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AbstractWe study the relationship between polygyny and HIV infection using nationally representative survey data with linked serostatus information from 20 African countries. Our results indicate that junior wives in polygynous unions are more likely to be HIV positive than spouses of monogamous men, but also that HIV prevalence is lower in populations with more polygyny. With these results in mind, we investigate four explanations for the contrasting individual- and ecological-level associations. These relate to (1) the adverse selection of HIV-positive women into polygynous unions, (2) the sexual network structure characteristic of polygyny, (3) the relatively low coital frequency in conjugal dyads of polygynous marriages (coital dilution), and (4) the restricted access to sexual partners for younger men in populations where polygynous men presumably monopolize the women in their community (monopolizing polygynists). We find evidence for some of these mechanisms, and together they support the proposition that polygynous marriage systems impede the spread of HIV. We relate these results to the debate about partnership concurrency as a primary behavioral driver for the fast propagation of HIV in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

The article seeks to strengthen the proposition of John Holloway's Crack Capitalism, that we are capable of creatively breaking and transforming the system in which we live, by considering in greater depth the nature of the 'we' that are his actor for change. I suggest that Holloway's representation of 'difference', such as that between women and men, or people of conflictual ethnicities, as a matter of theatrical 'masks' that may be discarded at will seriously understates the significance of division and mutual oppression among the 'we'. I argue that gender, ethnic, racialized and other oppressions cannot be reduced to effects of capitalism. Rather, they manifest distinct, though intersected, dimensions of power, positioning us in objectively antagonistic relations. If a coherent 'we' is to be forged, capable of undoing capitalism and redesigning the mode of production, it can only be through simultaneous active struggle, for example by women and by oppressed ethnic groups, concerning institutional power and control of material resources (including bodies). Such struggles cannot be reduced to and dismissed as diversionary 'identity politics'.

"I rape because of the need. After that I feel like a man." These are the words of a rebel soldier who ruthlessly roams the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in search of his next victims. Rape has been used in the past during warfare to weaken populations and ruin communities and family bonds but never to the extent witnessed in the DRC today. Literally, tens of thousands of women have been raped and this number is most likely largely underestimated. The conflict has been called Africa's First World War and one of the deadliest since World War II with the death toll reaching 5.4 million in a decade. Ending sexual violence as a weapon of the DRC war remains one of the greatest challenges to the protection of women's rights. The psychological and physical repercussions of the mass rape of women, children and sometimes even men in the DRC will undermine the capacity of the Congolese people to trust each other. It is possible that the experience of rape and violence could prevent the country from ever being capable of effectively building a nation state.

In 1986 Gallery 1199 in New York and the Muse Community Museum in Brooklyn jointly organized a two-part exhibition for "Where We At" Black Women Artists, the collective of African American women artists. The exhibition was an initiative of "Where We At," when its members decided to invite a number of African American male artists to create a collaborative installation exhibition. According to the exhibition organizers, African American artists Charles Abramson and Senga Nengudi, "1 + 1 = 3" is an erotic equation. Male and female work together to create a third thing that has qualities of both yet also has a life of its own. The most interesting aspect of this project was the photographs of couples by the well-known African American photographer and artist Coreen Simpson. Simpson was invited to photograph the couples and the final products of their collaboration. The process of photographing the project becomes a new artistic performance on its own right, a process in which the artists and the photographer entered into a separate dialogue and negotiation of their own. This article reproduces many of Simpson's photographs, along with her accompanying text, "Spirits."

Abstract

Peer Screening Follow‐up


Be Watching…


Maintaining Momentum


Build Enthusiasm for Your Capital Campaign


Building Enthusiasm Through Themes and Gimmicks?


Do Major Donors Ever Choose A Monthly Giving Program?


Raising Endowment Gifts


Characteristics of an Endowment Campaign


Planned Giving


Three Things to Do on Your Way to $35 Million


Target‐specific Cultivation


Thoughts on Engaging Millennial Women in Philanthropy


Create a Fundraising Plan For Millennial Women


Inclination Rating Refines Major Ask Amount


Gracefully Ask for Bequest Verification and Documentation


Extended Family Giving


Case Study: Cultivating, Soliciting an Entire Family


How to Handle Family Disagreements


Research Procedures


Match Wealth Screening Frequency to Donor Pool


Cultivation, Stewardship Ideas


Lifetime Giving Societies Steward Top Supporters


New From Stevenson, Inc.


