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This open access book offers new insights into the ageing-migration nexus and the nature of home. Documenting the hidden world of France's migrant worker hostels, it explores why older North and West African men continue to live past retirement age in this sub-standard housing. Conventional wisdom holds that at retirement labour migrants ought to instead return to their families in home countries, where their French pensions would have far greater purchasing power. This paradox is the point of departure for a book which transports readers from the banlieues of Paris to the banks of the Senegal River and the villages of the Anti-Atlas. In intimate ethnographic detail, the author brings to life the experiences of these older labour migrants by sharing in the life of the hostels as a resident, by observing at close quarters the men's family life on the other side of the Mediterranean as a guest in their homes, and even by accompanying them in their travels by bus, sea, and air. The monograph evaluates several theories of migration against rich qualitative data gathered from multiple methods: biographical narrative and semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and archival research. In the process, it offers a thoughtful contribution to broader debates on what it means for migrants to belong and achieve inclusion in society. "This book makes an important contribution to our understanding of transnationalism and integration. It also offers an unusually nuanced view of the strains that migration places on families" Christina Boswell, University of Edinburgh "A fascinating read which poignantly shows that the ageing-migration nexus is a theoretically profuse source of information about return migration, retirement and the meaning of home "Based on a prize-winning PhD thesis, and enriched by unique field research in migrant-worker hostels in France, this book engages in truly innovative fashion with the linked themes of migration, ageing and 'home'." Russell King, University of Sussex

The racist legacy behind the Western idea of freedomThe era of the Enlightenment, which gave rise to our modern conceptions of freedom and democracy, was also the height of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. America, a nation founded on the principle of liberty, is also a nation built on African slavery, Native American genocide, and systematic racial discrimination. White Freedom traces the complex relationship between freedom and race from the eighteenth century to today, revealing how being free has meant being white.Tyler Stovall explores the intertwined histories of racism and freedom in France and the United States, the two leading nations that have claimed liberty as the heart of their national identities. He explores how French and American thinkers defined freedom in racial terms and conceived of liberty as an aspect and privilege of whiteness. He discusses how the Statue of Liberty—a gift from France to the United States and perhaps the most famous symbol of freedom on Earth—promised both freedom and whiteness to European immigrants. Taking readers from the Age of Revolution to today, Stovall challenges the notion that racism is somehow a paradox or contradiction within the democratic tradition, demonstrating how white identity is intrinsic to Western ideas about liberty. Throughout the history of modern Western liberal democracy, freedom has long been white freedom.A major work of scholarship that is certain to draw a wide readership and transform contemporary debates, White Freedom provides vital new perspectives on the inherent racism behind our most cherished beliefs about freedom, liberty, and human rights

