The paper analyzes the state of the environment in urban areas and identifies their main environmental problems to be solved. The author concludes that the state of the environment in urban areas continues to be unsatisfactory; there is no state policy of environmental development of cities, the basic functions of government are not designed to ensure the quality of the urban environment. The author believes that there is a need for strict compliance with environmental requirements in urban planning, a special study of the regulatory measures for the protection of the urban environment, taking into account the specifics of settlements and the urban environment and a range of negative impacts. ; В статье проведен анализ состояния окружающей среды в городах, выявлены их главные экологические проблемы, требующие решения. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что состояние окружающей среды в городах продолжает оставаться неудовлетворительным; отсутствует государственная политика экологического развития городов, базовые функции государственного управления не приспособлены к обеспечению качества окружающей среды городов. Автор считает, что необходимы неукоснительное соблюдение экологических требований в градостроительстве, специальная нормативная проработка мер охраны окружающей среды в городах, учитывающих специфику населенных пунктов и городской среды и спектр негативных воздействий.
В статье проведен анализ состояния окружающей среды в городах, выявлены их главные экологические проблемы, требующие решения. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что состояние окружающей среды в городах продолжает оставаться неудовлетворительным; отсутствует государственная политика экологического развития городов, базовые функции государственного управления не приспособлены к обеспечению качества окружающей среды городов. Автор считает, что необходимы неукоснительное соблюдение экологических требований в градостроительстве, специальная нормативная проработка мер охраны окружающей среды в городах, учитывающих специфику населенных пунктов и городской среды и спектр негативных воздействий. ; The paper analyzes the state of the environment in urban areas and identifies their main environmental problems to be solved. The author concludes that the state of the environment in urban areas continues to be unsatisfactory; there is no state policy of environmental development of cities, the basic functions of government are not designed to ensure the quality of the urban environment. The author believes that there is a need for strict compliance with environmental requirements in urban planning, a special study of the regulatory measures for the protection of the urban environment, taking into account the specifics of settlements and the urban environment and a range of negative impacts.
Региональная политика в России постоянно эволюционирует. В 2014 г. и в первом квартале 2015 г. Президентом и правительством была практически полностью реконструирована система управления региональным развитием. Система территориальных министерств (по делам Крыма, по делам Северного Кавказа, по развитию Дальнего Востока) новое слово в региональном направлении. Вместе с тем эта идея имеет очевидные исторические аналогии. Казанский и Сибирские приказы были ориентированы на решение практически тех же задач и имели достойный опыт их реализации. Концепция «территорий особого развития» является теоретико-методологической базой новой концепции регионального развития. Эффективная региональная политика в 2015 г. является условием адекватного ответа на внутренние и внешние вызовы, стоящие перед Россией. ; Regional policy in Russia is constantly evolving. In 2014 and the first quarter of 2015 the President and the Government almost completely rebuilt the system of regional development governing. System of territorial ministries (Ministry of Crimea, Ministry of the North Caucasus, Ministry of Development of the Far East) is new direction in regional governing area. However, this idea has obvious historical analogies. Kazan and Siberian orders were aimed at solving the same tasks and had a decent experience of their implementation. The concept of «territories of special development» is a theoretical and methodological basis of the new concept of regional development. Effective regional policy in 2015 is a condition for an adequate response to internal and external challenges Russia is facing.
В настоящей статье рассматриваются подходы и методы обоснования концептуально-стратегических ориентиров долгосрочной культурной политики России на период до 2020 года. Автор базирует подобное обоснование на анализе существующего законодательства о культуре, основных положений «Концепции долгосрочного социально-экономического развития Российской Федерации на период до 2020 года» и Указа Президента Российской Федерации «О стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации до 2020 года». На основе проведенного анализа автор приходит к выводам об отсутствии единства взглядов на сущность культуры и культурной политики среди основных ветвей государственной власти России, что вынуждает регионы РФ разрабатывать свои альтернативные варианты. ; In the present article approaches and substantiation methods conceptually strategic reference points of a long-term cultural policy of Russia for the period till 2020 are considered. The author bases a similar substantiation on the analysis of the existing legislation on culture, substantive provisions «Concepts long-term socially economic development of the Russian Federation for the period till 2020» and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation «About strategy of national safety of the Russian Federation till 2020». On the basis of the spent analysis the author comes to conclusions about absence of a sameness of views on essence of culture and the cultural policy among the basic branches of the government of Russia that compels to develop to regions Russian Federations the alternative variants.
