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Chemical contaminants should not be present in beverages for human consumption, but could eventually be ingested by consumers as they may appear naturally from the environment or be produced by anthropogenic sources. These contaminants could belong to many different chemical sources, including heavy metals, amines, bisphenols, phthalates, pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, inks, ethyl carbamate, and others. It is well known that these hazardous chemicals in beverages can represent a severe threat by the potential risk of generating diseases to humans if no strict quality control is applied during beverages processing. This review compiles the most updated knowledge of the presence of potential contaminants in various types of beverages (both alcoholic and non-alcoholic), as well as in their containers, to prevent undesired migration. Special attention is given to the extraction and pre-concentration techniques applied to these samples, as well as to the analytical techniques necessary for the determination of chemicals with a potential contaminant effect. Finally, an overview of the current legislation is carried out, as well as future trends of research in this field. ; Authors would like to thank Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MAT2017-84909-C2-1-R) and Generalitat Valenciana (IDIFEDER/2018/007) by their support in this work.

International audience ; The ready-to-eat products can be contaminated during processing by pathogen or spoilage bacteria, which persist in the industrial environment. Some bacterial species are able to form biofilms which protect them from environmental conditions. To check the bacterial contamination of the surfaces in the food industries, the professionals must regularly use surface sampling methods to detect the pathogen such as Listeria monocytogenes or the spoilage such as Pseudomonas fluorescens. In 2010, we designed and carried out a European survey to collect surface sampling information to detect or enumerate L. monocytogenes in food processing plants. A total of 137 questionnaires from 14 European Union Member States were returned. The outcome of this survey showed that the professionals preferred friction sampling methods with gauze pad, swab and sponges versus contact sampling methods. After this survey, we compared the effectiveness of these three friction sampling methods and the contact plates, as recommended in the standard EN ISO 18593 that was revised in 2018, on the recovery of L. monocytogenes and of P. fluorescens in mono-specie biofilms. This study showed no significant difference between the effectiveness of the four sampling methods to detach the viable and culturable bacterial population of theses mono-specie biofilms.

International audience ; This research, applies crossed methods of design and ergonomics. Following recommendations of climate experts and recent changes in the French legislative framework about energy transition, we suggest a design approach to accompany user-involvement in the energy transition. As an activity- centered design perspective, we have executed a participative simulation workshop for collective projection in a given environment, where neighbors could share renewable energy locally produced. This paper present the methodology implemented, the results obtained from the study, and some leads in a perspective of designing services and solutions. ; Cette recherche met en application des méthodes croisées de design et d'ergonomie. A la suite des recommandations d'experts du climat et de mouvements récents du cadre législatif français pour la transition énergétique, nous proposons une approche de conception pour l'accompagnement à l'engagement dans la transition énergétique. Dans une perspective de conception centrée sur l'activité, nous avons mis en œuvre un atelier de simulation participative, pour une projection collective dans un univers donné : celui du partage d'énergies renouvelables produites localement, entre voisins. Nous présenterons la méthodologie mise en œuvre, les résultats procurés par l'étude et des pistes pour l'utilisation que l'on peut en faire dans une perspective de conception de services et solutions.

In the last years, Romania has made major efforts to develop the skiing areas and some important projects have been implemented in the Carpathian Mountains. This research highlights the low efficiency of ski slopes and ski areas concerning the functionality during the winter season, even though a number of investments have been made. Some examples of bad practices regarding the development of skiing infrastructure in link with the potential impact on the environment are presented. The status of ski slopes, slope conditions, and snow depth were collected daily, during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 winter seasons, from a Romanian website specialized in snow cover information. A statistical analysis based on the collected data has been done. The 225 ski slopes studied have been opened, on average, less than 62 days and more than 20% of them have not even been opened. Only 17.8% of the slopes complied with the "100-day rule" during the first season and 21.3% of them during the second one, which does not ensure profitability. In conclusion, too many ski slopes have been created without considering the actual snow conditions. The investors wasted capital that is unprofitable and needlessly, affecting the environmental sustainability.

In this chapter on human germline editing in The Netherlands, we first discuss the Dutch legal framework and the institutional environment regulating research involving human gametes and embryos. We then focus on legal provisions within the regulation of human germline editing. Here we show that within Dutch law, embryos and fetuses are not regarded as legal subjects with independent legal rights. However, unborn human life, even in early stages, is not treated as just a legal object either. With regard to human germline editing, two bans dominate the national legislative and policy framework: the ban on intentionally modifying the genetic material of the nucleus of human germline cells for reproductive purposes, and the ban on the creation of embryos for research. Finally, we offer an overview and analysis of current public and political debates on this technology in the light of the tensions between self-determination and reproductive autonomy on the one hand (the 'medical ethics regime'), and human dignity and respect for human life on the other (the 'human rights regime'). We conclude with our suggestion that, in order to make this debate more inclusive and balanced, both the human rights perspective and the medical-ethical perspective should be properly represented.

