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The legal procedure employed in criminal law where an individual was convicted by the courts of a temporarily occupied area of Ukraine has faced a number of challenges. When the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) finds that Ukraine has run afoul of its international commitments during a trial, the records of such criminal proceedings shall be considered by the Supreme Court's Grand Chamber, which shall apply the legal procedure regulations for newly discovered or exceptional circumstances, as outlined in Article 34 of the 2012 Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. At the same time, such hearing would be hindered by absence of reliable procedural regulations for retention of records in a criminal case in the occupied territory, and therefore are likely not available for review by the Supreme Court. In this article, the authors attempt to present both the objective challenges and the possible methods and means to address them to the international scholarly community. These challenges stand in the way of the reform of the Ukrainian judicial system as a whole, and particularly affect Ukraine's adherence to its international commitments as it resolves of cases tried in the temporarily occupied territories. Considering the above, the authors analyzed the legislation and draft laws of Ukraine, as well as a number of international legislative documents, and outlined their own evidence-supported academic opinion on how to resolve the problem as well as articulated their approach to the organizational and legislative aspects of Ukraine's adherence to its international commitments as the country's courts resolve such criminal cases.

Topographic Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology has advanced greatly in the past decade. Pulse repetition rates of terrestrial and airborne systems havemultiplied thus vastly increasing data acquisition rates. Geiger-mode and FLASH LiDAR have also become far more mature technologies. However, a new and relatively unknown technology is maturing rapidly: Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Laser Detection and Ranging (FMCW-LADAR). Possessing attributes more akin to modern radar systems, FMCWLADAR has the ability to more finely resolve objects separated by very small ranges. For tactical military applications (as described here), this can be a real advantage over single frequency, direct-detect systems. In fact, FMCW-LADAR can range resolve objects at 10 −7 to 10 −6 meter scales. FMCW-LADAR can also detect objects at greater range with less power. In this study, a FMCWLADAR instrument and traditional LiDAR instrument are compared. The co-located terrestrial scanning instruments were set up to perform simultaneous 3-D measurements of the given scene. Several targets were placed in the scene to expose the difference in the range resolution capabilities of the two instruments. The scans were performed at or nearly the same horizontal and vertical angular resolutions. It is demonstrated that the FMCW-LADAR surpasses the perfomance of the linear mode LiDAR scanner in terms of range resolution. Some results showing the maximum range acquisition are discussed but this was not studied in detail as the scanners' laser powers differed by a small amount. Applications and implications of this technology are also discussed.

Language situation in Ukraine in light of the general census and sociological researchThe article presents the language situation in the independent country of Ukraine. It shows what part of Ukrainian society perceives the Ukrainian language, the Russian language or both of these two languages at the same time as their mother tongue. The paper also shows which of the two languages, Ukrainian or Russian, is more commonly used by Ukrainians in everyday life. Special focus was placed on linguistic diversity of particular regions of Ukraine. The aim of the paper was achieved by analyzing the general census of 2001, as well as the results of the public opinion polls conducted in the period of independence by, among others, the "Public Opinion" Centre for Sociological Research, the Olexander Razumkov Ukrainian Centre for Economic and Political Studies and the Kiev International Institute of Sociology. Sytuacja językowa na Ukrainie w świetle powszechnego spisu ludności oraz badań socjologicznychW artykule została przybliżona sytuacja językowa w niepodległej Ukrainie. Ukazano dla jakiej części społeczeństwa ukraińskiego językiem ojczystym jest język ukraiński, dla jakiej rosyjski oraz jednocześnie ukraiński i rosyjski. Przybliżono także, którym językiem – ukraińskim czy rosyjskim – częściej posługują się w życiu codziennym Ukraińcy. Znaczna uwaga została ponadto zwrócona na zróżnicowanie językowe poszczególnych regionów Ukrainy. Na osiągnięcie postawionego celu pozwoliła analiza wyników spisu powszechnego ludności przeprowadzonego w 2001 r. oraz wyników badań opinii publicznej przeprowadzonych w okresie niepodległości m.in. przez Centrum Badań Socjologicznych "Opinia Społeczna", Ukraińskie Centrum Badań Ekonomicznych i Politycznych im. Ołeksandra Razumkowa oraz Kijowski Międzynarodowy Instytut Socjologii.