Prospect Prioritization Should Be Ongoing


Building Your Endowment


How to Promote Endowment Gift Opportunities Among Probable Donors


Prospect Reserach


What Research Doesn't Accomplish, Volunteers Do


Lifetime Gifts


Planned, Major Gifts and the Psychology of Mortality


Endowment Funds Support Education of Students


Basic Categories Of Donor Modeling


Ideas Worth Doing


Create a Who's Who of Constituents


Gifts of Stock


Focus on Appreciated Asset Giving in 2012


Individual Donors Most Generous

The use of food as American war propaganda finds its origins in the First World War, when anti-German sentiment prompted Americans to rename German foods. The First World War also signifies an important turning point in the history of American food consumption because it represents a shift in eating habits, culinary practices, and domestic food preparation, including the infiltration of fresh home-grown fruit and vegetables and preserved or canned foods into the US diet, and the introduction of supermarkets. All of these changes, however, would have been impossible without the mobilization of middle-class American women on the home front, and the synergy between civil society and government propaganda. By using poster and grass-roots campaigns to appeal to their activities in the private sphere of the household and their pre-existing activism in the public sphere, the United States Food Administration, under the leadership of Herbert Hoover, was able to convince women to 'rally around the flag' to change the dietary habits of both adults and children, and conserve valuable food which could be sent to the 'starving people of Europe' and Allied soldiers on the warfront.

AbstractThe study of spousal bereavement and mortality has long been a major topic of interest for social scientists, but much remains unknown with respect to important moderating factors, such as age, follow-up duration, and geographic region. The present study examines these factors using meta-analysis. Keyword searches were conducted in multiple electronic databases, supplemented by extensive iterative hand searches. We extracted 1,377 mortality risk estimates from 123 publications, providing data on more than 500 million persons. Compared with married people, widowers had a mean hazard ratio (HR) of 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–1.28) among HRs adjusted for age and additional covariates and a high subjective quality score. The mean HR was higher for men (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.19–1.35) than for women (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08–1.22). A significant interaction effect was found between gender and mean age, with HRs decreasing more rapidly for men than for women as age increased. Other significant predictors of HR magnitude included sample size, geographic region, level of statistical adjustment, and study quality.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a new measure called the Career Pathways Survey (CPS) which allows quantitative comparisons of women's beliefs about glass ceilings.Design/methodology/approachA 34‐item version of the CPS was completed by 243 women from all levels of management, mostly in Australia. An expanded 38‐item CPS was administered to another sample of women (n=307).FindingsAnalyses of data from both studies yielded a four factor model of attitudes to glass ceilings: resilience, acceptance, resignation and denial. The factors demonstrated good internal consistency.Practical implicationsThe CPS allows a comparison of positive attitudes towards seeking promotions via resilience and denial scores, and provides feedback on negative attitudes towards seeking promotions via resignation and acceptance scores.Social implicationsThis new measure can be recommended for studies of women's and men's attitudes towards gender inequality in organizational leadership. Also, it could play a role in identifying sexist cultures in organizations.Originality/valueBecause of the scarcity of measures of glass ceiling beliefs, this study makes a major contribution to the literature on women's beliefs about barriers to career advancement.

The interrelationship between economic development and gender relations has been found to be multidimensional and complex. This article attempts to analyse the changing gender relations in Arunachal Pradesh, a state that has seen rapid economic transformation in the past few decades, on the basis of women's relative position in a few socioeconomic spheres. Although Arunachal Pradesh, like other north- eastern states, is generally described as having healthier gender relations than in many other states of India, such a general portrayal, the article has attempted to argue, not only hides the wide variations that exist among the north-eastern states, but also does not pay adequate attention to the continuing and emerging disparities in various dimensions of well-being and empowerment. While in terms of some indicators, women in Arunachal Pradesh have better status in relation to the males in the state as well as women in the country as a whole, clearly there are old and new spheres of marginalisation, segregation and discrimination. The most serious mismatch that emerges from the analysis of secondary data is the divergence between economic and political participation.

