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In 1924 the Irish Free State government passed legislation to award pensions to veterans of the Irish revolution and Civil War. This article argues that the motivation for the pensions was the need to placate the national army after a failed mutiny in 1924 and that this explains their unusual nature in being based on service alone rather than disability. It will also explore the problems this created for defining service, examine the extension of eligibility to former republican enemies of the state and women revolutionaries in 1934, and describe the application and assessment procedure.

This paper addresses the question of how greater equality by gender and race/ethnicity in the distribution of earnings would affect earnings inequality in Sri Lanka. The decomposition exercise of male-female earnings indicates the significant extent to which the gender disparity in earnings represents 'discrimination' against women. The findings showed that men had higher average earnings that attributed fully to discrimination in favour of male earners. Despite commendable achievements in social indicators, it is imperative to address persistent ethnic and gendered inequalities in order to maintain social and political cohesion.

This article explores how very old people in Northern Norway supported life before economic modernization, from nineteenth-century census registrations and ethnographic sources. Very few lived alone. About 80 percent were primarily supported by living with relations—family, kin, or nonkin, participating with work and experience, the majority through a retirement agreement. In the northernmost parts, where Sámi traditions of land ownership dominated, retirement was uncommon. Other very old supported life from independent work or public relief. Old women with few ties were at particular risk of destitution.

На основе архивных источников рассмотрена деятельность отделов по работе с населением Иркутской губернии в 1920-е гг. по развитию женского образования, политического просвещения женских пролетарских и крестьянских масс. Представлена информация о подготовке резерва организаторов работы среди женщин.On the basis of archival sources the article considers the activities of departments for work with the population of the Irkutsk province in the 1920 th on development of female education, political education of female proletarian and country masses. Information about preparation of a organizers' reserve of work among women is submitted.

The dominant culture in labor and birth is the medical model, not the midwifery model of woman-centered care. Consensus among professional and governmental groups is that, based on the evidence, intermittent auscultation is safer to use in healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancies than electronic fetal monitoring (EFM). Barriers impact the laboring woman's ability to give informed choice regarding fetal monitoring. Lack of informed choice denies a woman her right to be in control of her birth experience, and is in opposition to a woman's right to autonomy and self-determination.

В статье рассматриваются лингвистические отображения феминизации французской армии, связанные с объективными социальными процессами, влияние современных интери экстралингвистических факторов фемининности и маскулинности на функционирование институционального военного дискурса Вооруженных Сил Франции, современные гендерные аспекты наименования лиц женского пола военных профессий и званий. ; The article singles out the reasons of French Armed Forces feminization, it shows the influence of modern interand intralinguistic feminine and masculine factors on the institutional military discourse of French Armed Forces functioning, it analyses modern gender tendencies in nomination of women of military professions and grades.

В этой статье мы рассмотрим проблемы изучения терроризма, его гендерный аспект, исследования которых необходимо для понимания личности террористов-женщин и их роль в террористической деятельности. Мы описываем различные аспекты женской террористической деятельности в современных политических процессах. ; In this article we examine the problems of studying terrorism and exactly its gender aspect the researching of which is necessary for the understanding of the personality of terrorists-women and the meaning of their statuses and their roles in terrorist activity. We describe various aspects of female terrorist activity in modern political processes.

Рассматривается гендерный аспект реализации законодательства, регулирующего религиозную сферу в СССР в 1929—1990 гг. Отмечается, что особенности атеистической работы с женщинами и мужчинами были разными, как и методы давления на них, проводится анализ этих особенностей. ; The gender aspect of the implementation of the legislation concerning religious sphere in the USSR in 1929—1990 is considered. The authors point out that the specifics of the atheistic propaganda among women and men differed, as did the methods of pressure implied against them. These specifics are analyzed in the article.

'I have so much respect for the women of Africa'. The quotation is taken from a report in the Danish magazine Too dameme in 2011 here follows is the Danish singer Maria Montell, who are visiting the village Kanziko in Kenya, where a Danish water project just so set. The reader is invited to Montell fashion with Kenyans whose life terms shall put her own life back home in Denmark in perspective. The Africans touches Montell deeply and reinforces her that would help (Say 2011: 45). Adapted from the source document.

Using 2 questionnaires, we examined the relationship between family resource management styles and life adjustment among 271 low-income single mothers in China. The results indicated that there were significant differences in family resource management styles depending on the educational
background of the single mothers and their reason for heading the family. The women also reported significant differences in life adjustment. The interaction effect of resource management styles and monthly income on life adjustment was significant. Specifically, resource management styles
and educational background significantly predicted the women's life adjustment.

This paper looks at gender segregation in rural Spain from an historical viewpoint. The subject is gender apartheid: female seclusion and male dominance in public places and the vicissitudes therein. The paper shows how a venerable pattern of female seclusion has been challenged and describes what the social consequences cultural are of this cultural upheaval. Working from the premise of public/private? as ethnographically valid, the author describes how women in Andalusia have created a new institution specifically designed to breech the barriers of masculine space and attain public access.

The national government of Indonesia is committed to legal gender equality by the1945 Indoensia Constitution, article 27 (1), and the ratification of the Convention forElimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1984.However, customary law still prevailing in many regions in Indoneia oftenperpetuates deeply rooted discrimination based on gender until today. Examples ofsuch discrimination are to found in Minagkabau, Java, and Bali where inheritance isregulated by gender biased customary law. Appropriate development policies andeducation may bring about a legal culture and practice that upholds legal genderequality.

Higher education (HE) systems in Asia have expanded rapidly over the past decade. This includes the rise of private HE institutions (HEIs) and privatization of public sector HEIs. This HE massification has stretched the capacity of governments and agencies to address the cost, financing, equity, and quality implications of expansion. This publication reviews the key aspects of HE costs and financing, considering Asia's framework on inclusive growth from the perspective of disadvantaged students such as the poor, women, ethnic minorities, and students from rural areas.