Contents: Mircea BRIE: Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Dialogue in the European Border Space; Ioan HORGA: Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Education in the Curricula of European Studies; Victoria BEVZIUC: Electoral Systems and Minorities Representations in the Eastern European Area; Sergiu CORNEA, Valentina CORNEA: Administrative Tools in the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities; Florica STEFĂNESCU: Demographic Determinants of the Economic-Financial Crisis; Yurjy YURIYCHUK: Ukrainian Minority in Romania: Problems of National Identity Preserving; Sonia CATRINA: Identity Perceptions and Buildings of the Hungarian Minority in Relationship with the Romanian Majority Identifications; Gheorghe SISESTEAN: Marital Strategies and Identity Changes of Romanians in Hungary
(Hajdu-Bihar); Constantin-Vasile łOCA: Ethnical Analysis within Bihor-Hajdú Bihar Euroregion; Anna GORBAN: Ethnic and Socio-Cultural Aspects of Political Culture in Moldova; Mircea BRIE, István POLGÁR: Dual Citizenship Granted to Hungarian Ethnics. Context and Arguments in the Romanian and Hungarian Mass Media; Natalia PUTINĂ: The Socio-Political Dilemas of Integration of Gagauz in Republic of Moldova; Aurelian LAVRIC: Romanian Ethnic Minority in Ukraine: Current Issues and Prospects of Survival; Stelian NISTOR, Sorin SIPOS: Historical and Geographical Considerations about the Slovak Communities in the Villages of Upper Bistra Valley, Bihor County; Judit MOLNÁR: The integration Process of Immigrants in Scotland, UK and in Washington State, USA. Immigrants from Countries of the Former Soviet Union; Valeriu MOSNEAGA, Rodica RUSU: Diaspora as an Element of Cultural-Ethnic Cohesion; Valentina-Tania DUNA, Dacian DUNA: War, Migration and Societal Security: The Case of the Iraqi Kurdish Diasporas
in Europe; Adrian-Claudiu POPOVICIU: Labour Migration Reflected in the Council of Europe Law; Alexandra CSEKE: Integration of Immigrants in the European Union; Kobasheni Moopen PARUMAUL: Migration in Europe Against the Backdrop of the Global Revolution - An African Perspective; Anatoliy KRUGLASOV: Interethnic Relations Stability on the Ukraine-Romania Border: A Case of Chernivtsi Region; Dorin I. DOLGHI: The Culture of Security: Perceptions and Preference Formation in the European Union; Srimayee DAM: Re-interpreting the Civic-Ethnic Divide on the European Identity; Pavlo MOLOCHKO: Peculiarities of Ethnonational Policy of Ukraine (Illustrated by the Example of the Chernivtsi Region); Dragos DĂRĂBĂNEANU: Ethnicity and Multicultural Communication in Shaping the European Social Space; Grigore SILASI, Monica BOLDEA: The Romanian Banat Region - An Example of Peaceful Interethnic Cohabitation at the Eastern Border of the European Union; Floare CHIPEA, Raluca MICLEA: The Social Frameworks of the Neighbourhood Relationships' Construction in the Cross-Border Area Bihor-Hajdú-Bihár; Sergiu BĂLłĂTESCU: Subjective Well-Being and Satisfaction with Places of Residence in the Counties at the Cross-Border Between Hungary and Romania; Aurora BENCIC, Teodor Ioan HODOR: Transdniestria. Ethnic Conflict or Geopolitical Interests?; Ecaterina CEBAN: The Role of Political Parties in Harmonization of Interethnic Relations (Case of the Republic of Moldova); Nataliya NECHAYEVA-YURIYCHUK: National Development Beyond the Nation-State: Problems and Prospects; Elisabetta NADALUTTI: Old and New Identities in the Upper Adriatic: is a Cross-Border Kind of Citizenship Emerging in Cross-Border Regions?; Dragos Lucian IVAN: Differentiated Containment: Compass and Horizon in Untying Ethhnicity and Interest within EU; Claudia Anamaria IOV: The Roma Minority - the Prospects and Limits of EU's Social Policy, what Could or Should the EU be Doing?; George ANGLIłOIU: The Belgian Dilemma of Partition. A Pattern Study for the East.