International audience ; Reunion Island, a French overseas region located in the Indian Ocean, is facing a three-fold challenge combining demographics, the environment and energy. To limit its heavy dependence on imported fossil fuels, Reunion Island aims to achieve energy autonomy by 2030 based on greater energy efficiency and renewable energy alternatives. The objective of this study is to analyze different scenarios to reach electricity autonomy and, at the same time, consider the wide-scale integration of renewable energy in the island's power system using the bottom-up optimization energy model TIMES-Reunion. Despite the tremendous potential of renewable energy sources present on the island, the transition to 100% renewable energy needs to be supported by incentives or constraints. Strong energy policies can both direct the choice of renewable resources and accelerate the renewable transition. The development of biomass on Reunion Island is economically interesting. The transition scenarios show that by 2030, electricity from biomass advantageously replaces electricity from coal and represents slightly more than 50% of electricity generation. Solar and wave/ocean energies are not the most cost effective option, but wind energy tends to disappear in the face of these energies more politically supported. A network regulation rule benefits biomass and is more detrimental to solar than to wave energy. The decarbonized transition of the power system incurs higher total discounted system costs due to the additional costs induced by the different incentives to promote certain renewables, with some pathways toward energy autonomy appearing more costly than others.

The objective of this study was to assess the practices, challenges and achievements of labor inspection with respect to the manufacturing and construction sectors in Bole sub-city, Addis Ababa City Administration. To achieve this objective , a descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in Bole sub-city, Addis Ababa City Administration. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approach of data collection and analysis.Structured questionnaires and key informant interview guide were administered in data collection. 220(Two hundred twenty) employees of the manufacturing and construction sectors were sampled using multi-stage sampling technique. Whereas, non- random technique were used for selecting 7 key interviewees. Secondary data from annual report, performance reports, and different legislations were also used. Analysis was done using SPSS version 24.The findings characterize the working condition in medium level enterprises of manufacturing and construction sectors in Bole sub-city as poor which is evident from unequal payment for the same kind of job,denial of annual leave , higher rate of occupational accident or disease,a shortage of safety equipment,untrained employees on the issue of occupational safety and accident , inability to unionize .And this poor working condition is the reflection of the sub-city's labor inspectorate which has not been equipped with sufficient, skilled and competent labor inspectors and which has been struggling with unmatched responsibilities and logistics to conduct labor inspection. On job training, well organized inspectorate ,emphasis on prevention, risk based inspection,, inspection based on wider participation and delegating inspection are the recommendations of this study.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing penetration of micro-insurance in Ethiopian insurance companies. The study adopts a cross-sectional quantitative technique with descriptive and analytical design based on primary data sampled using non probability sampling from 110 executive managements of five insurance companies providing microinsurance and nine years data from the same companies. Five (5) key factors affecting microinsurance penetration in Ethiopia are identified. The Multiple Linear regression model was used for analyising regression results and all relevant diagnostic tests were conducted to validate results. Empirical investigation using the Multiple Linear regression model indicates client awareness, income Level and trust having positive and significant impact on microinsurance penetration rate. Whereas product Price of microinsurance have negative and significant impact on microinsurance penetration rate. The study therefore recommends, amongst other things, intensive awareness creation campaign by all stakeholders about microinsurance product and its benefit among low income people, setting price that does not compromise the ability of clients to pay for essential items such as food and shelter, build trust and provide incentive like tax exemption on microinsurance transaction for provider and put coercive low for non provider to participate in providing microinsurance products taking in to consideration the double advantages that it has in protecting the poor from unexpected loss and alleviating poverty. In addition the government must integrate micro insurance program into its grand strategy in poverty reduction and Growth and transformation plan in striving to become middle income country by 2025.