Введение. Статья посвящена актуальной на сегодняшний день проблеме функционирования коммерческих банков, в том числе региональных. В связи со спадом экономики России четко прослеживается необходимость реформирования отечественной банковской системы. Процесс модернизации должен осуществляться в пределах единой государственной политики, сконцентрированной на вопросах упрочнения занимаемых позиций отечественных банков, в том числе на региональном уровне, формировании и развитии новых финансовых инструментов, взаимодействии с другими элементами экономики. Материалы и методы. При подготовке научного труда использовались данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики, Московской фондовой биржи, Центрального банка Российской Федерации с целью анализа сложившейся ситуации на региональном банковском рынке и выявления факторов его дальнейшего функционирования и развития. Результаты. По итогам проведенного исследования автором были выявлены основные проблемы региональных банковских систем, важнейшие параметры, по которым отечественные банки уступают кредитным организациям развитых стран мира. Обсуждение. Принимая во внимание тот факт, что региональная банковская система является кровеносной системой региональной экономики, благодаря которой осуществляется функционирование и развитие реального сектора экономики региона, в работе было акцентировано внимание на особой значимости региональных банков для финансовой системы страны, раскрыта сущность регионального банка с учетом разных подходов, уделено особое внимание качественной составляющей работы региональных кредитных организаций. Заключение. Проанализировав текущее состояние отечественной банковской системы, мы пришли к выводу о том, что основным принципом модернизации банковской системы должно быть повышение их финансовой устойчивости. Знание особенностей развития региональной экономики дает банкам конкурентные преимущества перед прочими банковскими институтами, осуществляющими деятельность в рамках региона. Сохранение всех документов подтверждающих финансовую состоятельность банков, занимающих определенный рыночный сегмент, обеспечит конкуренцию на финансовом рынке, повысит доступность, качество предоставляемых банковских услуг, будет способствовать повышению эффективности экономики. ; Introduction. The article is devoted today to the issue of functioning of commercial banks, including regional ones. In connection with the decline of the Russian economy, there is a clear need to reform the domestic banking system. The process of modernization should implementation be done within a single government policy is focused on hardening their positions of domestic banks, including at the regional level, the formation and development of new financial instruments, interaction with other elements of the economy. Materials and methods. In the preparation of scientific work were used data of Federal state statistics service, Moscow stock exchange, Central Bank of the Russian Federation to analyze the situation on the regional banking market and to identify the factors of its further functioning and development. Results. According to the results of the conducted research the authors identified the main problems of regional banking systems, the most important parameters by which domestic banks concede credit organizations organizations in developed countries. Discussion. Taking into account the fact that the regional banking system is the lifeblood of the regional economy, due to which the functioning and development of the real sector of the economy of the region, the work was focused on the special significance of regional banks for the financial system of the country, the essence of a regional Bank, taking into account different approaches, special attention is given to the quality component of the regional credit organizations. Conclusion. After analyzing the current state of the domestic banking system, we came to the conclusion that the basic principle of the modernization of the banking system should be improving their financial stability. Knowledge of the characteristics of development of regional economy gives banks a competitive advantage over other banking institutions operating in the region, in particular. Save all confirming his financial solvency of banks holding a certain ry-night segment, will provide competition in the financial market, increase the availability and quality of banking services will increase the efficiency of the economy.