Understanding how the Spanish state and the Canary Islands dealt with the cayuco crisis and its aftermath is instructional for the current migrant crisis facing Europe. Employing the theoretical lenses of liberal intergovernmentalism and neo-institutionalism, this article studies how the EU has shaped the governance of migration policy using both hard and soft governance. Hard governance refers to coercive legally imposed mechanisms, whereas soft governance may be cooperation or voluntary adoption of EU models. During the cayuco crisis, as thousands of African migrants arrived to the Canary Islands, the Spanish government sought assistance from the EU and its member states via Frontex, and adopted the EU's externalization of migration policy with Plan Africa, an aid package to stop immigration at its source. Both Frontex and Plan Africa were EU policy prescriptions, that exhibit EU soft governance and the Europeanization of migration policy. As a result, Spain achieved its goal of stopping the flow of irregular migrants, yet the state remained the main actor in migration policy, as liberal intergovernmentalists assert. However, the EU-inspired policies that Spain ultimately adopted during the cayuco crisis have been emulated in the current migrant crisis, inspiring a model for present and future migration policies in Europe. ; Entender cómo el Estado español y las Islas Canarias lidiaron con la crisis de los cayucos y sus consecuencias es esencial para comprender la actual crisis migratoria a la que se enfrenta Europa. Empleando las lentes teóricas del intergubernamentalismo liberal y el neoinstitucionalismo, este artículo estudia cómo la UE ha configurado la gobernanza de la política migratoria utilizando gobernanza dura y blanda. Gobernanza dura se refiere a los mecanismos coercitivos legalmente impuestos, mientras que la gobernanza blanda puede ser la cooperación o la adopción voluntaria de modelos de la UE. Durante la crisis del cayuco, cuando miles de inmigrantes irregulares africanos llegaron a las Islas Canarias, el Gobierno español buscó el apoyo de los Estados miembro a través de Frontex y adoptó la externalización de la política de migración de la UE con el Plan África, un paquete de ayuda para detener la inmigración en su lugar de origen. Tanto Frontex como el Plan África fueron modelos políticos de la UE, lo que demuestra la gobernanza blanda de la UE y la europeización de la política migratoria. Como resultado, España logró su objetivo de detener el flujo de inmigrantes irregulares, pero el Estado siguió siendo el principal actor en la política migratoria, tal y como afirman los autores intergubernamentales liberales. Sin embargo, las políticas inspiradas en la UE que finalmente adoptó España durante la crisis del cayuco se han emulado en la actual crisis migratoria, inspirando un modelo para las políticas migratorias presentes y futuras en Europa.

I 'foreign fighters' sono un gruppo estremamente eterogeneo di migliaia di persone che proviene da un centinaio di paesi in tutto il mondo. Questa ondata di miliziani si muove dai propri paesi di origine, o di immigrazione, per cercare di raggiungere altri estremisti radicali in Siria ed Iraq. Attualmente circa 30.000 persone hanno già raggiunto quelle terre dove nel 2014 è stato fondato il Califfato e tra morti in battaglia, bombardamenti e foreign fighters di ritorno ad oggi nello spazio compreso tra Siria ed Iraq ve ne potrebbero essere ancora circa dodicimila. Tra costoro circa 4-5.000 verrebbero dai Paesi dell'Unione Europea e quasi 3-4.000 da solamente Francia, Germania, Regno Unito e Belgio. Le cifre vanno prese con molta cautela e variano a seconda della fonte utilizzata. La variabilità dei dati è molto ampia anche per quanto concerne le cifre fornite sui rientri in Europa. Secondo le autorità italiane dovrebbero essere un migliaio circa. L'identikit che descrive i 'foreign fighters' provenienti dai Paesi europei è abbastanza chiaro: per lo più si tratta di soggetti giovani e di sesso maschile, ma le donne pare costituiscono una quota decisamente significativa del gruppo dei foreign fighters, vale a dire il 17%. Sono per lo più di origine maghrebina o balcanica ma non mancano quelli di origine asiatica. Soprattutto tra coloro, che provengono dal Regno Unito, il livello di istruzione e lo status socio-economico, generalmente basso, si fa più elevato. ; Foreign fighters (FF) are an extremely heterogeneous group composed of thousands of people from a hundred countries worldwide. This wave of militia moves from their countries of origin and immigration, to reach other radical extremists in Syria and Iraq, where in 2014 was established the Caliphate. About 30,000 FF have already reached these lands - - and at the present, after bombings and battles, and returns, around twelve thousand FF might still be in the region. Among them, about 4-5,000 are estimated to be from EU countries, of which 3-4,000 from France, Germany, United Kingdom and Belgium only. These figures should be taken with great caution, because they vary depending on the source used. The variability of the data is very wide with regard to figures on return waves to Europe Italian authorities estimate the number of FF that have already found their way back to Europe to be approximately one thousand. The profile of the FF coming from European countries is quite clear: they are mostly young males, although women seem to account for ~ 17% of total FFs. Their origin is mostly from North African or Balkan countries, but there are also those of Asian descent. Generally, the education level and socioeconomic status among FFs are generally low; interestingly however they seem higher among the United Kingdom's militias.