In recent times, Ethiopia has experienced far-reaching economic growth and development changes. Despite this growth, the country has been chronically running a trade deficit. Devaluation is one of the most important but controversial trade policies recommended by the IMF for most of the developing countries in restoring the trade balance and increasing real GDP growth. To this end, this study analyzes the economy-wide impact of the devaluation of Ethiopian currency (birr) using Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (DCGE) Model. The model used an updated version of 2009/10 Ethiopian SAM developed by Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI). Three different simulation scenarios have been simultaneously used to evaluate the real impact of devaluation on the economy; 15%, 25% and 35% increase in exchange rate respectively. The findings of the study reveal that devaluation results in a decline in the overall GDP growth and domestic absorption. On the other hand, the trade balance has been improved under all simulation scenarios. Moreover, the productions of agriculture and service sectors expand whereas that of the industrial sector shrinks at a higher rate. By and large, real consumption, fixed investment, GDP, government revenue and household welfare are all adversely affected justifying that devaluation has contractionary effects on the Ethiopian economy. Based on the findings, the researcher suggests the monetary authority to stick to its managed floating policy stance and make changes in cautious and predictable manner. Moreover, there is an obvious need to combine monetary policy measures with fiscal policy in order to promote sustained economic development.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a complete smoking ban in enclosed spaces on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Chile. Methods: The population-based study involved residents of urban areas, where 80% of the Chilean population live, aged 20 years or older who had a myocardial infarction. Monthly myocardial infarction incidence and mortality rates at health-care facilities between January 2011 and December 2014 were derived from admission and mortality databases. Regression discontinuity methods were used to estimate the near-immediate impact on disease incidence of enforcing smoke-free legislation in March 2013. The same analysis was performed for ischaemic stroke, degenerative disc disease and colon cancer. Data on the concentration of fine respirable particulates were included in an additional analysis of myocardial infarction incidence in the Santiago metropolitan area. Results: The enforcement of smoke-free legislation was associated with an abrupt, near-immediate decline of 0.639 cases of myocardial infarction per 100 000 adults per month (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.242 to 1.036; relative decline: 7.8%). Similar declines were observed in men and women and in people aged over and under 70 years. However, enforcement of the legislation was not associated with a significant change in the rate of ischaemic stroke, degenerative disc disease or colon cancer. The abrupt decline in myocardial infarction incidence was also observed when data on fine respirable particulates were included in an analysis for Santiago. Conclusion: The enforcement of extensive smoke-free legislation in Chile was associated with an abrupt, near-immediate decline in the incidence of myocardial infarction.

URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/ripp/article/view/3239 ; Este artículo quiere mostrar las diferencias entre la concepción de la retórica presentada por Hans Blumenberg en su texto La necesidad de la retórica: Un enfoque antropológico y la comprensión de la retórica que Ernesto Laclau defendió en los ensayos de su libro La construcción retórica de la sociedad. A partir de esas diferencias teóricas se derivan toda una serie de consecuencias para la teoría política que nos permite entender que, en el fondo, Blumenberg es un teórico de la democracia, algo que no puede ser dicho en el mismo sentido de la teoría populista de Laclau. Por eso estas diferencias cristalizan en una retórica republicana propia de un pensamiento inspirado en Blumenberg, frente a la teoría metafísica de la retórica de Laclau. ; This article wants to show the differences between the conception of rhetoric presented by Hans Blumenberg in his text The need for rhetoric: an anthropological approach and the understanding of the rhetoric that Ernesto Laclau defended in the essays of his book entitled Rhetorical construction of society. From these theoretical differences we derive a whole series of consequences for the political theory that allows us to understand that, at bottom, Blumenberg is a theorist of democracy, something that cannot be said in the same sense of the populist theory of Laclau. These differences crystallize in a republican rhetoric of Blumenberg's thought, in contrast to Laclau's metaphysical theory of rhetoric. ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

