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This study investigates the effect of human capital and structural capital on leverage for Jordanian industrial firms from 2006 to 2020. The relevance of this topic lies in the importance of capital structure decisions for firm value and the limited research conducted on the topic in Jordan. The aim is to examine whether human capital efficiency and structural capital efficiency significantly affect leverage. The sample includes 77 industrial firms. The study employs multiple regression analysis to test the hypotheses, controlling for variables such as return on equity and firm size. The findings show that structural capital efficiency does not significantly affect leverage, but human capital efficiency and ROE have significant effects. Furthermore, the study finds that the relationship between these variables differs between large and small companies. This implies that firms with more efficient human capital tend to use less debt financing. The study concludes that human and structural capital efficiency should be considered when making capital structure decisions, as they can affect the optimal level of debt financing. The practical value is the insights for firms in Jordan and other emerging markets on optimizing their capital structure decisions by considering their human and structural capital efficiency. These results contribute to the literature on firm performance determinants in emerging economies and offer valuable information for practitioners and policymakers.
AcknowledgmentI want to thank Amman Arab University for funding this study.

Venezuela has one of the highest homicide rates in the world as well as the highest rate of killings by state officials in Latin America. This article seeks to interpret the evolution of violence over the last 20 years through studying the militarization of citizen security policies and the rule of law crisis. Crime was no longer framed as a socio-economic issue, so the neutralization of enemies became a priority This has occurred in the context of an increasingly militarized citizen security policy that actively involves the military, the militarization of the police and state promotion of civilian armed groups. The parallel rule of law crisis has removed most of the limits to the process of militarization and has contributed to the high levels of violence. This paper argues that the Venezuelan state currently can be understood as anomic, without clear and consistent rules. Resumen: Crisis del Estado de Derecho, militarización de la seguridad ciudadana y efectos sobre los derechos humanos en VenezuelaVenezuela tiene una de las tasas más altas de homicidios en el mundo y la tasa de letalidad policial más alta en América Latina. Este artículo busca interpretar la evolución de la violencia en los últimos 20 años a través del estudio de la militarización de las políticas de seguridad ciudadana y la crisis del estado de derecho. La criminalidad dejó de estar enmarcada como un problema socioeconómico para priorizar la neutralización de enemigos. Esto ha ocurrido en el contexto de una política de seguridad ciudadana militarizada que involucra la participación de los militares, la militarización de la policía y la promoción estatal de grupos armados civiles. La crisis paralela del estado de derecho ha eliminado la mayoría de los límites al proceso de militarización y ha contribuido a los altos niveles de violencia. Se argumenta que el estado venezolano puede ser entendido como anómico, sin reglas claras y consistentes.

While development has been the foremost agenda before successive governments in India, it has been viewed narrowly - from the perspective of economic development and particularly in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This book questions such an approach. It breaks from the conventional wisdom of GDP growth as being a definitive measure of success of a country's policies and offers an alternative development philosophy. The author contends that people's economic and social welfare, life satisfaction, self-fulfilment and happiness should be treated as indicators of real development. The book underlines that in a successful model of development, the country's economic policies will have to synergize with its cultural ethos and that the objective of development should be Gross National Happiness and well-being of the people. This book will be useful to scholars and researchers of development studies, economics, public policy and administration, governance, political science, sociology, and policymakers.

In dem Beitrag wird herausgearbeitet, welche Risiken und Gefahren in einer Sterbehilfe liegen, zu deren Exekution den Ärzten das soziale Mandat übertragen werden soll. Ausgangspunkt der Überlegungen ist die aktuelle Debatte um die aktive Sterbehilfe, in der es um die Veränderung des Paragraphen 216 StGB geht, der die Tötung auf Verlangen mit einer Freiheitsstrafe bis zu fünf Jahren bestraft. Um die Auseinandersetzung zwischen Sterbehilfebefürwortern und -gegnern zu verstehen, werden historische Vorgänge und Parallelen aufgezeigt und diskutiert. Die Entwicklung vom Recht auf Sterbehilfe zur 'berechtigten Massentötung' wird nachgezeichnet. Das Euthanasie-Programm der Nationalsozialisten wird betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, wie geschickt die individuelle Sterbehilfe mit dem bevorstehenden bürokratisch-technischen Massenmord verbunden wurde. Dann wird gefragt, ob Euthanasie heute wieder hoffähig geworden ist. Entsprechende Ansätze, u. a. von dem Arzt Prof. Hackethal, werden dargestellt. Die Widerstände seitens der Behindertenverbände werden begründet. Anhand von Umfrageergebnissen wird klargemacht, daß ein Lebensunwert-Denken nach wie vor existiert. Insgesamt wird deutlich, daß Außenstehende bei einer Auseinandersetzung mit dem Sterben statt auf Unterstützung auf mitleidsvolle Reaktionen verfallen, um der anscheinend trostlosen Situation zu entkommen. Abschließend wird das von den Verfechtern der Sterbehilfekampagne vertretene Recht auf Selbstbestimmung auch über den Tod problematisiert, weil es ein Selbstbestimmungsrecht gerade für behinderte und alte Menschen nicht gibt. (RW)