Este artículo analiza las obras Soy Cuba y Verano de la artista cubana Gertrudis Rivalta y Soy: un cuerpo tatuado y Fronteras de la puertorriqueña Brenda Cruz, en las que ambas creadoras, que emigraron a España hace casi dos décadas, problematizan acerca de los movimientos migratorios, la raza, la identidad cultural y la ciudadanía en el Caribe hispano, profundizando en nociones como la de "mulata", "transculturación" y "otredad" desde una perspectiva de género, decolonial y autobiográfica. Teniendo en cuenta su condición de mujeres, mulatas, caribeñas, migrantes y artistas, utilizan sus proyectos creativos como altavoz desde cual reivindicar visibilidad e igualdad para los sujetos afrodescendientes, tanto dentro como fuera del Caribe, especialmente de las mujeres, reconociendo a la mulata como símbolo de la hibridez de sus naciones, en donde la herencia africana es tan importante como la española/europea; a la par que critican la imagen estereotipada y prejuiciosa que de la mujer caribeña se tiene en Occidente, así como de todos sus ciudadanos y del Caribe en general -especialmente perceptible cuando se vive en la diáspora, como ellas. Asimismo, en dos de las obras objeto de estudio cuestionan la eficacia de los gobiernos ante el problema de la inmigración, criticando la insensibilidad de la sociedad receptora hacia el drama de sus protagonistas, así como los abusos y precariedad a la que éstos son sometidos para optar a un futuro mejor, y nuevamente al estatus de "ciudadano". ; ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the works I am Cuba and Summer by Cuban artist Gertrudis Rivalta and I am: a Tattooed Body and Borders by Puerto Rican artist Brenda Cruz. In these works, both creators, who migrated to Spain almost two decades ago, problematize issues around migratory movements, race, cultural identity and citizenship in the Hispanic Caribbean, delving into notions such as "mulata", "transculturation" and "the Other" from a gendered, decolonial and autobiographical perspective. Taking into account their identities as women, mulatas, Caribbean, migrant and artists, they use their creative projects as a speaker from which to reclaim visibility and equality for Afro-descendants subjects, inside as well as outside the Caribbean, especially for women. They recognize the mulata as a symbol of hybridity in their nations, where the African heritage is as important as the Spanish/ European one. At the same time, they criticize the stereotypical and biased image that Caribbean women (and Caribbean citizens in general and even the Caribbean as a whole) have in the Western world, which is especially salient for Caribbean people living in the diaspora, like them. Additionally, in two of the works studied here, they question the effectiveness of governments in dealing with the problem of immigration, and they criticize the insensitivity of the host society towards the drama the immigrants are living as well as the abuses and precariousness to which they are subjected in order to obtain a better future and the status of "citizen".

How diversity initiatives end up marginalizing Arab Americans and US Muslims One of Donald Trump's first actions as President was to sign an executive order to limit Muslim immigration to the United States, a step toward the "complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States" he had campaigned on. This extraordinary act of Islamophobia provoked unprecedented opposition: Hollywood movies and mainstream television shows began to feature more Muslim characters in contexts other than terrorism; universities and private businesses included Muslims in their diversity initiatives; and the criminal justice system took hate crimes against Muslims more seriously. Yet Broken argues that, even amid this challenge to institutionalized Islamophobia, diversity initiatives fail on their promise by only focusing on crisis moments.Evelyn Alsultany argues that Muslims get included through "crisis diversity," where high-profile Islamophobic incidents are urgently responded to and then ignored until the next crisis. In the popular cultural arena of television, this means interrogating even those representations of Muslims that others have celebrated as refreshingly positive. What kind of message does it send, for example, when a growing number of "good Muslims" on TV seem to have arrived there, ironically, only after leaving the faith? In the realm of corporations, she critically examines the firing of high-profile individuals for anti-Muslim speech—a remedy that rebrands corporations as anti-racist while institutional racism remains intact. At universities, Muslim students get included in diversity, equity, and inclusion plans but that gets disrupted if they are involved in Palestinian rights activism. Finally, she turns to turns to hate crime laws revealing how they fail to address root causes. In each of these arenas, Alsultany finds an institutional pattern that defangs the promise of Muslim inclusion, deferring systemic change until and through the next "crisis."

