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The ritual of dubbing to knighthood assumed since an early stage a capital importance, given that it was the necessary step to become a knight. This article will focus on this ceremony, dividing its analysis in two main parts. First, it will try to understand the different meanings of the ritual on the selected period. On the second part, the aim is to focus on the ritual itself, trying to describe how it was processed and analyzing the simbology of each step. As sources, this study uses chronicles, genealogical literature, legislative compilations, chivalric treatises and diplomatic documents. Throughout the text, there will be a comparative view with the rest of the Iberian kingdoms and also with other European regions. ; Un caballero no nacía caballero: se hacía en uno. Por esa misma razón, la investidura o adubamento tomó desde muy pronto una importancia crucial. Este artigo pretende analizar esta ceremonia en dos puntos de vista. Empezaremos por tratar de entender los signifi cados que la misma ha asumido al largo del tiempo defi nido. En la segunda parte, se analiza el ritual, intentando describirlo y buscando comprender la simbología que le estaba asociada. Para lograr estos objetivos se mezclan diferentes tipologías de fuentes: crónicas, livros de linhagens, obras de naturaleza legislativa y tratadística, recorriendo aún así a documentación de carácter diplomático. Al largo del texto, se buscará mantener una perspectiva comparativa con otras realidades peninsulares, no olvidando también lo que se pasaba en los territorios más allá de los Pirineos. [pt] Um cavaleiro não nascia cavaleiro: fazia-se. Por essa razão, a investidura ou adubamento tornou-se um evento de capital importância. Este artigo pretende analisar tal cerimónia sob dois prismas. Começar-se-á por tentar perceber os signifi cados que ela foi assumindo ao longo do período cronológico defi nido. Na segunda parte, analisa-se o ritual propriamente dito, tentando descrevê-lo e procurando compreender a simbologia que lhe estava associada. Para cumprir estes propósitos cruzam-se diferentes tipologias de fontes: crónicas, livros de linhagens, obras de cariz legislativo e tratadístico, recorrendo-se ainda a documentação de carácter diplomático. Ao longo do texto procurar-se-á manter uma perspetiva comparativa com outras realidades peninsulares, não perdendo também de vista o que entretanto se passava nos territórios além-Pirenéus.

Introduction. John Polemis thought that in On Education the notions of logos, paideia and theoria were synonymous. Meanwhile, Igor P. Medvedev stressed in his trail-blazing book the variety of meanings of theoria in the Late Byzantine period. Relying upon his ideas and evidence, we would like to underline, in our turn, Metochites' diversification of meanings of this notion. As a skillful conductor or musician, he was able to tune into different waves when speaking about mundane or ecclesiastical affairs. In a number of points, he diverged from traditional Orthodoxy.

Methods. Using the traditional set of historical, philosophical, and hermeneutic methods, as well as those of comparative religious and cultural studies, we try to single out and analyze in some detail different layers of meaning in the treatise under discussion. If our author had made digressions into theological knowledge, it does not mean that he would have given himself completely to theology alone, as the basic line of his reasoning remained philosophical and mundane. As compared to what his fellow-Churchmen, like Callistos I, wrote on the issue of education, Metochites' ideas turn to be a rather clear-cut continuation of the ancient paideia and not especially spiritual knowledge derived from the Christian Revelation.

Analysis. Thus, in his cosmological deliberations Metochites ran a risk to turn the world-creating power of God into something temporary and liable to change. He certainly did not learn well the lessons of the patristic tradition represented, e.g., by Ps.-Maximos' Chapters Full of Knowledge dating back to the 7th – 8th centuries. This led to the fact that he had not recognized the operations of divine world-ordering energy in the created universe, and thus had confirmed the old assumption of H.-G. Beck that Metochites were unfamiliar with Ps.-Maximos the Confessor. At the same time, some Theodore's ideas come close to those uttered by Ps.-Maximos. Both authors criticize indeed the notion of a pure and self-contained contemplation (which expresses the negative meaning of theoria) unattached to a person's struggle with passions and vices. Even more intriguing is their common use of a widespread patristic concept of "cultivating the land of one's mind" (or: "heart"). Given the fact of Metochites' pronounced admiration of Orthodox monasticism (see, e.g., Ch. 13 of On Education), this parallel may not be incidental. It seems to be traceable to the common Biblical and ancient roots of the Byzantine spiritual culture.

Results. If it is difficult to unambiguously resolve the issue of Ps.-Maximos' or Metochites' influence exerted to his counterpart, it is not to say, however, that there was not a high degree of cohesion and integrity within the philosophical and theological synthesis of the middle- and late Byzantine patristic tradition and spiritual culture in general. It is within this framework that a scholar should analyze Metochites' ideas as expressed in On Education and elsewhere.

