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Homelessness is a social problem that represents a challenge for the entire society, therefore policy holders and social welfare systems should have the obligation and responsibility of creating measures for the effective fight against homelessness based on professional and scientific indicators. Croatia still does not have a clear methodology for monitoring the number of homeless people and indicators of homelessness. There is a significant difference in the number of officially registered homeless people in the social welfare system and data from civil society organizations and homeless service providers. The absence of relevant data on the number of homeless people has an effect on the attitude of the profession towards the problem of homelessness and the system for organizing comprehensive care for the homeless. Also, the fact that the homeless were only defined as beneficiaries in the social welfare system for the first time in 2011 indicates that it was a social problem that was not recognized in our society for a long time. Therefore, this work aims to describe and problematize insurance in the social welfare system as a competent system for exercising rights and benefits for combating poverty and organizing the provision of assistance to socially vulnerable persons. The homeless represent one of the most vulnerable social groups, exposed to extreme poverty, risk of social exclusion, prejudice and stigma. The complexity of the problem of homelessness, the individual specificities of the homeless and the difficult access to exercising rights and social services, requires a good knowledge of the problem, sensitization and a highly individualized approach of experts in the social care system. Key words: homelessness; social welfare system; individualized approach

Paternalism is when a person or an institution makes decisions for their benefit by interfering with the life, freedom, decisions of another person or group. This intervention usually occurs when a strong figure is directed at a weak figure, or when a person's ability to decide on his own life is restricted. Paternalism has an important characteristic feature in social culture. It is more common in the East due to its self-evident structures in terms of cooperation and power. The differences between east and west have necessitated many different attitudes and behaviors in business life as Decently as in social life. In this case, it has led to the emergence of different leadership styles. Paternalism historically deals with the totality of beliefs and practices that occurred in the west during the transition period from the social class order of patriarchal class structures to a free society consisting of autonomous and equal individuals. Paternalistic leadership in Turkey is a leadership style that has existed for many years. Especially in the early years of the Republican period, under the rule of the founding leader Atatürk, paternalistic leadership played an important role in the modernization and development process of the country. Paternalistic leadership in Turkey is based on the understanding that the leader is sensitive to the needs of society and makes efforts to increase the well-being of society. These leaders consider themselves a part of society and make decisions taking into account the general interests of society. These leaders respect the traditional values of society and make efforts to protect these values. Key Words: Educational Management, Leadership, Paternalistic Leadership

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process of building parts from 3D model data by joining materials. AM includes different techniques, such as binder jetting and powder bed fusion which uses metal powder as feedstock. Knowledge regarding exposure-related health risks in metal AM environments is still limited. Herein, we report emission data from 8 different AM companies along with health examinations of 39 controls and 48 additive manufacturing machine users (AMMU).
Exposure assessment of dust and metals was performed through stationary and personal sampling of total and inhalable dust followed by metal analysis by ICP-MS. Two handheld particle-counting instruments, Lighthouse 3016-IAQ (0.3-10 µm) and Philips Aerasense NanoTracer (10-300 nm), were used to identify dusty work tasks and thereby to help prioritize preventive measures. Health examinations consisted of questionnaires, spirometry, blood sampling after a workweek and collection of urine samples before and after a workweek. Clinical markers in urine (α1-microglobulin) and plasma (ASAT, ALAT, ALP, ApoA-1, ApoB, SAA1/PON1), and urinary metal levels were analyzed.
Results: Daily averages of dust and metal exposure were in general low compared to Swedish occupational exposure limits. However, particle counting instruments identified specific work tasks with high exposure risk. Mann Whitney U-test indicated statistical differences between exposed and controls for three clinical markers; ASAT and ApoA-1 in plasma as well as α-1-microglobulin in urine. There were no significant increase in exposure markers Monday to Friday nor between AMMU and controls at a group level. Although high exposure levels were seen in some individuals.

AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to analyze the impact and students' perceptions of online peer‐assisted learning (OPL), developed as an alternative and innovative approach to Special Care Dentistry (SCD) training during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Online peer‐assisted learning (OPL) is an alternative pedagogical approach that combines online education and peer‐assisted teaching.MethodsThe OPL session was conducted by two postgraduate students in SCD (as teachers), to final year undergraduate dental students (as learners) (n = 90), supervised by two specialists in SCD‐related areas (as supervisors). Vetted online pre‐ and post‐intervention quizzes were conducted before and after the session, respectively, followed by an online validated feedback survey of the students' learning experiences. Meanwhile, a reflective session was conducted between the postgraduate students and supervisors to explore their perceptions of OPL. Quantitative data was analyzed via paired t‐test (significance level, P < .05). Qualitative data was analyzed via thematic analysis.ResultsOverall, 68 (response rate = 75.6%) and 81 (response rate = 90.0%) undergraduate students completed the quiz and feedback survey, respectively. There was a significant difference in total mean scores, and mean scores of 7 (out of 10) individual items on the quizzes. Most students offered positive reviews of multiple aspects of OPL. They acknowledged the benefit of OPL for its content and preparation process, technology utilized, and experts' roles. Postgraduate students perceived that OPL encourages knowledge‐recall and utilization of technology‐based educational tools, while improving their teaching skills.ConclusionStudents provided positive responses toward the implementation of OPL as an innovative approach to the teaching and learning of SCD during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

With the emergence of a "cultural turn" in western translation researches since the 1970s, translators' subjectivity has been highlighted, and some researchers have also been aware of the existence of intersubjectivity in translation activities; however, the views on the connotation and origin of intersubjectivity in translation are still controversial. This paper attempts to probe into the root causes for the existence of "intersubjectivity in translation" from a cognitive perspective, based on the fundamental "reality-cognition-language" principle in the Embodied Philosophy and cognitive linguistics. According to this principle, "cognition" mediates between "reality" and "language". Language is formed on the basis of bodily experience and through the processing of human cognitive mechanism. Language is not a self-contained system, but closely related to the external world and human cognition. Furthermore, the author analyzes in depth Prof. Wang Yin's viewpoint of "weakening phenomena" on "reality-cognition-language", which sheds light on the study of intersubjectivity in translation. Qualitative research methods (including interviews and translation tests, etc.) have been adopted to collect relevant research data from carefully chosen respondents with different cultural backgrounds and bilingual competence, showing the manifestations of intersubjectivity in translation and the rationality of the kernel "reality-cognition language" principle in cognitive linguistics. In conclusion, fundamentally, it is the "commonness" and "differences" of individual subjects involved in translation activities (including the original author, the translator, the reader of the target text, and the translation initiator, etc.) together with the complicated interrelations among "reality", "cognition" and "language" that cause intersubjectivity in translation. Intersubjectivity and subjectivity are interdependent, coexisting in the holistic field of translation.

The tenet of this article is the conceptualisation of social multiplicity, rather than politics, being the deepest code of internationality as a property of human existence. As a consequence of that understanding of internationality, International Relations (IR) extends beyond dealing with the traditional concepts of politics and economy. All the manifestations of human activity arise in a context of social multiplicity, in which individuals are aware of paths of development separate from their own, and in which ideas, technologies and resources are constantly taken from one social environment and combined with others, in order to produce new and original results. From this perspective, IR concerns nearly everything: multiplicity and identity; multiplicity and sexuality; the interactive life of languages; structures of world literature; the unequal yet connected development of music; international relations of food and cooking; social strategies of dealing with difference, and internationality experienced through the senses.
This article illustrates how olfaction is present in international relations through power relations, olfactory others, the issues of migration and asylum, olfactory travelogy and alternative cultures of smell. The analysis confirms that sensual internationality may show a new aspect in understanding relations between politically organised societies. Sensuality – sensory experience – may be a foundation for a hitherto neglected way of understanding internationality. Sensual IR enables the discipline to return to the everyday life of internationality. It helps us to experience internationality and to dispose of the dominant belief in IR that internationality cannot be seen, or that we do not know where its "inter" is located or what it is.