Global urban health: inequalities: vulnerabilities, and challenges in the 21st century / Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil and Adriana Allen -- Urban health in the US and UK: the long 19th century / Susan Craddock and Tim Brown -- Sin in the city: an urban history of medicine and modern morality in Turkey / Emine Ó. Evered and Kyle T. Evered -- Healthcare and the city: a North American perspective / Mark W. Rosenberg -- Delivering urban health through urban planning and design / Laurence Carmichael -- Cities, immigration, and the patient protection and affordable care act / Michael K. Gusmano -- Voluntary sector and urban health systems / Andrew Power and Mark Skinner -- Urban policies and health in Latin America and the Caribbean / S. Claire Slesinski, Adriana C. Lein, Ana V. Diez Roux and Waleska T. Caiaffa -- Access to healthcare for the urban poor in Nairobi, Kenya: harnessing the role of the private sector in informal settlements and a human rights-based approach to health policy / Pauline Bakibinga and Elizabeth Bakibinga-Gaswaga -- Medical travel/tourism and the city / Meghann Ormond and Heidi Kaspar -- The health system and immigrants: a focus on urban France / Anne-Cécile Hoyez, Céline Bergeon and Clélia Gasquet-Blanchard -- Urban mental health / James Lowe -- Children's resilience and mental health in the urban context / Maureen Mooney -- Welfare facilities and happiness of the elderly in urban Korea / Danya Kim and Jangik Jin -- Public space and pedestrian stress perception: insights from Darmstadt, Germany / Martin Knöll, Marianne Halblaub Miranda, Thomas Cleff and Annette Rudolph-Cleff -- Cities and indigenous communities: the health and wellbeing of urban Maori in Aotearooa New Zealand / John Ryks, Naomi Simmonds and Jesse Whitehead -- Landscape restructuring in the shrinking city and implications for mental health / Jared Olson, Lora Daskalska, Kelly Hoormann and Kirsten Beyer -- Challenges to public health in the Favelas of metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Robert E. Snyder, Kathryn L. Lovero, Claudete A.A. Cardoso, Lee W. Riley and Alon Unger -- Taking action to improve indigenous health in the cities of Québec and elsewhere in Canada: the example of the Minowé Clinic at the Val-d'Or Native Friendship Centre / Carole Lévesque, Édith Cloutier, Ioana Radu, Dominique Parent-Manseau, Stéphane Laroche and Natasha Blanchet-Cohen -- Refugees and health: a European urban context / Gordana Rabrenovic, Danijela V. Spasic and Tibrine da Fonseca -- Refugees and health in urban Africa / Sheru Wanyua Muuo -- The urban hierarchy and spatial relationships between poverty and cancer: does location error matter? / Monghyeon Lee, Yongwan Chun and David A. Griffith -- African cities and ebola / Zacchaeus Anywaine and Ggayi Abubaker Mustapher -- Pedestrian injuries in cities: a global perspective / Marie-Soleil Cloutier and Andrew Howard -- Alcohol availability and crime in post-disaster Christchurch, New Zealand: implications for health in cities / Gregory D. Breetzke and Amber L. Pearson -- Urban gun violence / Janice A. Iwama and Jack McDevitt -- European street gangs and urban violence / Keir Irwin-Robers, Scott Decker, Amir Rostami, Svetlana Stephenson and Elke Van Hellemont -- Neighbourhood recovery and community wellbeing in cities following natural disasters: findings from Christchurch, New Zealand / Vivienne Ivory, Chris Bowie, Clare Robertson and Amber L. Pearson -- Urban slums, drinking water, and health: trends and lessons from sub-Saharan Africa / Ellis Adjei Adams, Heather PRice and Justin Stoler -- A greening but unequal city: environmental exposure disparities, gentrified inequalities, and public health in Seattle, Washington / Jonah White and Troy Abel -- Fighting for urban environmental health justice in Southside (Los Sures) Williamsburg, Brooklyn: a community-engaged pilot study / Ivan J. Ramírez, Ana Baptista, Jieun Lee, Ana Traverso-Krejcarek and Andreah Santos -- Ambient air pollution and health effects in Shanghai: trend, challenges and opportunities / Wei