen, wie dies Blos vor 50 Jahren konzeptualisierte, sondern müssen von einer normativen Veränderung sprechen, die für sich keinen Krankheitswert hat, sondern ganz im Gegenteil von einem Privileg für Wenige zu einer Chance für (fast) alle geworden ist. Diese These wird durch die Zusammenschau von psychoanalytischen Konzepten und zahlreichen empirischen Befunden an jungen Erwachsenen in Deutschland belegt.