The difference in the methodology of conducting military operations by Russian and Ukrainian troops during the war ongoing since February 2022 is striking. It does not result only from the adopted convention of conducting these activities but is conditioned on a much deeper mental level resulting from cultural conditions. They determine the perception and understanding of the phenomenon of war. In other words, the operational and tactical methodology can be adapted to changing realities, provided that the essence of such a change is understood in terms of achieving the assumed military and non-military goals. Furthermore, these goals could be achieved by conducting military operations according to a completely different methodology, probably with much greater effectiveness. Why, in such a perspective, did the Russian side choose such a barbaric way of conducting war, characterising the methodology of military actions of the past decades or even centuries? This paper aims to answer the research question: What premises condition the Russian methodology of military action in the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022? Empirical methods were employed to obtain an answer to this question.

The second half of the 12th and the 13th century witnessed great institutional changes in Istrian towns due to the formation of communal government. This process, well-known in the Italian environment, included a certain degree of conflicts of interest with the local bishops. Two examples from Istria, namely the cities of Trieste and Poreč (Parenzo), lend themselves to interesting research. The bishops of Trieste, who held the public authority within the city walls from the mid-10th century onwards, presented a direct obstacle to the commune on its way towards complete autonomy. On the other hand, the bishops in Poreč understood the territory of the city district as the bishopric's property. Their aspirations, which were based on the forged Privilegium Eufrasianum, also included fiscal and juridical powers and thus posed a problem for the communal development. Communes finally overcame both specific local situations; however, it is interesting to note that the reactions of the cathedral chapters differed greatly. Members of the chapter in Poreč stood by the bishop in his fight against the commune, which was backed by the power of Venice. Their counterparts in Trieste, though not so actively involved in the shift of the public power in the city, can eventually be regarded as the commune's allies. The reasons for such different responses can be found not only in the practical, financial aspects, but also in the different relations within the bishopric in the previous centuries. Although cathedral chapters were not directly involved in the conflict and in the institutional changes per se, research into the relationship between chapters and bishops can provide an insight into bishoprics' internal mechanisms that set the foundations for the late medieval and early modern period. ; La segunda mitad de los siglos XII y XIII presenta grandes cambios institucionales en las ciudades de Istria debido a la formación del gobierno comunal. Este proceso, bien conocido en el medio italiano, incluyó un cierto grado de conflicto ...

In China's Galaxy Empire, John Keane and Baogang He target a development of enormous significance: China's return, after two centuries of decline and subjugation, to a position of prominence in world affairs. The daring thesis is that China is a newly rising empire of a kind never before witnessed: a galaxy empire. The galaxy empire interpretation rejects clich?d misdescriptions of China as a "big power", and it explains why China defies older definitions of land, sea, and air-based empires. The book warns against the perils of simple-minded, friend-versus-enemy thinking and "Big China, Bad China" politics, but it also proffers a forewarning to China's rulers: no empire lasts forever, and some are stillborn, because they indulge illusions of greatness and reckless power adventures.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Maps -- Preface -- 1 Encountering Latin America -- 2 Acquiring Northern Mexico -- 3 Struggling over Slavery in the Caribbean -- 4 Ending an Era: Regional Hegemony over a Defective People -- 5 Beginning a New Era: The Imperial Mentality -- 6 Testing the Imperial Waters: Confronting Chile -- 7 Excluding Great Britain: The Venezuela Boundary Dispute -- 8 Establishing an Empire: Cuba and the War with Spain -- 9 Creating a Country, Building a Canal -- 10 Chastising Chronic Wrongdoing -- 11 Providing Benevolent Supervision: Dollar Diplomacy -- 12 Continuing to Help in the Most Practical Way Possible -- 13 Removing the Marines, Installing the Puppets -- 14 Establishing the Foundations of Honorable Intercourse -- 15 Becoming a Good Neighbor -- 16 Attacking Dictatorships -- 17 Combatting Communism with Friendly Dictators -- 18 Combatting Communism with Economic Development -- 19 Two Centuries Later -- Sources -- Notes -- Index

With the widespread movement toward democratization that characterized the first post-Cold War decade, why did some nondemocratic regimes undergo a transition toward a democratic political system, but others not? Why have some transitions succeeded completely, but others resulted in only limited political reform? Renske Doorenspleet addresses these questions, providing a systematic theoretical and empirical analysis of variations in transitions to democracy. Doorenspleet interweaves a discussion of key concepts, the major theoretical approaches to democratization, and statistical analyses to illuminate the influence of structural primarily economic and social factors on democratic transitions. She also explores the notion of "waves" of democratization. Though focusing on the 1989-2001 period, she offers a wealth of new evidence covering two centuries of democratic transitions around the globe

Human history is full of the stories of peasants, subjects, and tribes. Yet the concept of the "citizen" is historically rare - and was among America's most valued ideals for over two centuries. But without shock treatment, warns Victor Davis Hanson, American citizenship may soon vanish. In "The Dying Citizen", Hanson outlines the forces that led to this crisis. The evisceration of the middle class has made many Americans dependent on the federal government. Open borders have undermined allegiance to a particular place. Identity politics have eradicated our collective sense of self. And a top-heavy state has dendangered personal liberty. With a new afterword that asesses how the events of 2021 have further eroded American citizenship, "The Dying Citizen" is a clarion call to rebuild our collective national identity