Tu, Zhijing Lin, Lili Du, Haidong Kan and Weichun Ma -- Transport, urban regeneration and health / Julie Clark and Angela Curl -- Rice, men, and other everyday anxieties: navigating obesogenic urban food environments in Osaka, Japan / Cindi SturtzSreetharan and Alexandra Brewis -- The built environment, physical activity, and obesity: exploring burdens on vulnerable U.S. populations / Igor Vojnovic, Zeenat Kotval-K, Jieun Lee, Jeanette Eckert, Jiang Chang, Wei Liu, Xiaomeng Li and Arika Ligmann-Zielinska -- Publib health challenges with sub-Saharan African informal settlements: a case study of malaria in Yaoundé / Roland Ngom -- Health-oriented urban planning in Germany: urban planning and design approaches going beyond professional boundaries / Angela Million and Andrea Rüdiger -- Flint, Michigan's food crisis: retail abandonment, social and economic burdens, and local food-oriented solutions / Richard C. Sadler -- Housing and urban health: a Los Angeles study / Edith Huarita and Victoria Basolo.

This dissertation is situated within a field of cultural studies that seeks to develop a broader understanding of the political stakes of twentieth- and twenty-first century debates over who can travel. This line of inquiry responds to the persistent tendency in travel writing over the course of the century to exclude certain subjects in movement from the role of the traveler. The question, "What is travel?" is often treated in both literary texts and criticism as a philosophical or abstract question, stripped of its historical and political implications. I ask, what is the relationship between this effort to restrict the identity of the traveler and France's imperialist history? How and why are non-European subjects denied the status of traveler, and how does the debate over the traveler / tourist binary, which has received more critical attention, relate to the reification of colonial and postcolonial subjects in the role of the "sedentary native"? Taking these questions as a point of departure, this dissertation explores how the theoretical opposition between the dynamic traveler and the passive travelee is constructed, undermined, and directly challenged in texts belonging to a wide variety of genres, from the historical novel to the Oulipian literary exercise to autofiction. The first part of the dissertation considers representations of travel at the "apogee" of the French Empire in the early 1930s. In Chapter One, I analyze how the 1931 Colonial Exposition, in framing a visit to the fair as a voyage around the world, both reifies the identity of the European visitor to the fair (indigenous to the metropole) as a traveler and reinforces the notion that the colonial subjects imported to perform the role of the "natives" at the fair (many of whom had traveled thousands of miles to reach Paris) could never occupy the role of the traveler. Chapter Two moves across genres to André Malraux's adventure novel La voie royale (1930). I show how this modernist text--while continuing to exclude colonial subjects from the role of the traveler--nevertheless challenges the association of Europeans with dynamism and progress so central to the rhetoric of the mission civilisatrice. The second part of the dissertation analyzes texts from the last quarter of the century that reconfigure ideas of travel. In Chapter Three, I demonstrate how Maryse Condé's two-volume historical novel Ségou (1984-85) challenges the myth of African ahistoricity that emerges from both colonial historiographies and certain Negritude discourses through its narration of histories of travel in West Africa and throughout the Diaspora. In contrast to the representation of West African cultural spaces at the Exposition through an essentialized, monolithic architecture, the figure of the city in Ségou is a site of cultural exchange and hybridity. Chapter Four turns to two works published during the mid-1970s: a watershed moment for the history of tourism and immigration in the twentieth century. I juxtapose Georges Perec's Tentative d'épuisement d'un lieu parisien (1975)--an account