La tesis que se pretende desarrollar en este escrito, busca abordar el siguiente interrogante: ¿los artículos constitucionales que establecen cláusulas de intangibilidad como procedimientos agravados de reforma de los derechos fundamentales son garantías a la intromisión desmedida del legislador derivado cuando restringe, desarrolla o limita en exceso derechos fundamentales?Responder a esta pregunta será uno de los objetivos de este escrito. Inicialmente se expone que las cláusulas de intangibilidad consagradas en los ordenamientos jurídicos, son entendidas como límites materiales expresos que buscan garantizar derechos fundamentales mediante zonas exentas a la intervención del legislador derivado, tal como acontece en diversos ordenamientos jurídicos como España, Alemania, Brasil o Chile. La Constitución de Alemania, por ejemplo, diseñó una cláusula de intangibilidad consagrada en el Art. 79 - 3 de la Ley de Bonn de 1949, como un mecanismo especial de protección de los derechos fundamentales y del modelo de Estado Federal y Social.Desde este punto de vista, este artículo busca analizar las cláusulas de intangibilidad de los derechos como límites al poder en tanto consagran mecanismos agravados que no pueden ser modificados arbitrariamente y por mayorías legislativas, por venir diseñados previamente dentro del mismo ordenamiento jurídico, tales como la forma de gobierno, el sistema democrático, los principios constitucionales o los derechos fundamentales. ; The thesis to be developed in this paper, seeks to address the following question: constitutional provisions that establish clauses intangibility and procedures aggravated reform of fundamental rights guarantees to the excessive interference of the legislature derived by restricting develops or limits I too fundamental rights?Answering this question will be one of the objectives of this work. Initially it is stated that the clauses of inviolability enshrined in the legal systems are understood as limits explicit materials that seek to guarantee fundamental rights through free intervention of the legislature derived areas, as happens in various jurisdictions such as Spain, Germany, Brazil and Chile. The Constitution of Germany, for example, designed a intangibility clause enshrined in Art. 79-3 Bonn Act of 1949, as a special mechanism of protection of fundamental rights and model of Federal State and Social.From this point of view, this paper analyzes the clauses of the inviolability of rights as limits to power as enshrined aggravated mechanisms that cannot be changed arbitrarily by legislative majorities come previously designed within the same legal system, such as form of government, the democratic system, the constitutional principles or fundamental rights.
В статье исследованы особенности системы управления сферой образования на региональном уровне на примере Краснодарского края. Автор делает акцент на модернизации региональной системы образования и использовании в данном процессе государственной поддержки. На основе анализа результатов управления системой образования на региональном уровне, выделен ряд тенденций, оказывающих негативное влияние на результаты образовательной деятельности в целом. Одним из важнейших направлений реализации государственной образовательной политики является обеспечение качества российского образования на всех его уровнях. Результативность работы органов управления образованием и образовательных учреждений во многом достигается путем оказания качественных образовательных услуг. При этом автор говорит о том, что выявляется расхождение между результатами образования и потребностями основных заказчиков и потребителей образовательных услуг. В работе предложены мероприятия по совершенствованию системы управления сферой образования в Краснодарском крае, в числе которых опыт Кубанского государственного технологического университета по созданию университетского комплекса «Университет-ТУР», созданного для студентов, школьников и преподавателей края. ; The paper considers the peculiarities of education management at the regional level, based on the Krasnodar Territory. The author highlights the modernization of the regional education system and state support used in the process. The scientific article reveals a number of trends that have a negative impact on the results of educational activities in general after education management system analyzing at the regional level. One of the most important areas of implementation of the state education policy is to ensure the quality of Russian education at all levels. The effectiveness of the educational authorities and educational institutions is achieved by the provision of education services quality. The author discloses a discrepancy between the results of education and the needs of key customers and consumers of educational services. The paper proposes measures to improve the education sector management in the Krasnodar Territory, including the experience of the Kuban State Technological University to establish a university complex «University Tour», designed for students, pupils and teachers of the region.