Intro -- Title -- Contents -- My introduction -- 1. Way-a-linah: Indigenous drinks -- 2. Firewater: Rum and other ardent spirits -- A drink to try at home: Blow My Skull -- 3. Peach cyder: Home brew -- 4. The Salthouse champagne: A taste of luxury -- A drink to try at home: Sherry Cobbler -- 5. Seppelt Angaston Bitters: When drinking was good for you -- 6. 1930 Dalwood cabernet: Two centuries of wine -- A drink to try at home: White Lady -- 7. Victoria Bitter: A big cold beer -- 8. A flagon of McWilliam's Port: Breaking the rules -- A drink to try at home: Japanese Slipper -- 9. Kanga Rouge: Vineyard of the Empire -- 10. Wine from native grapes? Drinking in the future -- A drink to try at home: All-Australian Negroni -- Further reading -- Acknowledgements -- Copyright.

A vivid exploration of the evolution of reading as an essential social and domestic activity during the eighteenth century Two centuries before the advent of radio, television, and motion pictures, books were a cherished form of popular entertainment and an integral component of domestic social life. In this fascinating and vivid history, Abigail Williams explores the ways in which shared reading shaped the lives and literary culture of the time, offering new perspectives on how books have been used by their readers, and the part they have played in middle-class homes and families. Drawing on marginalia, letters and diaries, library catalogues, elocution manuals, subscription lists, and more, Williams offers fresh and fascinating insights into reading, performance, and the history of middle-class home life

The essays in this book traverse two centuries of queens and their afterlives - historical, mythological, and literary. They speak of the significant and subtle ways that queens leave their mark on the culture they inhabit, focusing on gender, marriage, national identity, diplomacy, and representations of queens in literature. Elizabeth I looms large in this volume, but the interrogation of queenship extends from Elizabeth's historical counterparts, such as Anne Boleyn and Catherine de Medici, to her fictional echoes in the pages of John Lyly, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, Mary Wroth, John Milton, and Margaret Cavendish. Celebrating and building on the renowned scholarship of Carole Levin, Queens Matter in Early Modern Studies exemplifies a range of innovative approaches to examining women and power in the early modern period.

This work analyzes the history of the application of Islamic law (Sharìah) in Nigeria. It analyzes how Islamic law emerged in Nigeria toward the beginning of the 19th century and remained applicable until the arrival of the British Colonial regime in Northern Nigeria in 1903. It sheds light on how the law survived colonial rule and continues until today. Dr. Yushau Sodiq analyzes progressive elements in Islamic law over the past two centuries. He goes on to discuss many objections raised by the Nigerian Christians against the application of Islamic law, as well as how Muslims respond to such criticism. In a world that is often saturated with Islamophobia and ignorant misconceptions about Islam, this book aims to clarify and respond to many important concepts and ideas within Islamic religious tradition

"[This book analyzes] the nature of regulation, its historical origins in Australia and its development over the past two centuries, why governments regulate and who regulates whom at the federal, state and local government levels. Management of the regulatory process, the principles of good regulation and red tape in regulation are examined. The role of soft law, prescriptive, performance-based and principle-based regulation, as well as the use of rewards and incentives in regulation is also explored. How governments use economic, transactional informational and structural regulatory tools and authority tools is extensively discussed. The book examines why people or organisations do or do not comply, what enforcement measures can be used in the event of non-compliance and broad regulatory strategies used by governments."--

"Marx';s Capital is without question one of the most influential books to be published in the course of the past two centuries. Controversial in its politics, and arriving at conclusions that are passionately debated to this day, it is nonetheless a fine example of the creative combination of a philosophical method (the dialectic) with historical and economic information to produce a new interpretation of history. Marx's belief that he had arrived at a scientific way of describing the present and predicting the future may not be shared by many of his modern interpreters. But his ability to connect things together in new ways is not in doubt--and nor is the influence of the new hypotheses that he generated as a result of so much careful analysis."--Provided by publisher.

"Military strategy takes place as much on broad national and international stages as on battlefields. In a brilliant reimagining of the impetus and scope of eighteenth-century warfare, historian Jeremy Black takes us far and wide, from the battlefields and global maneuvers in North America and Europe to the military machinations and plotting of such Asian powers as China, Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Siam. Europeans coined the term "strategy" only two centuries ago, but strategy as a concept has been practiced globally throughout history. Taking issue with traditional military historians, Black argues persuasively that strategy was as much political as battlefield tactics and that plotting power did not always involve outright warfare but also global considerations of alliance building, trade agreements, and intimidation."--Provided by publisher