of several days spent sitting in the Place Saint-Sulpice--with Rachid Boudjedra's Topographie idéale pour une agression caractérisée (1975), which narrates an unnamed emigrant's struggle to navigate the subterranean labyrinth of the Paris metro. I explore how Perec's encounters with tourists circulating through the Place Saint-Sulpice can shed light on the ways in which native Parisians respond to the presence of Boudjedra's protagonist in the metropolitan capital. In both texts, interactions between Parisians and travelers to Paris are shaped by the natives' anxiety over the perceived globalization of mobility in the 1970s. In Chapter Five, I examine a pair of texts representing urban itineraries in the French capital at the turn of the century: Bessora's 53 cm (1999) and Patrick Modiano's Dora Bruder (1999). By reimagining Paris as a site of travel, the location of multiple histories and cultures, the texts read in this last chapter fundamentally undermine the oppositions between "here" and "elsewhere," home and abroad, traveler and native, and more broadly speaking, between travel and dwelling, which have defined colonial and neocolonial ideas of travel throughout the twentieth century. Finally, in the Afterword, I suggest how an approach to travel literature structured around close attention to historical context can inform contemporary debates over the disciplinary boundaries of French / Francophone Studies.

"The era of the Enlightenment, which gave rise to our modern conceptions of freedom and democracy, was also the height of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. America, a nation founded on the principle of liberty, is also a nation built on African slavery, Native American genocide, and systematic racial discrimination. White Freedom traces the complex relationship between freedom and race from the eighteenth century to today, revealing how being free has meant being white. Tyler Stovall explores the intertwined histories of racism and freedom in France and the United States, the two leading nations that have claimed liberty as the heart of their national identities. He explores how French and American thinkers defined freedom in racial terms and conceived of liberty as an aspect and privilege of whiteness. He discusses how the Statue of Liberty-a gift from France to the United States and perhaps the most famous symbol of freedom on Earth-promised both freedom and whiteness to European immigrants. Taking readers from the Age of Revolution to today, Stovall challenges the notion that racism is somehow a paradox or contradiction within the democratic tradition, demonstrating how white identity is intrinsic to Western ideas about liberty. Throughout the history of modern Western liberal democracy, freedom has long been white freedom. A major work of scholarship that is certain to draw a wide readership and transform contemporary debates, White Freedom provides vital new perspectives on the inherent racism behind our most cherished beliefs about freedom, liberty, and human rights"--

Tez (Yüksek lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi. Kaynakça var. ; . ; Abstract,.I -- Acknowledgements,.II -- Abbreviations,IV -- Table of contents,.III -- List of figures,V -- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction,6 1.1. Statement of the study,.10 1.2. Purpose of the study,12 1.3 Research questions,14 1.4. Objective of the study,15 1.5. Research methodology,.16 1.6. Literature review,17 -- CHAPTER 2: GENERAL INFORMATION ON COMOROS -- 1. The strategic location of Comoros (geographically),19 -- 2 Socio economic aspects,21 -- 2.1 Populations,.22 -- 2.2 The Comorian society,24 -- 2.3 The economic dependency,.27 -- 2-3.1. The historical context,27 -- 2-3.2. The private sector,30 -- 2-3.3. The public sector,31 -- 3 Political aspects in Comoros,32 -- 3.1- Comoros during pre-independence,32 -- 3.1.1 Political power in the pre-colonial period,32 -- 3-2. The protectorate system,.34 -- 3.3- The 6th July 1975,35 -- 3.3.1 The independence of Comoros,36 -- 3.4- The government system in Comoros,39 -- CHAPTER 3: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN FRANCE AND COMOROS ON MAYOTTE ISSUE -- 1 Diplomacy context,42 -- -- 1.1 United Nation on the issue of Mayotte,42 -- -- 1.1. Admission of Comoros to the United Nations,.43 -- 1.2 African union on the issue of Mayotte,47 -- 1.3 Others internationals and regionals institutions on the issue of Mayotte,50 -- 1.3.1 League Arab states,50 -- 1.3.2 The movement of non- aligned countries,50 -- 1.3.3 Islamic conferences,51 -- 1.3.4 The European Union,.51 -- 3. Juridical contexts,52 -- 3.1 The Comorian constitutional law,.52 -- 3.2 The French constitutional law,53 -- 3.3 The international constitutional law,.55 -- 2 Political context,58 -- 2.1 Negotiation as the only option to resolve conflicts,.58 -- 2-1.1 Social dialogue in Africa an ancestral practice,58 -- 2-1.2 France Comoros: the turnaround of France,.60 -- 2.2 The Comorian government's position on the franco-comorian dispute,63 -- 2-2.1 Historical,63 -- 2-2.2 Bilateral level,.66 -- 2-2.3 Multilateral level,.67 -- 2-2.4 Condemnation of France to the UN and the AU by the Comoros,67 -- 2.3 The position of French government on Mayotte issue,71 -- 2.3.1 The strategic importance of Mayotte,.71 -- 2.3.2 Divide the Comoros to rule in Mayotte,.73 -- 2.3.3 Down with the "Balladur visa",75 -- 2.3.4 When France invents a law and misunderstands of the UN,77 -- 2.4 What does the Mahorian population want?,.79 -- CHAPTER 4: THE OUTCOME OF FRANCO-COMORIAN RELATIONSHIP -- 1 France Comoros's Socio Economic Relationships,81 -- 1.1 Economic cooperation,81 -- 2.1 Socio cultural relation,84 -- 2.1.1 Technical cooperation,.84 -- 2.1.2 Cultural cooperation,85 -- 3 The Comorian Diaspora,.87 -- 3.1 The immigrants from Comoros to France,87 -- 3.1.1 First migrations of Comorians in metropolitan France,87 -- 3.1.2 The Comorian in Marseille,.88 -- 3.1.3 Structure of Labor Marker and Context of Socio-Economic,.89 -- 3.1.4 The Evolution of the Comoros's Diaspora in France,.90 -- 3.1.5 Fund Transfert from the Comorian Diaspora,91 -- 3.2 The immigration of culture and science,93 -- 3.2.1 Migration in East Africa,.93 -- 3.2.2 The Comorian who migrated to the Island of (Madagascar),94 -- 3.2.3 Other destinations of the Comorian population,.96 4. Recommendations,98

A Home Away from Home examines the significance of Caribbean American mutual aid societies and benevolent associations to the immigrant experience, particularly their implications for the formation of a Pan-Caribbean American identity and Black diasporic politics.At the turn of the twentieth century, New York City exploded with the establishment of mutual aid societies and benevolent associations. Caribbean immigrants, especially women, eager to find their place in a bustling new world, created these organizations, including the West Indian Benevolent Association of New York City, founded in 1884. They served as forums for discussions on Caribbean American affairs, hosted cultural activities, and provided newly arrived immigrants with various forms of support, including job and housing assistance, rotating lines of credit, help in the naturalization process, and its most popular function—sickness and burial assistance. In examining the number of these organizations, their membership, and the functions they served, Tyesha Maddox argues that mutual aid societies not only fostered a collective West Indian ethnic identity among immigrants from specific islands, but also strengthened kinship networks with those back home in the Caribbean. Especially important to these processes were Caribbean women such as Elizabeth Hendrickson, co-founder of the American West Indian Ladies' Aid Society in 1915 and the Harlem Tenants' League in 1928.Immigrant involvement in mutual aid societies also strengthened the belief that their own fate was closely intertwined with the social, economic, and political welfare of the Black international community. A Home Away from Home demonstrates how Caribbean American mutual aid societies and benevolent associations in many ways became proto-Pan-Africanist organizations