Little is known about whether Syrian refugees intend to return to their origin-country and what affects their return migration intentions. We introduce a theoretical framework for voluntary return, identify the refugees' decision-making context, and empirically assess the model with a sample of 577 Syrian refugees living in Germany and Turkey in 2018. Three return scenarios were presented in the survey: (i) returning to Syria within two years, (ii) returning when Syria is as safe as before the civil war, and (iii) ever returning. The three scenarios were conceived very differently by the refugees, highlighting the dynamic nature and context dependency of the concept of voluntary return. Syrian refugees in Turkey were more likely to regard their stay as temporary (76 percent), compared to those in Germany (55 percent, p-value of difference = .000). Similarly, structural factors of the origin- and host-countries, that is, the origin-governorate and the current location, were considerably influencing return intentions. Concerning individual factors, female and highly educated refugees had a lower willingness to return. Those who were married were less inclined to return in the short run, yet refugees who self-identified as poor indicated their desired return in the long run. We also analyzed whether random exposure to information regarding return impacted refugees' intentions. We found a negative, albeit insignificant, impact of information, suggesting that host governments cannot expect (rapid) information dissemination to impact refugees' decision-making about voluntary return. Our findings underscore that neither proximate nor distant host-countries should bank on the speedy return of the Syrian refugees.

Abstract: This paper provides a critical reflection on the nature of ethnic enclaves and segregation by presenting an analytical frame that can be used to capture the contested nature of spatiality in these spaces. By underscoring the dynamics in which differences constitute distinct subject positions, this paper posits a relational orientation to studying spatiality that is based on complex relations among and between subjects and space. To date, few attempts have been made to present an analytical frame for the analysis of the spatiality of ethnic enclaves and segregation in which space becomes contested by different groups, occupants of space, and those external to space. This paper bridges this gap by synthesizing the relational approaches found in Bourdieusian field theory and Lefebvrian spatiality. This paper seeks to make three contributions. First, to provide an explicit theoretical anchor upon which relational and spatial theories converge since the underlying rationale for complementary is usually only implicitly evaluated. In detailing this convergence, the social constitution of reality and an emphasis on the duality between individuals and society as well as society and space are identified as a rationale for relational spatiality. Second, to demonstrate how a collective engagement with Bourdieu's and Lefebvre's approaches facilitates a recognition of spatiality as a polysemous social product and producer of social reality in addition to grounding this orientation as a critical dialectic engagement in which both the subjects and knowledge production cannot be neutral. Third, to present an analytical frame for the investigation of ethnic enclaves in and through which ethnic majorities, minorities, occupants of space, and those external to these enclaves constitute different views towards the same space.

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the capacity of health systems in various countries. This study was designed to evaluate the response rates of hospitals in the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Hamadan province, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, all 20 hospitals in Hamadan province were monitored in February 2020. The instrument used in this study was the WHO checklist, entitled "Infection prevention and control health-care facility response for COVID-19." In each hospital, the hospital infection control officials completed the checklists under the supervision of the hospital managers and were then provided to the project manager. Data analyzed by SPSS 22 software. There were 3482 hospital beds (the average beds of each hospital was 174) in the studied hospitals. Of 15 055 patients admitted to all hospitals, 2196 (14.6%) individuals were COVID-19 patients. The total average score obtained from the checklist was 62.25. Among 7 domains studied, the lowest scores belonged to 2 domains of "infrastructure and equipment" and "patient screening and triage." The scores of domains "IPC programs" and "visitors" were significantly higher in hospitals with ICU beds than other hospitals ( P-value = .03 in both domains). A comparison between university-teaching hospitals with other hospitals and those in Hamadan city with other cities revealed no significant differences in any of the domains. The mean response rate (62.25) of hospitals in terms of COVID-19 in Hamadan province indicates their relative readiness to prevent and control the COVID19 pandemic. The shortage of infrastructure and equipment and screening and triage problems of patients were the main challenges of hospitals in managing the COVID-19 pandemic in Hamadan province, Iran.

