Search results

Guinea-Bissau (S/2018/110) ; United Nations S/PV.8188 Security Council Seventy-third year 8188th meeting Saturday, 24 February 2018, noon New York Provisional President: Mr. Alotaibi. . (Kuwait) Members: Bolivia (Plurinational State of). . Mr. Inchauste Jordán China. . Mr. Ma Zhaoxu Côte d'Ivoire. . Mr. Tanoh-Boutchoue Equatorial Guinea. . Mr. Ndong Mba Ethiopia. . Mr. Alemu France. . Mr. Delattre Kazakhstan. . Mr. Umarov Netherlands. . Mr. Van Oosterom Peru. . Mr. Meza-Cuadra Poland. . Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation. . Mr. Nebenzia Sweden . Mr. Skoog United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Mr. Hickey United States of America. . Mrs. Haley Agenda The situation in the Middle East This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief of the Verbatim Reporting Service, room U-0506 (verbatimrecords@un.org). Corrected records will be reissued electronically on the Official Document System of the United Nations (http://documents.un.org). 18-05017 (E) *1805017* S/PV.8188 The situation in the Middle East 24/02/2018 2/14 18-05017 The meeting was called to order at 2.10 p.m. Adoption of the agenda The agenda was adopted. The situation in the Middle East The President (spoke in Arabic): In accordance with rule 37 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to participate in this meeting. The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda. Members of the Council have before them document S/2018/146, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. I now give the floor to members of the Council who wish to make statements before the voting. Mr. Skoog (Sweden): Sweden and Kuwait earlier this week put forward a draft resolution to respond to the desperate calls of the United Nations and the humanitarian community in Syria for a cessation of hostilities for an initial period of 30 days, in order to allow for much-needed humanitarian relief. We have been working intensely with all Council members to operationalize the concrete requests of the United Nations, the humanitarian community and, above, all the civilian population on the ground. We have done our utmost to accommodate Council members' concerns. It is now time for the Council to unanimously shoulder its responsibility and show that meaningful action is possible. The key components in our draft resolution are a nationwide cessation of hostilities for at least 30 days, weekly United Nations humanitarian aid convoys to all areas in need, and immediate emergency medical evacuations. The United Nations convoys and evacuation teams are ready to go. The draft resolution also calls for the immediate lifting of sieges of populated areas, including eastern Ghouta. It reiterates its demand, reminding in particular the Syrian authorities that all parties have an obligation to act in accordance with international law to protect civilians and hospitals and other medical facilities. The draft makes an exception for military operations directed against the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Al-Qaida, the Al-Nusra Front and other terrorist groups designated by the Security Council. This in no way relieves the parties to the conflict in Syria from upholding their obligations under international law at all times, including the principles of distinction, proportionality and precaution. The draft resolution is not a comprehensive peace deal on Syria; its aim is purely humanitarian. There are already ceasefire agreements in force for the areas where fighting has escalated the most. They need to be complied with. There are existing monitoring mechanisms that can be utilized. The role of the Council is to push the parties to the conflict to comply with the proposed cessation of hostilities in order to urgently enable needed alleviation of suffering for the people of Syria. If the draft resolution is adopted today, it can de-escalate violence, save lives, alleviate suffering and break the deadlock on humanitarian access and sieges. Since the first call for a cessation of hostilities, the situation has gotten dramatically worse, particularly in eastern Ghouta, as we have heard from the Secretary- General and from Under-Secretary-General Mark Lowcock. After seven years of war, the situation for innocent civilians in Syria has never been worse. But we have an opportunity to turn things around today to avert the disaster unfolding before our eyes. The draft resolution before the Council represents a resolute and very urgent attempt for the Council to take decisive and meaningful action. Today, we count on each and every member to do the right thing. The President (spoke in Arabic): The Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now. A vote was taken by show of hands. In favour: Bolivia (Plurinational State of), China, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, France, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America The President (spoke in Arabic): The draft resolution received 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2401 (2018). 