Victoria Nuland, a career foreign service officer who served in prominent roles in the State Department under Presidents Obama and Biden and represented the U.S. at NATO under George W. Bush, will be retiring, according to a statement today from Secretary of State Antony Blinken. Nuland was a combative liberal hawk during her time in government, and she was consistently one of the most aggressive proponents of U.S. backing for Ukraine and NATO expansion. Her career sometimes exemplified the heedless and arrogant foreign policy worldview that she championed.She was the Principal Deputy National Security Advisor to then-Vice President Dick Cheney during the first two years of the Iraq war, and then served as U.S. NATO ambassador in Brussels during Bush's second term. Nuland was an early cheerleader for Ukrainian membership in the alliance. She reportedly advised the Ukrainian government at the time to launch an information campaign to "dispel the image of NATO as a 'four-letter word.'" As the U.S. representative at NATO at the 2008 Bucharest summit, she pressed allies to grant Membership Action Plans (MAPs) to Ukraine and Georgia. When the German and French governments balked at that idea, she was involved in the blunder in which the alliance promised that Ukraine and Georgia would one day be admitted to NATO. The promise at Bucharest contributed to the August war later that year between Russia and Georgia, and it laid the foundation for the later tensions between Russia and Ukraine. In her role as Assistant Secretary of State for Europe under Obama, Nuland was involved in meddling in Ukrainian affairs during the Maidan protests. She was captured in news photographs during those demonstrations in Kyiv handing sandwiches to the protesters who later helped oust the elected Yanukovych government.The leaked recording of her call to the U.S. ambassador of Ukraine at the time in which she infamously blurted, "f–ck the EU," reconfirmed her reputation as an interventionist. Keith Gessen wrote about it several years later: "What was remarkable about the episode was the utter confidence with which Nuland seemed to speak for the United States and its policy. From the start of his administration, President Barack Obama had tried to lower tensions with Russia and refocus American attention on a rising China; he had made clear he wanted no part in the problems of the post-Soviet periphery. Yet in the middle of the uprising in Kiev, there was Nuland, encouraging protesters and insulting European allies."As part of the Biden administration, Nuland has once again been the vocal Russia hawk everyone has expected. In recent months, she had been serving in an acting capacity as Deputy Secretary of State following Wendy Sherman's retirement, and she was being considered to fill the vacancy permanently, but the job ended up going to Kurt Campbell. A favorite of Russia hawks, Nuland often rubbed her European counterparts the wrong way with her lack of diplomatic tact. As one European official put it years ago, "She doesn't engage like most diplomats. She comes off as rather ideological." It is a measure of how little diplomatic skills are prized in U.S. foreign policy that Nuland flourished for such a long time in Washington.
Many democratic governments recognize a duty to conserve environmental resources, including wild animals, as a public trust for current and future citizens. These public trust principles have informed two centuries of U.S.A. Supreme Court decisions and environmental laws worldwide. Nevertheless numerous populations of large-bodied, mammalian carnivores (predators) were eradicated in the 20th century. Environmental movements and strict legal protections have fostered predator recoveries across the U.S.A. and Europe since the 1970s. Now subnational jurisdictions are regaining management authority from central governments for their predator subpopulations. Will the history of local eradication repeat or will these jurisdictions adopt public trust thinking and their obligation to broad public interests over narrower ones? We review the role of public trust principles in the restoration and preservation of controversial species. In so doing we argue for the essential roles of scientists from many disciplines concerned with biological diversity and its conservation. We look beyond species endangerment to future generations' interests in sustainability, particularly non-consumptive uses. Although our conclusions apply to all wild organisms, we focus on predators because of the particular challenges they pose for government trustees, trust managers, and society. Gray wolves Canis lupus L. deserve particular attention, because detailed information and abundant policy debates across regions have exposed four important challenges for preserving predators in the face of interest group hostility. One challenge is uncertainty and varied interpretations about public trustees' responsibilities for wildlife, which have created a mosaic of policies across jurisdictions. We explore how such mosaics have merits and drawbacks for biodiversity. The other three challenges to conserving wildlife as public trust assets are illuminated by the biology of