The article deals with the images of eccentric characters in the short stories "Jerry and Molly and Sam" (1972), "Fat" (1971), "They Are Not Your Husband" (1973), "Neighbors" (1971), "The Idea" (1972) written by an outstanding American writer of the second half of the 20th century R. Carver. The definitions of the concepts of "eccentricity" and "grotesque" are given, the fundamental difference between "eccentric" and the related concepts of "jester" and "rogue" is highlighted, examples of the interpretation of "eccentricity" in the previous literary tradition are given. The selected stories are analyzed and the main features inherent in Carver's eccentrics, such as passivity, self-deception, substitution of values, following false ideas about future happiness, and others, are highlighted. In his stories, the author again actualizes the problems of loneliness, control, alienation and mutual misunderstanding, traditional for American literature of the 20th century; touches upon the themes of voyeurism, appearance and personality, midlife crisis, invasion of personal space and private property, portrays characters who happen to be victims of broken communication, who make attempts to identify themselves, but invariably fail. The infantile and absurd actions of Carver's heroes not only hide the mental discord and the tragic inability of an individual to gain control over their own life, but at the same time reflect the general social disorder and spiritual trouble. Thus, the characters in the stories of R. Carver stand on a par with other eccentric heroes of American and world literature, in particular with the grotesque heroes of one of the founders of the modern American short story, S. Anderson.

The present paper examines the impact of personal characteristics of head of state on the foreign policy behaviour. The article is based on the assumption that during a crisis or war, compared to peaceful times, leaders are under a greater influence of their personal traits and cognitive determinants, including their biases and beliefs. The chosen method is the LTA coding system, as it allows obtaining measurable results showing which traits of the leaders are meaningful and how they determine leaders'actions in different situations (crisis and lack thereof). The aim of this paper is to analyse the personality-based decision-making determinants in foreign policy in the context of an international conflict based on the example of Aleksander Kwaśniewski's presidency (1995–2005). The analysis focuses on the president's decisions and their psychological background during over a year long period preceding the invasion of Iraq by the coalition forces (March, 2003) and his statements made between 1995 and 2001 with the objective of identifying potential differences in leadership style of an individual decisionmaker in two different situations, one of which meets the definition of an international crisis. The research proves that in the conditions of a crisis, the president trends a higher belief to be able to control events, reduced conceptual complexity, and enhanced the need for power. Using available evidence on Polish decision-making, the paper shows how Kwaśniewski's personality and leadership style did indeed shape both the process and outcome of foreign policy toward the Iraq War. It allows identifying his leadership style in the period preceding the invasion of Iraq that started in March 2003.

Context Choosing the most effective combinations of actions to manage threatened species is difficult. Aims This study aimed to identify the most effective combinations of six management actions for reversing population declines of koala populations in three regional landscapes (Coastal, Riverine and Hinterland) in north-east New South Wales, Australia, based on expert-elicited knowledge. Methods A Bayesian network was used to combine continuous probability distributions representing the impact of specific management actions and combinations of actions. Data were derived from expert elicitation. Variation within and among expert judgements was captured by incorporating submodels of individual responses. We evaluated alternative management solutions to address four mortality factors (disease and injury, vehicle strikes, domestic dogs and wild dogs/dingoes (Canis familiaris), and two habitat-related management actions (restoration and protection). Key results We show that there are marked differences in the expected response of the koala populations to the various management options in the three regional landscapes over a 20-year period (2019–2039), and that multiple management actions are required to arrest and reverse the decline in koala populations of north-east NSW. Conclusions Management actions for koala conservation should be based on regional context. Our model, in conjunction with robust expert-elicitation procedures, allows decision makers to distinguish effective from ineffective combinations of management actions for threatened species management, and has been structured so that new data can be incorporated into the model. Implications Model design could be easily adapted to different species or conservation contexts, and updated as new evidence becomes available, making it valuable in adaptive management for local to regional-scale conservation problems.