This anthology examines how to cultivate human flourishing in the present-day boundary-less work environment. Anchored in the moral and spiritual dimension of well-being, it draws upon several allied fields such as workplace wellness in business and psychology. It utilizes findings from positive psychology, social psychology, organizational neuroscience, quantum physics, organizational behavior, and the worlds contemplative wisdom traditions to support the case for workplace flourishing. Chapters cover such themes as analyzing the cause of workplace disengagement and pathways to employee engagement; self-transformation as a prelude to transform organizations; and mindfulness as framework to enhance human flourishing. Research shows that organizations with higher levels of employee engagement routinely out-perform those with lower employee engagement. This book provides valuable insights into why employee well-being is such a powerful driver of employee performance and engagement and advances scholarship on how organizations can enhance workplace well-being and fulfillment. Satinder Dhiman serves as the Associate Dean, Chair, and Director of the MBA Program at Woodbury University, USA. Recipient of several national and international honors in teaching and scholarship, he has also completed advanced Executive Leadership Programs at Harvard, Stanford, and Wharton. Author, translator, editor, co-author, co-editor of over 38 management, leadership, spirituality, sustainability-related books and research monographs, he serves as the Editor-in-Chief of seven Major Reference Works and leads three research series with major international, academic publishers.

The concept of happiness is one of the most discussed and emphasized topics in human history. Many disciplines deal closely with the subject. The concept of happiness, which is supposed to be in the relevant field of philosophy, psychology, sociology, medicine, etc., is primarily concerned with issues in economics, economics and management science, especially after 1950s. Countries consider happiness as an index of the level of development and try to establish values through extensive research. Creating happy individuals has been turned into public policies by the states. Advanced societies accept that; Information society, globalization, technological developments make variable in the parameters of happiness perception. Researchers are expected to take into account time-dependent variables of all investigations and measurements. Economics and management disciplines are inevitably interested in the concept of happiness for efficiency, success, and sustainability politics. As a natural consequence of this, the business world closely follows the happiness of its employees. Among the main issues of the business world are the happiness of their employees. Motivation and motivation techniques are of interest to professionals. If governments are going to make policy decisions by measuring results of happiness, companies also recognize that there is a linear relationship between employee loyalty and happiness. Employee loyalty surveys determine the policies of the companies. In this study, it has been tried to pay attention by presenting a brief literature about employee happiness, especially the sense of happiness of female employees.

This article puts an emerging war doctrine archive through the paces of its philosophical analogues. Establishing in the first part of the article the "weaponizing of culture" (a now-common U.S. military phrase), which is occurring autogenically, that is, within and without the remnants of the liberal representative state, the author argues that war is now a fully operational part of the organizational work that terms like community, culture, and humanity are now doing (and doing differently than before). War in the sense invoked here is activated at various levels of intensity and visibility (think Katrina, the Patriot Act, Wall Street) as a civil or civilian war within the United States that is everywhere present but is hardly recognizable as such. In addressing one essential area of governmentality—demographics—the author makes the case for a change in liberal governmental reason that is evident in the U.S. Census 2000, concluding that demography has taken a uniquely post–civil rights turn in the unprecedented context of a coming U.S. white minority. Categorical self-identification within the permeable race and ethnic categories that the state now endorses paradoxically releases it from whatever previous civil-rights obligations the state may have had. In unpacking how this process works—call it autogenic violence at the level precisely of "recognition"—this article revisits Habermas's reliance on a juridically grounded base for intersubjectivity. Habermas extends the appeal for liberal international law to an updated endorsement of Kant's quest for perpetual cosmopolitan peace. With the problem of history and the relationship between temporality and the "cultural" disciplines such as philosophy in mind, the author updates Habermas's updating of Kant in a context of perpetual war that neither figure is willing to imagine.

As a much proclaimed 'new normal' accompanying the global pandemic, the suspension of certain rights to protect other rights returns our attention to notions of exceptions outside the law in terms of sovereign power and those hidden within the law, such as structurally embedded violations. The consent for the emergency rights accorded to the state to act for the greater protection and bio-survival of all occurs alongside certain contestations which also, in dramatic instances, include spaces for new protests against structural and physical violence on the person. The murder of George Floyd and the protests which followed signalled points of both convergence and dissonance in relation to the emergency rights of the state and the overlooking of other 'less visible' loss of rights.

A dichotomy between collective (economic and social) and individual rights developed in the wake of the opposition between socialist and capitalists systems. That cleavage became particularly clear during discussions on the drafting of the universal declaration of human rights in the 1940s, the communist bloc advocating the preeminence of collective rights and western democracies promoting individual rights. The present article examines three different perspectives (Canada, USA, Soviet Union) and the role of Yuri Orlov against the background of "the spirit of Helsinki" and the conference on security and cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in Finland in August 1975. Adapted from the source document.