predators and the interacting behavioural ecologies of humans and predators. The scientific community has not reached consensus on sustainable levels of human-caused mortality for many predator populations. This challenge includes both genuine conceptual uncertainty and exploitation of scientific debate for political gain. Second, human intolerance for predators exposes value conflicts about preferences for some wildlife over others and balancing majority rule with the protection of minorities in a democracy. We examine how differences between traditional assumptions and scientific studies of interactions between people and predators impede evidence-based policy. Even if the prior challenges can be overcome, well-reasoned policy on wild animals faces a greater challenge than other environmental assets because animals and humans change behaviour in response to each other in the short term. These coupled, dynamic responses exacerbate clashes between uses that deplete wildlife and uses that enhance or preserve wildlife. Viewed in this way, environmental assets demand sophisticated, careful accounting by disinterested trustees who can both understand the multidisciplinary scientific measurements of relative costs and benefits among competing uses, and justly balance the needs of all beneficiaries including future generations. Without public trust principles, future trustees will seldom prevail against narrow, powerful, and undemocratic interests. Without conservation informed by public trust thinking predator populations will face repeated cycles of eradication and recovery.Our conclusions have implications for the many subfields of the biological sciences that address environmental trust assets from the atmosphere to aquifers.
From 25 to 27 September 2015, governments will meet at the United Nations (UN) in New York to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As the list of 17 goals is now on the table, attention is shifting to the next phase of the new framework for global development: implementation. The UN Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in July 2015 has already laid some groundwork, but challenges remain. One major challenge will be to meet the growing demand for cooperation arising from the transformative and universal nature of the SDGs. The economic, social and environmental sustainability goals will not be limited to developing countries but apply to all countries in the world. In addition to national and local implementation, international cooperation must play a far-reaching role. This is especially true for goals such as a stable climate, sustainable consumption and production patterns, global health and security that can only be achieved through coordinated cross-border or global action. At the same time, the conditions for global collective action have changed substantially. The international system is now more multipolar due to the rise of emerging powers. Important multilateral processes are stalled or advance only slowly. In contrast, transnational networks have become a central feature of global governance and allow actors from civil society, the private sector, ministries, agencies, cities and municipalities to assume a global role. Successful examples such as the C40 Cities, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and the Global Vaccine Alliance (Gavi) demonstrate that such networks can make important contributions to global sustainable development. These networks do not always emerge on their own and must overcome obstacles to cooperation. In various areas of sustainable development, such as environmental, health and development policy, approaches to foster global networks already exist under the catchword orchestration. Yet these efforts are still very piecemeal. Governments and international organisations should develop orchestration more systematically into an integral part of the instruments used to achieve the SDGs. An orchestration instrument for the SDGs would initiate, support and shape global networks. In addition, the instrument could specifically promote networks that integrate actors from middle-income countries into new cooperation initiatives for global public goods. The instrument would have two different objectives: firstly, mobilising contributions to global sustainable development (financing, sharing and co-creation of knowledge, standard setting, etc.) and, secondly, improving conditions for international cooperation as a whole (e.g. by reducing fragmentation or improving linkages between domestic and global policy processes). Government departments and international organisations from different policy areas could have a role in managing orchestration for the SDGs. In principle, development cooperation actors are in a position to play a leading role in getting such an instrument up and running. They have a number of relevant assets on which they can draw as orchestrators (financial resources, operational capacity, etc.). The orchestration of global networks might, however, stretch the existing limits of bi- and multilateral development cooperation (e.g. eligibility for official development assistance, the need to use certain implementation mechanisms).