Language is a mode of communication between individuals. In Pakistan, English is learned as a second language. The main objective of this study was to identify the problems faced by university students in spoken English. The study was conducted at NUST Balochistan Campus in a time frame of three months. This study was design to evaluate the factors confronted by university students in their spoken English. Total 9 factors are lack of confidence in speaking the English language, non-availability of words to express feelings, fear of making mistakes when speaking the English language, lack of motivation in students to speak English language were identified, and questionnaires were circulated among seven hundred (700) university students. 500 students submitted their complete responses. Their responses were analytically analyzed. After analysis of data, this study revealed that the problem faced by university students are Lack of Confidence in Speaking the English Language with a score of 3.731 and was ranked on the top, followed by Lack of Vocabulary with score of 3.692, Fear of Making Mistakes When Speaking English Language with a score of 3.654, Lack of Motivation in Students in Speaking English Language with a score of 3.50, feeling Nervous in Speaking English Language in Public with a score of 3.462, feeling Shy when Speaking English Language with a score of 3.269, committing Common Grammar Mistakes While Speaking English Language with a score of 3.231, concerning problem of Difference of Syntax with a score of 2.923 and Lack of English Teachers with a score of 2.923. It is concluded that the university students in Pakistan confronts serious problems in spoken English, thus these problems should be solved by acting effectively.

Abstract
Case reports of patients infected with COVID-19 and influenza virus ("flurona") have raised questions around the prevalence and severity of coinfection. Using data from HHS Protect Public Data Hub, NCBI Virus, and CDC FluView, we analyzed trends in SARS-CoV-2 and influenza hospitalized coinfection cases and strain prevalences. We also characterized coinfection cases across the Mayo Clinic Enterprise from January 2020 to April 2022. We compared expected and observed coinfection case counts across different waves of the pandemic and assessed symptoms and outcomes of coinfection and COVID-19 monoinfection cases after propensity score matching on clinically relevant baseline characteristics. From both the Mayo Clinic and nationwide datasets, the observed coinfection rate for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza has been higher during the Omicron era (2021 December 14 to 2022 April 2) compared to previous waves, but no higher than expected assuming infection rates are independent. At the Mayo Clinic, only 120 coinfection cases were observed among 197,364 SARS-CoV-2 cases. Coinfected patients were relatively young (mean age: 26.7 years) and had fewer serious comorbidities compared to monoinfected patients. While there were no significant differences in 30-day hospitalization, ICU admission, or mortality rates between coinfected and matched COVID-19 monoinfection cases, coinfection cases reported higher rates of symptoms including congestion, cough, fever/chills, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, pharyngitis, and rhinitis. While most coinfection cases observed at the Mayo Clinic occurred among relatively healthy individuals, further observation is needed to assess outcomes among subpopulations with risk factors for severe COVID-19 such as older age, obesity, and immunocompromised status.

Abstract

Aims
This study assessed contributions of exposure to neighborhood stressors (violent victimization, witnessing crime, greater alcohol and drug availability) to variation in alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms among drinkers in three cities in Texas, USA.


Methods
We used data from interviews conducted from 2011 to 2013 with Mexican-origin adults (ages 16–65) in the US-Mexico Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions who were past-year drinkers (N = 1960; 55% male) living in two cities in the Texas-Mexico border region (Laredo, n = 751 and Brownsville/McAllen, n = 814) and one interior comparison site (San Antonio, n = 771). Analyses (conducted in 2018 and 2019) examined overall and gender-stratified multilevel mediated effects of each border site (versus San Antonio) on AUD symptoms through the neighborhood-level factors, adjusting for individual- and neighborhood-level covariates.


Results
Overall, drinkers in Laredo reported more AUD symptoms than drinkers in the other cities, and their neighborhoods had more witnessing of crime and greater perceived drug availability, as well as higher levels of disadvantage and a lower proportion non-Hispanic White residents, than neighborhoods in San Antonio. Witnessing neighborhood crime was associated with increased AUD symptoms, while neighborhood disadvantage and proportion non-Hispanic White residents each were negatively associated with AUD symptoms. Perceived neighborhood insecurity, crime victimization, perceived neighborhood drug availability and neighborhood alcohol availability (off- and on-premise) were not significantly associated with AUD symptoms. Stratified models suggested possible gender differences in indirect effects through witnessing neighborhood crime.


Conclusion
Reducing witnessing of neighborhood crime may help reduce AUD symptoms among adults living in the US border region.