La conciliación de la vida familiar y laboral se ha convertido en los últimos tiempos en un fenómeno de actualidad y de gran trascendencia político-social. La necesidad de conciliar la vida laboral y familiar aparece en el contexto de un proceso de cambio de la sociedad española como consecuencia de la creciente participación de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo, la modificación de los valores sociales de convivencia asociados a la propia concepción de la familia y el trabajo y del reparto de responsabilidades entre hombres y mujeres. ; Striking a balance between family and working life has become an important political and social issue in recent years. The need to balance working and family life is part of a process of change taking place in Spanish society as a consequence of the increasingly more frequent participation of women in the job market, modifications to the social values concerning day-to-day coexistence that have to do with the very conception of the family and work, and the sharing of duties between men and women.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) on fertility decisions of Italian working women using administrative data. We exploit a reform that introduced in 1990 costs for dismissals unmotivated by a fair cause or justified motive in firms below 15 employees and left firing costs unchanged for bigger firms. We use this quasi-experimental setup to study the hypothesis that increased EPL reduces future job insecurity and positively affects a female worker's proneness to take childbearing decisions. We use a difference in difference (OLS-DID) model to control for possible period-invariant sorting bias and an instrumental variable (IV-DID) model to account for time-varying endogeneity of the treatment status. We find that reduced economic insecurity following a strengthening of the EPL regime has a positive and sizable effect on fertility decisions of Italian working women. This result is robust to a number of checks regarding possible interactions with other policy reforms occurring around 1990, changes in the sample of workers and firms, and use of an alternative set of exclusion restrictions.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) on fertility decisions of Italian working women using administrative data. We exploit a reform that introduced in 1990 costs for dismissals unmotivated by a 'fair cause' or 'justified motive' in firms below 15 employees and left firing costs unchanged for bigger firms. We use this quasi-experimental setup to study the hypothesis that increased EPL reduces future job insecurity and positively affects a female worker's proneness to take childbearing decisions. We use a difference in difference (OLS-DID) model to control for possible period-invariant sorting bias and an instrumental variable (IV-DID) model to account for time-varying endogeneity of the treatment status. We find that reduced economic insecurity following a strengthening of the EPL regime has a positive and sizable effect on fertility decisions of Italian working women. This result is robust to a number of checks regarding possible interactions with other policy reforms occurring around 1990, changes in the sample of workers and firms, and use of an alternative set of exclusion restrictions.

The February 20th movement shows new modes of engagement with feminism, despite a striking absence of feminist organizations from the protest movement. Nevertheless, and in sharp contrast with most accounts that posit the irrelevance of feminism for Moroccan youth's identifications and political subjectivities, I argue that feminism has not only penetrated the social imaginary of a new generation of activists, but has also informed their practices. What kind of tension does this appropriation of feminism by the youth of February 20th bring about with traditional feminist circles? Does this high visibility of women in February 20th indicate the rise of a new feminism? I will first briefly locate February 20th in a genealogy of feminist activism in Morocco showing places of friction, influence and tensions. Second, I will provide some indications of what I call a new feminism. Third, I will analyze the gender dynamics among the various components of February 20th, notably the secular and Islamist. I will conclude by sketching a new map of protests led by women and not necessarily intelligible under the old cartography of feminism.

The human resource management practices in the StateHigher Education Irxstitutions (SHEls) in Indonesia follow the rules and regulations set by the government; this in theory should guarantee equality to all staff. In reality, however, the effects are different to female and male staff with regards to their career advancement. The present study aims to explore women's status in the structural and academic ranks as well as in the management and leadership positions compared to men's, and the reasons responsible for the gap in their career advancement. A set of instruments was distributed to universities u'iUing to participate in this study. Ten universities participated in this study by returning completed instruments. This study reveals that the representation of women in the higher structural and academic ranks was reasonably below than that of men. However, their number in the starting levels tended to grow. Women were also scarce in the top management and leadership positions, even though their representation in the lower levels tended to increase. Reasons for this disparity include women's lacking research and publication; tendency to recruit future male leaders; and the women's lower qualifications for the higher posts. The implication of this study is provided

Для оптимизации профилактики и лечения инфекций мочевыводящих путей (ИМП) у женщин трудоспособного возраста в условиях Севера изучены результаты стационарного обследования и лечения 419 пациенток, отличающихся по социальному статусу и характеру труда. Установлено, что в структуре стационарных ИМП у женщин молодого возраста преобладают неосложненный острый пиелонефрит и острый цистит, в половине случаев связанные с воспалительной гинекологической патологией, у женщин старшего возраста — хронический пиелонефрит с сопутствующей мочекаменной болезнью, и хронический цистит, связанный с дефицитом эстрогенов. Факторы военного труда способствуют как развитию острых, так и наступлению более раннего возраста возникновения хронических заболеваний. ; The results of permanent checkup and treatment of 419 female were studied for optimization of prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) with women of giving age in the conditions of the North. It was established that uncomplicated aсute pyelonephritis and aсute cystitis prevail with young women, in the half of cases these diseases are associated with inflamed gynaecological pathology. Chronic pyelonephritis combining with concomitant urolithiasis and chronic cystitis, associating with deficit of estrogens, prevail among female of old age. Factors of military service contribute to development aсute UTI and appearing of chronic UTI in earlier age.