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Using the logic of a two-phase cooperation framework (first bargaining to reach an agreement, then enforcement of the negotiated agreement), this article examines how the risk of institutional breakdown can help promote international cooperation. I argue first that the risk of institutional breakdown can help promote bargaining cooperation by raising the opportunity costs of bargaining failure, thus providing a strong incentive for states who value the fragile international institution to negotiate a cooperative agreement. Having helped states to reach a cooperative bargain, the risk of institutional breakdown can also play a role in the subsequent enforcement phase. I argue second that the risk of valued institutional breakdown can reduce state preferences for defection, moving the enforcement problem away from the standard Prisoners' Dilemma structure. To illustrate these arguments, I examine the European Community's decision to recognize the breakaway Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBarbados has a relatively well-developed financial system, including a large offshore sector.1 The onshore system is dominated by large, regionally active banks. Banking services to the population are also provided by the credit union sector. The system also includes a mature but concentrated insurance sector with extensive international affiliates, and other non-bank financial institutions provide credit and other instruments for savers. The offshore sector is financially segregated from the domestic economy and is dominated by international banks mainly conducting treasury a

Unsolicited bulk e-mail, or "spam," is often called the scourge of the information age. Because of the cross-border nature of the Internet, both governments and the private sector are facing many challenges in combating cross-border spam. In recent years, through the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), the international community has committed itself to fight spam on a global level through increased cooperation and enforcement of spam laws. This Note evaluates many of the issues involved in preventing cross-border spam, discusses the latest methods of enforcement in both the private and public sectors, and recommends an approach to the problem in light of the commitments made at WSIS.

Bercovitch, J. International Mediation: A Study of the Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 155-168. This paper analyses the role and relevance of mediation in international disputes. Mediation is placed within the general structure of conflict management and its specific characteristics are discussed. Adopting a systematic approach, the paper looks at the incidence of international mediation and offers a new case-list of 72 international disputes since 1945. Of these, 44 disputes were mediated, some more than once, giving a total of 210 mediation cases. Three basic conditions are found to affect the likelihood of a successful outcome. These are (a) the identity of the parties, (b) the nature of the dispute, and (c) the characteristics of a mediator. These conditions are evaluated, using cross-tabulation and tests of significance, to determine which has the greatest impact on mediation outcomes.

For several years now, Catalonia has been going through a serious political crisis, exacerbated by the independence referendum of 2017. The attempt by this autonomous region to separate from Spain with a view to creating a sovereign State has led to a fierce stand-off between the Catalan authorities and the Spanish Government. In this respect, it may be useful to shed some legal light both on the issue of human rights, from an international perspective, and on the issue of immunities, from the perspective of European Union law.

L'identité graphique de Solidarnos´c´ a joué pendant les années 1980 un rôle très important pour le mouvement d'opposition polonais et pour sa victoire finale contre le système communiste. Grâce aux campagnes internationales de soutien à Solidarnos´c´ , son logotype a bénéficié d'une diffusion et d'une renommée mondiales extraordinaires. Toutefois, sa signification dépasse le symbole du soutien au mouvement ouvrier ou de la lutte des Polonais contre le système politique en place : elle a gagné une acception plus universelle, sans perdre pour autant de sa dimension subversive et controversée.

National Research and Innovation Systems are complex and their health is difficult to measure. A growing number of countries have tried to review and diagnose their own systems through approaches such as the OECD Innovation Policy Reviews, 'Policy Mix' peer reviews at EU level, large national studies or evaluations of major actors such as research councils. This presentation will set out some of the key findings of the recent Czech Research Audit in an international context and reflect on the needed mix of qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Résumé Chaque année, des individus, en majorité de jeunes adultes, partent vers des pays du Sud ou de l'Est comme volontaires de solidarité internationale. Cette expérience à caractère symbolique et initiatique s'inscrit dans des stratégies individuelles complexes et contribue, entre autres, au passage à l'âge adulte. À partir d'une enquête réalisée auprès de jeunes volontaires partant avec la Délégation catholique pour la coopération, trois types d'expériences de volontariat ont été distingués : la transition initiatique vers l'âge adulte, le moratoire et la simple ponctuation dans la construction identitaire de l'être adulte.

Der Verfasser setzt sich mit der Art und Weise auseinander, in der das Engagement westlichen Kapitals in Mittel- und Osteuropa verläuft. Die vielfach unter den Begriff "Globalisierung" gefassten Entwicklungen ordnet er primär dem Bereich der Liberalisierung der Handelsbeziehungen zu, wobei vor allem Niveau und Richtung von Import-Export-Strömen neue Tendenzen sichtbar machen. Der Verfasser vertritt eine eher skeptische Sicht der Globalisierungsthese und unterscheidet, anknüpfend an Gordon, drei Stufen in der Entwicklung internationaler Geschäftsbeziehungen: Internationalisierung, Multinationalisierung und Globalisierung. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung bilden die Beziehungen von multinationalen Konzernen und Nationalstaaten in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Hier zeigt der Verfasser, daß die Staaten der Region durch die von ihnen gesetzten Rahmenbedingungen wie auch in ihrer Funktion als Wirtschaftssubjekte Determinanten privatwirtschaftlicher Unternehmenspolitik zu setzen vermögen. Mit Ausnahme von Ungarn, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik, so das Fazit des Verfassers, bewegt sich das Engagement multinationaler Konzerne in der Region auf eher niedrigem Niveau. (BIOst-Wpt)