The ambition of this paper is to reason the consistency and logical coherence of the concept of Giorgio Agamben's anthropological machine. The important puzzle is that although Agamben emphasized the importance of having this machine destroyed, he did not suggest any clear and specific way to achieve it. The concept of a cyborg, developed by Donna Haraway, has been introduced to rethink the anthropological machine through the eyes of the cyborg. So, the main question of this paper is: whether or not the destruction of the anthropological machine is possible using the concept of the cyborg? The cyborg has been chosen because it blurs the boundaries among various oppositions. Oppositions (e.g. animal / human, man / woman, public / private) are exactly what the anthropological machine establishes, moreover, it also empowers itself through the existence of those oppositions. Cyborg has material substance inside its own "body" right from the beginning, so through this understanding we can incorporate the questions about the environment (broadly understood) and the self in every cyborg. The cyborgs, paraphrasing Haraway, are very good at cat's cradle game when the interactions could be seen very clearly between our everyday acts and some global or political issues.

The removal of dams and reservoirs may seem to be an unforeseen and sometimes controversial step in water management. The removal of barriers may be different for each country or region, as each differs greatly in terms of politics, economy and social and cultural awareness. This paper addresses the complex problem of removing dams on rivers and their connected reservoirs. We demonstrate the scales of the changes, including their major ecological, economic, and social impacts. Arguments and approaches to this problem vary across states and regions, depending on the political system, economy and culture, as confirmed by the qualitative and quantitative intensities of the dam removal process and its global geographical variation. The results indicate that the removal of dams on rivers and their connected reservoirs applies predominantly to smaller structures (< 2.5 m). The existing examples provide an important conclusion that dams and reservoirs should be considered with regard to the interrelations between people and the environment. Decisions to deconstruct hydraulic engineering structures (or, likewise, to construct them) have to be applied with scrutiny. Furthermore, all decision-making processes have to be consistent and unified and thus developed to improve the lack of strategies currently implemented across world.

The ambition of this paper is to reason the consistency and logical coherence of the concept of Giorgio Agamben's anthropological machine. The important puzzle is that although Agamben emphasized the importance of having this machine destroyed, he did not suggest any clear and specific way to achieve it. The concept of a cyborg, developed by Donna Haraway, has been introduced to rethink the anthropological machine through the eyes of the cyborg. So, the main question of this paper is: whether or not the destruction of the anthropological machine is possible using the concept of the cyborg? The cyborg has been chosen because it blurs the boundaries among various oppositions. Oppositions (e.g. animal / human, man / woman, public / private) are exactly what the anthropological machine establishes, moreover, it also empowers itself through the existence of those oppositions. Cyborg has material substance inside its own "body" right from the beginning, so through this understanding we can incorporate the questions about the environment (broadly understood) and the self in every cyborg. The cyborgs, paraphrasing Haraway, are very good at cat's cradle game when the interactions could be seen very clearly between our everyday acts and some global or political issues.

"Why," Francisca Isidro wonders, "did we have to leave our families and move so far away, only to come back as cooks, waitresses, sales assistants, and the like?" And she recalls: "We came back from our time in East Germany with professions that were not held in particu-larly high regard in Mozambique. Nobody understood why we didn't return as engineers, doctors and teachers. 'A waitress?,' they would wonder. 'Why, they could have become a waitress in Mozambique. Nobody needs to spend so many years in school for that.'"2And with that, Ms. Isidro puts her fi nger right on a misapprehension at the heart of an ambitious state-led education migration program that saw 900 Mozambican children attend the School of Friendship (Schule der Freundschaft , SdF) in Staßfurt in the district of Magdeburg, in what today is Saxony-Anhalt, in the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) from 1982 to 1988.3 Ms. Isidro returned to Mozambique as a trained salesperson for clothing, a profession she neither chose nor ever worked in again subsequently. Like her, these 900 children had to navigate the diverging values that particular environments bestowed upon knowledge. What they learned was interpreted diff erently in their home communities, at the SdF, and in their German host families

Neo-colonialism has been observed on the African continent since the decolonisation period of the 1960s, however recent accusations of the neo-colonialist behaviour in the new trend in Sino-African relations have shown there is little consensus on the definition of the term. Using a conceptual framework inspired by Kwame Nkrumah's 1965 work, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, this paper analyses Sino-African relations from the perspective of three facets: economic, political, and cultural neo-colonialism. While China has updated the mechanism of neo-colonialism in several ways, such as using non-conditional aid, concessionary loans for infrastructure projects, and South-South cooperation rhetoric, its goals are relatively unchanged from that of the colonial powers of the past, namely obtaining natural resources and creating spheres of influence. As Nkrumah describes, an important mechanism of neo-colonialism is that, unlike colonialism before it, neo-colonialism must contend with the independence of the territories that the neo-colonial powers are attempting to control. By providing marginal improvements to quality of life in Africa in this environment, China has been able to present itself as the ideal alternative to Western aid in order to facilitate, as Nkrumah terms it, a change in masters (Nkrumah).