The new town programme has been a widely adopted urban development strategy since the post-2000s in large Chinese cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. This study argued that the current trends of new town development in China need to be understood in light of its own political economy and urban contexts, particularly China's shift to a socialist-market economy, participation in the global economy, and the rise of Chinese entrepreneurial cities. Using two new towns in Shanghai as case studies, this dissertation attempts to interpret Shanghai's new town development from the perspective of urban entrepreneurialism, and contribute to the understanding of how the new town programme adds on the 'entrepreneurial city' nature to Shanghai. This dissertation is essentially a qualitative study based on data from planning and policy documents, media information, field trip observation, and interviews. Employing the concepts relating to the urban entrepreneurialism and entrepreneurial city theory, the development of the two new towns in Shanghai was examined in three domains: entrepreneurial urban policy and planning, entrepreneurial urban development practices and space production, and entrepreneurial governance. The major analytical elements include development objectives and planned functions of new towns, cultural or entertainment oriented mega-projects development, the fostering of cultural and creative industries, the roles of the state and types of state intervention, and financing mechanisms. This study found that the new town programme in Shanghai is an entrepreneurial urban development strategy to facilitate the building of Shanghai into a global city with international competitiveness, by equipping the metropolitan areas with new urban spaces and new growth capacities. Within the domain of entrepreneurial urban policy and planning, a number of policies were identified to promote industrial development and upgrading, and new planning practices were adopted for place promotion. Within the domain of entrepreneurial urban development practices, it is found that cultural or entertainment oriented mega-projects development was widely adopted, with entrepreneurial objectives such as raising land value and attracting affluent residents and consumers. Within the domain of entrepreneurial governance, a pro-growth coalition formed between the local governments and the government affiliated development corporations was found to be the most influential driving force in promoting the new town development, with their landownership, land selling power, and planning power. The new town programme has added on the entrepreneurial city nature to Shanghai by invoking innovative strategies and state-dominated entrepreneurial urban governance. Innovative entrepreneurial strategies were observed in five fields: producing new type of urban space for living, working, consuming, etc.; new methods for space production to creative locational competitiveness; opening new markets by providing attractive places for consumption; finding new sources of supply by land development and attracting human capital; and redefining urban hierarchy by developing regional nodal city and logistics hub. Urban governance in the new towns were found to be state-dominated in which the local governments themselves are entrepreneurs in pursuit of their own economic and political interests, instead of forming partnerships between the state and the market and facilitating private participation in the development process. ; published_or_final_version ; Urban Planning and Design ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy
Since 2000, the Cambodian government is implementing a policy named Participatory Irrigation Management and Development (PIMD) aiming at devolving the management of irrigation schemes to Farmer Water User Communities (FWUC). Through this policy the ministry is more "engaged to not take responsibility" than really aiming at supporting the new FWUC. It has been enacted without the corresponding financial means and instead almost all efforts from the government and the donors are still directed to the construction of new infrastructures. In consequence most FWUC are inactive and only few of them have been able to manage and maintain their scheme. This "multi-sited" study explores the relations between policy making and implementation on specific irrigation schemes. How stakes circulate between various actors and arenas, especially regarding the funding of maintenance? The concepts of "Actor-Network Theory" are mobilized to describe how heterogeneous stakeholders with distinct agenda and priorities can build agreements. Network of intermediaries (donors, consultants, NGO workers) built around the support to specific FWUC have been able in some cases to resolve disjunction and avoidance between government agents and