24/02/2018 The situation in the Middle East S/PV.8188 18-05017 3/14 I shall now make a statement in my capacity as representative of Kuwait. I associate myself with the statement just made by the Permanent Representative of Sweden on our behalf. The unanimous adoption today of resolution 2401 (2018), following lengthy and intensive negotiations, demonstrates that the penholders, Kuwait and Sweden, are keen to ensure unanimity on this important humanitarian resolution. The resolution renews hope in the Security Council's ability to be unified and speak in one voice, sending a clear and explicit message that it rejects any violations of the Charter of the United Nations. I wish to thank all Member States that voted in favour of the resolution, which includes key and specific demands in response to the appeals of the international community, the most important of which are as follows. First, it demands that all parties cease fire without delay throughout Syria for a minimum of 30 days. Secondly, it allows the United Nations and its partners to immediately undertake medical evacuations safely and unconditionally. Thirdly, it requires all parties to ensure the unimpeded and safe access of all humanitarian and medical workers. Fourthly, it calls on all parties to lift the siege of populated areas, including eastern Ghouta. We are totally convinced that, while the resolution may not end the humanitarian suffering in Syria at once, it is a positive message that the Council today is solidary and united to end this humanitarian suffering and hostilities right away. The biggest task now is to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the resolution in order to save civilian lives in Syria and deliver their humanitarian needs immediately. The Security Council still has a great deal to do so as to end this tragic crisis in Syria, which is about to complete its seventh year. The resolution that we have adopted today is only an interim solution, as a political solution in Syria is the only way to achieve a comprehensive settlement of the crisis and meet the aspirations of the brotherly Syrian people, in accordance with relevant Security Council resolutions, especially resolution 2254 (2015) and the 2012 Geneva communiqué (S/2012/522, annex). The State of Kuwait stresses the importance of reaching an agreement among Council members to prevent any attempt to obstruct a draft resolution aimed at stopping flagrant violations of human rights. Kuwait supports the code of conduct proposed by the Accountability, Coherence and Transparency group, whereby Council members would pledge not to obstruct draft resolutions that address crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. We also support the Mexican-French initiative calling on restraint in the use of the veto in the event of serious violations of human rights, based on our commitments to abide by the four Geneva Conventions and their Protocols, international humanitarian law and the outcomes of the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit. We call for engagement on general humanitarian issues, such as the delivery of humanitarian aid, the evacuation of the sick and injured, and humanitarian truce, as procedural issues. In order to prevent the recurrence of such tragedies and the great suffering of humankind, the veto must not be used in such instances. I now resume my functions as President of the Security Council. I give the floor to the other members of the Council that wish to make statements. Mrs. Haley (United States of America): I want to thank the penholders, Sweden and Kuwait, for their work, their sacrifice and their time in the negotiations. As we look at the negotiations, I think it is also important that we bring the Council some of the voices of the Syrian people in eastern Ghouta, who have suffered so much while waiting for the Security Council to act. A doctor treating patients in a makeshift hospital described the conditions she is facing: "We are mental and emotional wrecks. There is nothing more we can do. We are bled dry." In a haunting video, the doctor walks into a room with a crying mother as she says, "I am waiting for my son to die. At least he will be free of pain. I was just making bread for him when the roof fell in. He is going straight to heaven. At least in heaven there is food." Another message we received yesterday which I think was relayed to Council members in the closed consultations, but which I think it is important to repeat again — was an emergency call from a doctor in eastern Ghouta, who said: "We have a horrible situation here. We are being targeted with all kinds of weapons, non-stop. We lack everything: water, food, medical supplies, S/PV.8188 The situation in the Middle East 24/02/2018 4/14 18-05017 shelter. This is a disaster. Everyone is just waiting to die." Today, the Security Council finally took a step towards addressing these devastating levels of human suffering in Syria. The United States wants nothing more than to see the ceasefire in resolution 2401 (2018) implemented immediately across the country. It is critical that the Al-Assad regime and its allies comply with our demand to stop the assault on eastern Ghouta and immediately allow food and medicine to reach everyone who needs it. All of us on the Council must do our part to press the Al-Assad