El Salvador was not immediately the nation that we now know, after the Independence of 1821, it was immersed in the conflicts of the moment: the fleeting Central American Federation, the partisan struggle between liberals and conservatives, and the wars for power were common during the first years of our nation. Initially, there was no freedom of religion, Catholicism was the only religion, rooted in all social, economic and official strata. It was as liberal governments matured and constitutional changes were applied that they provided the right environment for the first missionaries to arrive in our country. ; El Salvador no fue inmediatamente la nación que ahora conocemos, después de la Independenciade 1821, estuvo inmersa en los conflictos del momento: la fugaz Federación Centroamericana, la lucha partidaria entre liberales y conservadores, y las guerras por el poder fueron lo común durante los primeros años de nuestra nación. Inicialmente no existió libertad de religión, el catolicismo era la única religión, arraigada en todos los estratos sociales,económicos y oficiales. Fue a medida que los gobiernos liberales maduraron y los cambios constitucionales se aplicaron que brindaron el ambiente propicio para que los primerosmisioneros arribaran a nuestro país.

Two Elephant grass IRLI14983 and local check varieties were demonstrated and evaluated for their biomass traits under diverse environmental conditions of Harari and Dire Dawa. The study was conducted in four kebeles Dodota and Kile from Harari and Wahil and Bishan Bahe from Dire Dawa. From each kebeles ten (10) farmers in total of forty (40) farmers participated in this research activity. This research found that there was biomass yield statistically significance difference at (P<0.01) among the demonstrated varieties. And the yield of IRLI14983 ranged from 6.7 to 12.9 t/ha with a mean of 9.8 t/ha whereas local variety gave the 4.3ton/ha and 9.1 ton/ha biomass yield across the sites as comparison. In addition, Elephant/Napier grass varieties responded differently across the demonstrated environments due to differential responses of the climatic and biotic factors. The highest record was at Dodota (10.62 t/ha) followed by Wahil (9.61 t/ha) in comparison with the rest sites Kile and Bishan Bahe because of field management and other climate conditions. Therefore, it is better to promote to other similar agro-ecology with these sites by Government, Non-government and other stakeholders through their programs.

On the eve of independence in 1962, malnutrition was the largest single cause of death in Jamaica for children under one. Although child malnutrition rates have rapidly declined since 1962, today Jamaica experiences a double burden of malnutrition: the coexistence of pockets of high child malnutrition with rising levels of childhood obesity. Based on a wide range of sources, including public documents, newspaper reports, scientific studies and reports by international agencies, this article examines a gradual decline in child malnutrition and the rise of the double burden of malnutrition in Jamaica from independence to the present. It will first of all show that changes in the global economy and overseas loans and aid both aided and limited the ability of the Jamaican government to lower child malnutrition levels and also contributed to a rise in childhood obesity. Second, it will illustrate that a traditional deficit-led approach to child malnutrition was followed in post-independent Jamaica, focussing on the public and individuals as targets for intervention and using quantitative measures to trace progress. And third, it will question whether the double burden of child malnutrition will give rise to 'healthy publics'—'dynamic collectives of people, ideas and environments that can enable health and well-being'.

Same as many urban cites, Hong Kong is a densely populated area. To improve the residential environment, increase greenery coverage is a viable and economical solution. Despite the widespread interest in the application of vertical greenery, little application has been observed in residential developments in Hong Kong. Most research in vertical greenery focuses on the benefits and technical issues of the system. This study aims to identify the effective strategies to foster vertical greenery implementation in Hong Kong. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 60 architectural practices. Survey results indicate that the industry agrees on the benefits of vertical greening. While the high initial and maintenance cost was identified as a major obstacle to green wall implementation, several public policies were suggested to promote vertical greenery, including financial support from the government for the installation, provision of gross floor area concession, mandatory green wall installation in new buildings and funding support in related researches. The study contributes to a relatively sparse body of literature by investigating possible strategies to foster vertical greenery in an urban city. The findings shed light on the underlying problems and provide ideas on the promotion of vertical greening in Hong Kong and other urban areas.

This study discusses the communication strategy carried out by Blora Regency Government in the program of the Ministry of Communication and Information, namely Gerakan Menuju Smart City 2018. There are two statements in this research is how the communication strategy carried out by Blora Regency Government towards smart city and the factors that are driving and inhibiting it.The results obtained from Gerakan Menuju 100 Smart City program in Blora Regency are based on a predetermined policy in the form of the RPJMD and the Decree of the Regent. Then proceed with analyzing problems related to city problems to create the concept of smart city that requires 3 elements namely structure, infrastructure and superstructure. The targets for this program are all OPD's and the Blora community. The use of various media for socialization which then its implementation refers to the 2018 smart city master plan and ends with monitoring and evaluation every 2 times a year. There are 6 dimensions of the concept of smart city along with several activities in it that are used in Blora Regency, namely smart governance, smart branding, smart economy, smart living, smart society and smart environment.\Keywords: communication strategy, gerakan menuju 100 smart city, Blora Regency