In a historical, political and social reality like the post-modern one, theproblems of adult education must be placed in a specific area of pedagogy.In this process of formation concerning the individual, the whole socialcommunity is globally responsible and directly involved. The family, theschool and the other social organizations of which we are members, in fact,are directly involved because from these derive the educational outcomesof the person, the realization of the same and the respect of permanent andauthentic values that must be firmly defended and consistency. The discourseon pedagogy, as pedagogy of the person, therefore, necessarily impliesthe discourse on values, because it involves guiding and guiding thesubject along the path of his personal formation, which is realizable, authentically,only if he is engaged in acquisition of behaviors considered ethicallypositive. ; In una realtà storica, politica e sociale come quella postmoderna, i problemidell'educazione degli adulti vanno collocati in un'area ben precisa dellapedagogia. In questo processo di formazione che riguarda l'individuo, èglobalmente responsabile e direttamente impegnata tutta la comunità sociale.La famiglia, la scuola e le altre organizzazioni sociali di cui siamomembri, infatti, sono direttamente coinvolte poiché, da queste, derivano gliesiti educativi della persona, la realizzazione della stessa e il rispetto di valoripermanenti e autentici che bisogna difendere con fermezza e coerenza.Il discorso sulla pedagogia, come pedagogia della persona, pertanto, implicanecessariamente il discorso sui valori, perché si tratta di guidare e orientareil soggetto lungo il cammino della sua formazione personale, che èrealizzabile, in maniera autentica, soltanto se è impegnata nell'acquisizionedi comportamenti considerati eticamente positivi.

We studied the development of cognitive abilities related to intelligence and creativity (N = 48, 6–10 years old), using a longitudinal design (over one school year), in order to evaluate an Enrichment Program for gifted primary school children initiated by the government of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Entdeckertag Rheinland Pfalz, Germany; ET; Day of Discoverers). A group of German primary school children (N = 24), identified earlier as intellectually gifted and selected to join the ET program was compared to a gender-, class- and IQ- matched group of control children that did not participate in this program. All participants performed the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) test, which measures intelligence in well-defined problem space; the Creative Reasoning Task (CRT), which measures intelligence in ill-defined problem space; and the test of creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP), which measures creativity, also in ill-defined problem space. Results revealed that problem space matters: the ET program is effective only for the improvement of intelligence operating in well-defined problem space. An effect was found for intelligence as measured by SPM only, but neither for intelligence operating in ill-defined problem space (CRT) nor for creativity (TCT-DP). This suggests that, depending on the type of problem spaces presented, different cognitive abilities are elicited in the same child. Therefore, enrichment programs for gifted, but also for children attending traditional schools, should provide opportunities to develop cognitive abilities related to intelligence, operating in both well- and ill-defined problem spaces, and to creativity in a parallel, using an interactive approach.

Alcopops are flavored alcoholic beverages sweetened by sodas, known to contain fructose. These drinks have the goal of democratizing alcohol among young consumers (12–17 years old) and in the past few years have been considered as fashionable amongst teenagers. Adolescence, however, is a key period for brain maturation, occurring in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system until 21 years old. Therefore, this drinking behavior has become a public health concern. Despite the extensive literature concerning the respective impacts of either fructose or ethanol on brain, the effects following joint consumption of these substrates remains unknown. Our objective was to study the early brain modifications induced by a combined diet of high fructose (20%) and moderate amount of alcohol in young rats by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Wistar rats had isocaloric pair-fed diets containing fructose (HF, 20%), ethanol (Et, 0.5 g/day/kg) or both substrates at the same time (HFEt). After 6 weeks of diet, the rats were infused with 13C-glucose and brain perchloric acid extracts were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C). Surprisingly, the most important modifications of brain metabolism were observed under fructose diet. Alterations, observed after only 6 weeks of diet, show that the brain is vulnerable at the metabolic level to fructose consumption during late-adolescence throughout adulthood in rats. The main result was an increase in oxidative metabolism compared to glycolysis, which may impact lactate levels in the brain and may, at least partially, explain memory impairment in teenagers consuming alcopops.

Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags were designed to reduce grain storage losses on smallholder farms. The bag consists of three layers: two high-density polyethylene liners fitted inside a woven polypropylene bag. Recently, farmer groups, development relief programs, and government food security agencies have shown interest in PICS bags for large-scale use. PICS bags are conventionally closed by a twist-tie (TT) method, which involves twisting, folding, and tying the lip of each layer individually with a cord. This is not only time and labor intensive, but also may affect the integrity of the liners. We evaluated three new bag closure methods: i) inner liner rolled onto itself and middle liner fold-tied (IR), ii) both liners folded together and tied (FT), and iii) both liners folded and tied separately (FS), along with the conventional twist tie (TT) method. The time to close partially or fully filled 50 kg-capacity PICS bags filled with maize grain was assessed. Results showed that FT was the most time-saving method, reducing bag sealing time by >34% versus the usual TT method. The average internal oxygen levels reached 5% levels for less-infested bags. In both cases, insect population growth was suppressed. Oxygen depletion rates among tying methods remained the same regardless of the closure method used. When large numbers of bags need to be closed, the time-saving FT method is a good alternative PICS sealing method over the conventional twist-tie approach.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand the current embrace of long-term nicotine maintenance by British governmental agencies and tobacco harm reduction by several leading British public health organisations, describe the context and deliberations of the UK's first formal tobacco risk reduction programme: 'Product Modification'. METHODS: Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents, news archives and Parliamentary debate records. RESULTS: From 1972 to 1991, the British government sought to investigate safer smoking through the 'product modification programme'. The Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health (ISCSH) advised the British government on these efforts and collaborated with the tobacco industry, with which government then negotiated to determine policy. The ISCSH operated from four industry-backed premises, which contributed to the ISCSH's support of safer smoking: (1) reduced toxicity indicates reduced risk; (2) collaboration with the tobacco industry will not undermine tobacco control; (3) nicotine addiction is unavoidable; (4) to curtail cigarette use, solutions must be consumer-approved (ie, profitable). These premises often undermined tobacco control efforts and placed the ISCSH at odds with broader currents in public health. The product modification programme was abandoned in 1991 as the European Community began requiring members to adopt upper tar limits, rendering the ISCSH redundant. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Endorsements of reduced harm tobacco products share the same four premises that supported the product modification programme. Current tobacco harm reduction premises and policies supported by the British government and leading British public health organisations may reflect the historical influence of the tobacco industry.

How can we communicate to the public that population level health interventions are effective at improving health? Perhaps the most familiar "currency" of effect is that which can be brought about via medication. Comparisons of effect sizes may be effective ways of communicating the benefits of population health interventions if they are seen and understood in the same way that medications are. We developed a series of comparisons to communicate benefits of population health interventions in terms of similar gains to be obtained from statins, metformin and antihypertensive medications for prevention of cardiovascular events, type 2 diabetes, obesity and hypertension. A purposive search identified evidence of population health intervention-related benefits. This evidence ranged from meta-analyses of RCTs to that from observational cohort studies. Population health interventions included implementation of national smoke free legislation, enhanced neighbourhood walkability, increased opportunities for active travel and protection of urban green space. In some cases, the benefits of population health interventions were found to be equivalent to, or even outweighed those of the medications to which they were compared. For example, RCT-based evidence suggested that exercise taken with a view of a green space was associated with 12 mmHg and 6 mmHg reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, which was at least on par with the reductions associated with antihypertensive medications. Future work will test the effectiveness of these comparisons for increasing the familiarity, credibility and acceptability of population health interventions and, in particular, examine the importance of communicating putative mechanisms and potential co-benefits.