regime as hard as we can to comply. But we are late to respond to this crisis — very late. On Wednesday, the Secretary-General made an emotional plea for an immediate ceasefire in Syria to allow the very basic necessities to get to the people. Kuwait and Sweden had a version of the resolution ready to go for a vote, but Russia called for a delay. On Thursday, in an effort to stall, Russia called for an open meeting on the humanitarian situation in Syria. At that meeting (S/PV.8186), 14 members of the Council were ready to impose a ceasefire, but Russia obstructed the vote again. And then yesterday, the Council sat around for hours, ready to vote, only to have Russia delay it again. Every minute the Council waited on Russia, the human suffering grew. Getting to a vote became a moral responsibility for everyone, but not for Russia, not for Syria, and not for Iran. I have to ask: why? At least 19 health facilities have been bombed since Sunday. As they dragged out the negotiations, the bombs from Al-Assad's fighter jets continued to fall. In the three days it took us to adopt the resolution, how many mothers lost their kids to the bombing and the shelling? How many more images did we need to see of fathers holding their dead children? All for nothing, because here we are voting for a ceasefire that could have saved lives days ago. And after all of this time, hardly anything has changed in the resolution except a few words and some commas. The Syrian people should not have to die waiting for Russia to organize its instructions from Moscow or to discuss them with the Syrians. Why did the Council allow this? There is no good reason we should not have done this Wednesday, or Thursday, or Friday. We may not know the faces that we are talking about. We may not know their names, or these people, but they know us. And we all failed them this week. I guess there is unity in that. Today, Russia has belatedly decided to join the international consensus and accept the need to call for a ceasefire, but only after trying every possible way to avoid it. The resolution marks a moment of Council unity that we must seize and maintain beyond the 30-day timeframe. We hope that the resolution will be a turning point, where Russia will join us in pushing for a political settlement to this conflict and take action to re-establish real accountability for the use of chemical weapons in Syria. Progress starts by adhering to the ceasefire with no excuses. After so many years of defying the Council's demands, the Al-Assad regime must change course. None of us should be so naïve as to accept that the Al-Assad regime can continue indiscriminately bombing schools, hospitals and homes under the fake excuse of "counter-terrorism". Al-Assad's bombing must stop. The ceasefire must be given a chance to work. We look to the Al-Assad regime's backers, especially Russia and Iran, to address what the Secretary-General rightly called a "hell on Earth". All eyes will now be on the Syrian regime, Iran and Russia. Our goal with this resolution is clear. The Al-Assad regime needs to stop its military activities around eastern Ghouta, and for once allow humanitarian access to all of those who need it. We are deeply skeptical that the regime will comply, but we supported the resolution because we must demand nothing less. We owe that to the innocent people of Syria begging for help. In the days to come, our resolve to stand by our demands in the resolution will be tested. All of us must rise to the challenge of maintaining this ceasefire, just as we came together today. All of us must do everything we can to make the demands of the resolution a reality. That is the only way to restore the credibility of the Council. The Syrian people have been waiting long enough. Mr. Nebenzia (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): Following lengthy consultations, during which the overwhelming majority of delegations demonstrated a sincere focus on seeking joint solutions — for which we thank them — the Security Council has unanimously adopted the humanitarian resolution 2401 (2018), on Syria. I wish to particularly thank the penholders, the Permanent Representatives of Kuwait and Sweden, for their tireless efforts 24/02/2018 The situation in the Middle East S/PV.8188 18-05017 5/14 and resolve to reach a compromise up until the very last moment. Russia supports the resolution because it encourages the Syrian parties to work as quickly as possible to bring a halt to the hostilities, comply with previous agreed-on decisions in that regard, engage in negotiations on a general de-escalation and establish extended humanitarian pauses throughout the country. The reason it took us so long to reach agreement on the resolution was because we did not support the directives it included for an immediate cessation of hostilities for a relatively long period, and the reason for that was simply because it was unachievable in that form. A ceasefire would not have happened if we had adopted the directives without any concrete agreement between the warring parties, and any approach so removed from reality would definitely not help to address the pressing humanitarian problems in Syria. It will be