farmers through the active mobilization of other stakeholders. Farmers' and professionals' logic are combined through specific tools, techniques and norms. They allow some "translation", otherwise impossible, to produce a "sociotechnical network". The study is based on a three years ground research by a development practitioner which brings up epistemological and ethical issues related to the ambivalent position of the researcher. ; Le gouvernement cambodgien met en œuvre depuis 2000 une politique de « gestion participative de l'irrigation » (PIMD) qui consiste à transférer les périmètres irrigués à des associations d'usager de l'eau (AUE - FWUC). Du point de vue du ministère, il s'agit surtout d'un « engagement à se désengager » de la gestion des périmètres tandis que parallèlement des moyens considérables sont alloués à la construction de nouvelles infrastructures avec l'appui des bailleurs de fonds. Faute de moyens, la majeure partie des AUE restent inactives, tandis que quelques-unes parviennent à assurer le fonctionnement et la maintenance de leur périmètre, mais restent fragiles. Cette étude « multi-sites » explore les relations entre l'élaboration conceptuelle de cette politique et sa mise en œuvre sur des périmètres spécifiques. Elle tente de saisir ce qui permet à certaines AUE de s'organiser efficacement. Comment circulent les enjeux entre une diversité d'acteurs et d'arènes, notamment pour le financement de la maintenance ? Les concepts de la sociologie de la traduction permettent de décrire la production de l'accord entre des acteurs hétérogènes. L'analyse révèle le rôle d'un réseau d'acteurs intermédiaires (bailleurs, consultants et ONGs) constitué autour de l'appui à certaines AUE qui parvient à résoudre les disjonctions entre intervenants publics et paysans à travers des stratégies d'« intéressement » et de « mobilisation ». Les logiques techniciennes et paysannes s'enchâssent autour des outils, des techniques et des normes professionnelles. Elles autorisent certaines formes de traduction, autrement impossibles, qui permettent la consolidation d'un « réseau sociotechnique ». Cette étude se veut une anthropologie de l'action publique et du monde professionnel à travers une double posture de chercheur-anthropologue et de praticien du développement. ; (ANTR 3) -- UCL, 2013
Since 2000, the Cambodian government is implementing a policy named Participatory Irrigation Management and Development (PIMD) aiming at devolving the management of irrigation schemes to Farmer Water User Communities (FWUC). Through this policy the ministry is more "engaged to not take responsibility" than really aiming at supporting the new FWUC. It has been enacted without the corresponding financial means and instead almost all efforts from the government and the donors are still directed to the construction of new infrastructures. In consequence most FWUC are inactive and only few of them have been able to manage and maintain their scheme. This "multi-sited" study explores the relations between policy making and implementation on specific irrigation schemes. How stakes circulate between various actors and arenas, especially regarding the funding of maintenance? The concepts of "Actor-Network Theory" are mobilized to describe how heterogeneous stakeholders with distinct agenda and priorities can build agreements. Network of intermediaries (donors, consultants, NGO workers) built around the support to specific FWUC have been able in some cases to resolve disjunction and avoidance between government agents and farmers through the active mobilization of other stakeholders. Farmers' and professionals' logic are combined through specific tools, techniques and norms. They allow some "translation", otherwise impossible, to produce a "sociotechnical network". The study is based on a three years ground research by a development practitioner which brings up epistemological and ethical issues related to the ambivalent position of the researcher. ; Le gouvernement cambodgien met en œuvre depuis 2000 une politique de « gestion participative de l'irrigation » (PIMD) qui consiste à transférer les périmètres irrigués à des associations d'usager de l'eau (AUE - FWUC). Du point de vue du ministère, il s'agit surtout d'un « engagement à se désengager » de la gestion des périmètres tandis que parallèlement des moyens considérables sont alloués à la construction de nouvelles infrastructures avec l'appui des bailleurs de fonds. Faute de moyens, la majeure partie des AUE restent inactives, tandis que quelques-unes parviennent à assurer le fonctionnement et la maintenance de leur périmètre, mais restent fragiles. Cette étude « multi-sites » explore les relations entre l'élaboration conceptuelle de cette politique et sa mise en œuvre sur des périmètres spécifiques. Elle tente de saisir ce qui permet à certaines AUE de s'organiser efficacement. Comment