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The aim of this study was to examine the use of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of poultry offal oil used in the pet food industry. Five commercial synthetic and two natural antioxidants were used in the following treatments: Control (CON); CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH95); CON + (BHT + BHA); CON + (BHA + PG + CA); CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH70); CON + BHA; CON + (ASC + rosemary); and CON + (ASC + tocopherols). Inclusion levels were 0.5% for the synthetic and 0.625% for the natural antioxidants. Oxidative stability was determined at three temperatures (90, 110 and 130 ºC). To determine the fatty acid profile, the original sample of the offal oil was considered a negative control. The fatty acids were determined based on the preparation of methyl esters by a transesterification reaction with methanol in alkaline medium, followed by gas chromatography analysis. The different fatty acid types were identified by comparing the retention times of the fatty acid methyl ester standards with the retention times of the observed peaks. Compositional data analysis was carried out. Without the use of antioxidant, induction time is shorter, resulting in lower oxidative stability of the offal oil and consequent loss of its quality due to less time taken to oxidize. The antioxidants used in CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH95), CON + (BHA + PG + CA) and CON + BHA better preserved the essential fatty acids (linolenic and linoleic). Natural antioxidants exhibited higher oxidation, with higher proportions of saturated fatty acids and the worst ω6:ω3 ratios. In conclusion, the synthetic antioxidants used in CON + (BHT + BHA + ETH95), CON + (BHA + PG + CA) and CON + BHA provided greater protection against oxidation and better preserved the essential fatty acids. The natural antioxidants tested in the present study did not provide satisfactory protection.

The possible effects of a neighborhood's built environment on physical activity have not been studied in Asian countries as much as in Western countries. The present study cross-sectionally examined the relationship between geographic information system (GIS) measured residence and worksite neighborhood walkability, and the number of parks/green spaces and sports facilities within a 1 km radius of home and workplace, with self-reported leisure-time habitual (3–4 times per week or more) walking and moderate-to-vigorous intensity habitual exercise among local government workers aged 18 to 64 years living in an urban-suburban area of Aichi, Japan in 2013. A single-level binomial regression model was used to estimate the multivariable odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Of the 1959 male and 884 female participants, 288 (15%) and 141 (16%) reported habitual walking, respectively, and 18% and 17% reported habitual exercise, respectively. Compared with women who resided in neighborhood with a walkability index of 4–30, those living in an area with that of 35–40 were significantly more likely to engage in leisure-time habitual exercise (multivariable OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.08–2.68). Marginally significant positive associations were found between leisure-time habitual exercise and the residential neighborhood's number of parks/green spaces among women, as well as the number of sports facilities among men. In conclusion, a residential neighborhood environment characterized by higher walkability may contribute to the initiation or maintenance of moderate-to-vigorous intensity leisure-time exercise among working women living in an urban-suburban area of Japan.

A core assumption often heard in public health discourse is that increasing trust in national political leaders is essential for securing public health compliance during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–ongoing). However, studies of national government trust are typically too coarse-grained to differentiate between trust in institutions versus more interpersonal trust in political leaders. Here, we present multiscale trust measurements for twelve countries and territories across the West, Oceania and East Asia. These trust results were used to identify which specific domains of government and social trust were most crucial for securing public health compliance (frequency of mask wearing and social distancing) and understanding the reasons for following health measures (belief in effectiveness of public health measures). Through the use of linear regression and structural equation modeling, our cross-cultural survey-based analysis (N = 3369 subjects) revealed that higher trust in national and local public health institutions was a universally consistent predictor of public health compliance, while trust in national political leaders was not predictive of compliance across cultures and geographical regions. Institutional trust was mediated by multiple types of transparency, including providing rationale, securing public feedback, and honestly expressing uncertainty. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between components of government trust, to better understand which entities the public gives the most attention to during crises.

A core assumption often heard in public health discourse is that increasing trust in national political leaders is essential for securing public health compliance during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–ongoing). However, studies of national government trust are typically too coarse-grained to differentiate between trust in institutions versus more interpersonal trust in political leaders. Here, we present multiscale trust measurements for twelve countries and territories across the West, Oceania and East Asia. These trust results were used to identify which specific domains of government and social trust were most crucial for securing public health compliance (frequency of mask wearing and social distancing) and understanding the reasons for following health measures (belief in effectiveness of public health measures). Through the use of linear regression and structural equation modeling, our cross-cultural survey-based analysis (N = 3369 subjects) revealed that higher trust in national and local public health institutions was a universally consistent predictor of public health compliance, while trust in national political leaders was not predictive of compliance across cultures and geographical regions. Institutional trust was mediated by multiple types of transparency, including providing rationale, securing public feedback, and honestly expressing uncertainty. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between components of government trust, to better understand which entities the public gives the most attention to during crises.

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00939-6

BACKGROUND: Prognostic value or clinical implications of fluid status monitoring in liver cirrhosis are not fully elucidated. Tolvaptan, an orally available, selective vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist approved for hyponatremia in the United States and European Union. It is also used for cirrhotic ascites at a relatively low dose (3.75 mg to 7.5 mg) in Japan, exerts its diuretic function by excreting electrolyte-free water. We hypothesized that bioimpedance-defined dynamic changes in fluid status allow prediction of response of V2 antagonism and survival in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 30 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis who were unresponsive to conventional diuretics were enrolled. Detailed serial changes of body composition that were assessed by using non-invasive bioimpedance analysis (BIA) devices, along with biochemical studies, were monitored at 5 time points. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were classified as short-term responders (53%). Rapid and early decrease of BIA-defined intracellular water, as soon as 6 h after the first dose (ΔICW(BIA)%-6 h), significantly discriminated responders from non-responders (AUC = 0.97, P < 0.0001). ΔICW(BIA)%-6 h was highly correlated with the change of BIA-derived phase angle of trunk, e.g. reduced body reactance operated at 50 kHz after 24 h of the first dose of tolvaptan. Lower baseline blood urea nitrogen and lower serum aldosterone were predictive of a rapid and early decrease of ICW(BIA). A rapid and early decrease of ICW(BIA) in response to tolvaptan was also predictive of a better transplant-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: BIA-defined water compartment monitoring may help predict short-term efficacy and survival in decompensated cirrhotic patients treated with tolvaptan.

