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In this provocative and broad-ranging work, the authors argue that the ways in which knowledge - scientific, social and cultural - is produced are undergoing fundamental changes at the end of the twentieth century. They claim that these changes mark a distinct shift into a new mode of knowledge production which is replacing or reforming established institutions, disciplines, practices and policies

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART ONE HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES -- 1 Innovation Theories and Science and Technology Policy: Historical Perspectives -- 2 Innovation, Technology and the World Economy: Research and Policy Implications from a European Perspective -- 3 Technological Self-Reliance, Dependence and Underdevelopment -- 4 Epistemology and Ideology in Science, Technology and Development -- PART TWO INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT -- 5 Technology and Development: Some Implications of Recent Advances in the Economics of Innovation for the Process of Development -- 6 Market Structure and Technological Behavior in Developing Countries -- PART THREE NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPMENT -- 7 The Diffusion and Production of New Technologies: The Case of Numerically Controlled Machine Tools -- 8 The Output and Employment Impact of Microelectronics in the Third World: Some Conceptual Issues -- 9 Microcomputers, Dams and Handpumps: Three Case Studies of Technology Transfer to the Developing Countries -- PART FOUR REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES -- 10 In Search of a Strategy for a National Science and Technology Policy in Africa -- 11 Crisis, New Technologies and Social Movements -- PART FIVE POLICY AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES -- 12 The Dilemma of Managing R& -- D in India -- 13 Indicators of Science and Technology for Development -- 14 Facing the Future: The Need for International Technology Intelligence and Sourcing -- List of Contributors.

The situation of women in science in Portugal stands out as a particular case in international comparisons. The argument of this article is that this case is not so particular after all. To pursue this argument, gender and science is approached in two ways. In the first part historical
and social factors that may have contributed to the significant presence of women in science will be discussed. The second part focuses on scientific careers and institutions, especially universities, and aims at unveiling gender processes that have been evidenced by research on gender and
science in other countries. Throughout the article, evidence will be presented that shows that despite some specificities pertaining to the rapid process of modernization experienced by Portugal during the last 30 years, science has been institutionalized as a gendered profession.

The rapid growth of the nanotechnology industry has warranted equal progress in the nanotoxicology and risk assessment fields. In vivo models have traditionally been used to determine human and environmental risk for chemicals; however, the use of these tests has limitations, and there are global appeals to develop reliable alternatives to animal testing. Many have investigated the use of alternative (nonanimal) testing methods and strategies have quickly developed and resulted in the generation of large toxicological data sets for numerous nanomaterials (NMs). Due to the novel physicochemical properties of NMs that are related to surface characteristics, the approach toward toxicity test development has distinct considerations from traditional chemicals, bringing new requirements for adapting these approaches for NMs. The methodical development of strategies that combine multiple alternative tests can be useful for predictive NM risk assessment and help screening‐level decision making. This article provides an overview of the main developments in alternative methods and strategies for reducing uncertainty in NM risk assessment, including advantages and disadvantages of in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico methods, and examples of existing comprehensive strategies. In addition, knowledge gaps are identified toward improvements for experimental and strategy design, specifically highlighting the need to represent realistic exposure scenarios and to consider NM‐specific concerns such as characterization, assay interferences, and standardization. Overall, this article aims to improve the reliability and utility of alternative testing methods and strategies for risk assessment of manufactured NMs.

International studies have shown that interest in science and technology among primary and secondary school students in Western European countries is low and seems to be decreasing. In many countries outside Europe, and especially in developing countries, interest in science and technology remains strong. As part of the large-scale European Union funded 'Science Education for Diversity' project, a questionnaire probing potential reasons for this difference was completed by students in the UK, Netherlands, Turkey, Lebanon, India and Malaysia. This questionnaire sought information about favourite courses, extracurricular activities and views on the nature of science. Over 9,000 students aged mainly between 10 and 14 years completed the questionnaire. Results revealed that students in countries outside Western Europe showed a greater interest in school science, in careers related to science and in extracurricular activities related to science than didWestern European students. Non-European studentswere also more likely to hold an empiricist viewof the nature of science and to believe that science can solve many problems faced by the world. Multilevel analysis revealed a strong correlation between interest in science and having such a view of the Nature of Science. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014.

Preface to second edition -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Science, culture and society -- In the laboratory -- Scientific knowledge -- History -- Scientists and scientific communities -- Popular science -- Science fiction -- Science in a changing world -- References

At head of title: 79th Congress, 1st session. Subcommittee Print ; Mode of access: Internet.