circulent les enjeux entre une diversité d'acteurs et d'arènes, notamment pour le financement de la maintenance ? Les concepts de la sociologie de la traduction permettent de décrire la production de l'accord entre des acteurs hétérogènes. L'analyse révèle le rôle d'un réseau d'acteurs intermédiaires (bailleurs, consultants et ONGs) constitué autour de l'appui à certaines AUE qui parvient à résoudre les disjonctions entre intervenants publics et paysans à travers des stratégies d'« intéressement » et de « mobilisation ». Les logiques techniciennes et paysannes s'enchâssent autour des outils, des techniques et des normes professionnelles. Elles autorisent certaines formes de traduction, autrement impossibles, qui permettent la consolidation d'un « réseau sociotechnique ». Cette étude se veut une anthropologie de l'action publique et du monde professionnel à travers une double posture de chercheur-anthropologue et de praticien du développement. ; (ANTR 3) -- UCL, 2013
La notable especialización del aparato gubernamental ha invadido el análisis, la creación e implementación de las políticas públicas. Por ello, en la actualidad, los tomadores de decisiones emplean distintos enfoques para adecuarse a los nuevos retos que impone el continuo dinamismo de la acción gubernamental. Esto último se debe a que toda política pública pretende analizar la asignación de recursos escasos a necesidades de naturaleza diversa. La aplicación de los supuestos económicos en el estudio de las políticas públicas permite abstraer las variables más relevantes para construir una serie de modelos que generen predicciones sobre las elecciones que realizan los individuos y las sociedades en los mercados. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las principales aportaciones del enfoque económico para el análisis de las políticas públicas, sin entrar en el detalle de los modelos que dan forma a la teoría económica. De esta manera, se denota que a través de la existencia de los supuestos económicos y de su aplicación se puede delimitar el campo de acción del funcionario público con claridad para mejorar el diseño de las políticas públicas, pues, comenzará por formular las siguientes preguntas: ¿cuáles son los objetivos que se busca alcanzar?, ¿cuáles son las alternativas?, ¿cuál es el margen de acción del funcionario público?, ¿cuáles son los efectos que estas medidas ocasionarán en la sociedad? Asímismo, al mostrar las fortalezas y las limitaciones del enfoque económico cuando se usa para estudiar la acción gubernamental, se reconoce en todo momento que un enfoque multidisciplinario siempre es la mejor herramienta para descubrir las mejores soluciones a los problemas que enfrentan los servidores públicos. ; The remarkable specialization of government has invaded the analysis, the creation and the implementation of public policies. For that reason, nowadays decision makers use different approaches to fit the new challenges imposed by the continued dynamism of government action. The objective of any public policy is to analyze the allocation of scarce resources to needs of diverse nature. The application of the economic assumptions in the study of public policy extracts the most important variables to construct a series of models that generate predictions about the choices being made by individuals and societies in the markets. Thus, the objective of this work is to expose the major contributions of economic approach to the analysis of public policies, without going into detail of the models that shape economic theory. Thus, it shows that through the existence of the economic assumptions and its implementation, we can define the scope of civil servant clearly by begin to formulate the following questions: What are the objectives that the public policy seeks to achieve? What are the options on which an election can be done? What is the scope of civil servant? What are the effects of these measures on the society? In addition to show the strengths and limitations of economic approach when used for studying government action, there is a recogntion at all times that a multidisciplinary approach is always the best tool to discover the best solutions to the problems faced by public servants.
TABLE OF CONTENTS; 1 THE MEANING OF INTEGRATION; 2 CROSS-NATIONAL MIGRATION; 3 A THEORY OF ACCEPTANCE OF MIGRANTS; 4 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: OPENNESS OF POLICY TOWARD MIGRANTS; 5 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: NONPOLICY FACTORS AFFECTING ACCEPTANCE AND ADJUSTMENT; 6 THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES: WHAT HAPPENS TO PEOPLE; 7 THE INTEGRATION OF PEOPLE; Appendix A. SELECTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLES; Appendix B. SYNOPTIC TABLE OF DIFFERENTIAL LAWS GOVERNING FOREIGN WORKERS; NOTES; INDEX
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