Die Rom I-Verordnung – das neue zentrale Regelwerk Ab dem 17.12.2009 stellt die Rom I-Verordnung das Internationale Vertragsrecht auf eine vollkommen neue Basis. Die Rom I-VO tritt an die Stelle der Art. 27 ff. EGBGB und löst größtenteils auch das Europäische Schuldvertragsübereinkommen von 1980 ab. Auch das Recht der außervertraglichen Schuldverhältnisse erfährt mit der Rom II-Verordnung eine Neuregelung. Vielfältige Internationale Übereinkommen, europäische Verordnungen und Richtlinien sowie ausländische vertrags- und verfahrensrechtliche Bestimmungen stellen die Praxis bei Verträgen mit Auslandsberührung vor zusätzliche Probleme. Der "Reithmann/Martiny" – praktisches Arbeitsbuch und fundiertes Nachschlagewerk In dieser Situation bietet der "Reithmann/Martiny" (mit seinem Autorenteam erstklassiger Experten) sichere Orientierung und praxistaugliche Lösungen durch: Ausführliche Darstellung aller relevanten Vertragstypen des Wirtschaftslebens Berücksichtigung auch der außervertraglichen Schuldverhältnisse Behandlung der Vertretungsmacht von natürlichen und juristischen Personen Gerichtsstands- und Schiedsvereinbarungen Umfassende Auswertung in- und ausländischer Rechtsprechung Alle praxisnahen Vertragstypen mit Auslandsberührung Kaufverträge Rz. 891 Warenkauf Rz. 894 Kauf durch Versteigerungen Rz. 1031 Verträge über Dienstleistungen Rz. 1041 Werk-, Bau-, Anlagen-, Architektenvertrag Rz. 1081 Leasingvertrag Rz. 1111 Darlehen Rz. 1161 Bürgschaft, Garantie, Patronatserklärung Rz. 1181 Bankverträge Rz. 1231 Anleihe Rz. 1351 Makler- und Kommissionsvertrag Rz. 1391 Anwaltsvertrag Rz. 1411 Verträge über unbewegliche Sachen Rz. 1491 Grundstückskauf, Bauträgervertrag Rz. 1501 Grundstücksmiete, Grundstückspacht Rz. 1661 Verträge über Rechte am Geistigen Eigentum Rz. 1771 Lizenzverträge/gewerbliche Schutzrechte Rz. 1831 Urheberrechtsverträge Rz. 1941 Franchiseverträge Rz. 2081 Handelsvertreter- und Vertriebsverträge Rz. 2131 Handelsvertretervertrag Rz. 2161 Vertragshändlervertrag Rz. 2251 Finanzmarktverträge Rz. 2341 Beförderungsverträge Rz. 2571 Einzelne Beförderungsverträge Rz. 2711 Speditionsvertrag Rz. 4071 Verträge mit Verbrauchern Rz. 4141 Verbraucherverträge Rz. 4141 Timesharingvertrag Rz. 4281 Verträge über Unternehmenstransaktionen Rz. 4391 Unternehmenskauf Rz. 4391 Joint Venture Rz. 4561 Versicherungsverträge Rz. 4721 Arbeitsverträge Rz. 4801

The European Union's Pediatric Regulation has strengthened the development of medicines for children in Europe through its system of obligations and rewards. However, opportunities remain to further optimize pediatric medicine developments, notably in relation to the implementation of the regulatory framework. This paper therefore describes bottlenecks identified by industry that occur during the medicinal development process, including those relating to the scientific advice process, pediatric investigation plan (PIP) development, compliance checks, and study submissions, and offers some considerations and insights to address these. Considerations, which are workable within the current legislative framework, focus on an integrated scientific discussion, optimization of PIP procedures and compliance checks, and an alignment of study‐reporting requirements.

Abstract
The small intestine and liver play important role in determining oral drug's fate. Both organs are also interconnected through enterohepatic circulation, which imply there are crosstalk through circulating factors such as signaling molecules or metabolites that may affect drug metabolism. Coculture of hepatocytes and intestinal cells have shown to increase hepatic drug metabolism, yet its crosstalk mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we aim to elucidate such crosstalk by coculturing primary human hepatocytes harvested from chimeric mouse (PXB-cells) and iPSc-derived intestinal cells in a microphysiological systems (MPS). Perfusion and direct oxygenation from the MPS were chosen and confirmed to be suitable features that enhanced PXB-cells albumin secretion, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes activity while also maintaining barrier integrity of iPSc-derived intestine cells. Results from RNA-sequencing showed significant upregulation in gene ontology terms related to fatty acids metabolism in PXB-cells. One of such fatty acids, arachidonic acid, enhanced several CYP enzyme activity in similar manner as coculture. From the current evidences, it is speculated that the release of bile acids from PXB-cells acted as stimuli for iPSc-derived intestine cells to release lipoprotein which was ultimately taken by PXB-cells and enhanced CYP activity.