crucial to ensure that the Security Council's demands are reinforced by concrete agreements on the ground. It would be naive to think that any of these complicated issues can be resolved overnight. We trust that all the external stakeholders with influence will work to bring that about. We can see that some foreign sponsors of the illegal armed groups have either fallen very short in that regard or have been deliberately flouting their obligations. Russia is working with all the parties to the conflict and doing everything possible to normalize the situation and actively assist the humanitarian efforts. Iran and Turkey, our partners in the Astana process, have taken on a major part of the work, and we are preparing for an important meeting in the Astana format next month. In the southern de-escalation zone a fairly decent level of cooperation has been established with Jordan and the United States, although we have been seeing tension rising in some areas owing to activity by armed groups. The resolution clearly states that it does not apply to military operations against the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Jabhat Al-Nusra, other Al-Qaida-affiliated organizations and various groups that the Security Council has recognized as terrorists. That struggle that will continue. We call on international stakeholders to coordinate closely on this issue, including with the Syrian authorities, and in strict compliance with international law and with respect for Syria's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The goal of combating terrorism must not become a pretext for solving this or that geopolitical issue of dubious legitimacy, which is exactly what the United States is doing in Syria. Instead of being drowned in rhetoric about Russia — and by the way, next time I am going to count the number of times Ambassador Haley mentions my country — what we are insisting on is a prompt end to the occupation-style efforts of the so-called coalition, which, among other things, would have a definite humanitarian impact, enabling the Syrian Government to address the issue of restoring normal life in all the areas that have been liberated from terrorists, including in the north and the east of the country. Closing the coalition's Al-Tanf military base would solve the problem of the internally displaced persons in the Rukban camp. In that connection, we would also like to point out that every effort should be made to deliver aid via the most direct routes, as provided for in the humanitarian resolutions on Syria. It is important that today's resolution calls for speeding up the immediate deployment of humanitarian mine-clearing operations throughout Syria. It also reiterates the demand that all parties demilitarize medical facilities, schools and other civilian infrastructure and refrain from establishing military positions in residential areas, something that the illegal armed groups have frequently been guilty of. The conflict's flashpoints are more clearly identified, and are not limited to eastern Ghouta and Idlib, and that includes Raqqa, which the coalition has laid waste. It also expresses indignation at the militias' shelling of Damascus, in which our Embassy has been hit several times. We know that the humanitarian situation in Syria is dire and in urgent need of effective measures, but we can see perfectly well that the propagandistic picture being painted of eastern Ghouta is identical to the loud campaign in late 2016 during the counter-terrorist operation to liberate eastern Aleppo. We must engage not just with eastern Ghouta, but with Raqqa, Rukban, Foah, Kefraya and Yarmouk. Every area of Syria should get help. The resolution emphasizes the importance of supporting the restoration of stability in the areas that civilians are returning to, which in our view sends an unambiguous message to those capitals that continue to make restoration assistance conditional on a specific transitional direction in the political process. It stipulates that the humanitarian priorities for Syria in 2018 are not limited to Under-Secretary-General Lowcock's five requests. The agenda is far broader. We S/PV.8188 The situation in the Middle East 24/02/2018 6/14 18-05017 hope in particular that the specialized United Nations agencies and their partners will be sensitive to requests from the Syrian authorities. In conclusion, I would like to express my deep concern about the public statements by certain United States officials threatening aggression against Syria, a sovereign country. This is a warning that we will not countenance any arbitrary interpretation of the resolution that has just been adopted. We demand an end to this irresponsible and hateful rhetoric. Rather, there should be joint efforts to settle the conflict in Syria on the basis of resolution 2254 (2015). Mr. Delattre (France) (spoke in French): France welcomes the unanimous adoption of resolution 2401 (2018), which demands that a cessation of hostilities be established without delay throughout Syria, in order to enable humanitarian personnel to evacuate the wounded and to gain access to the population. The negotiations were arduous. However, despite their differences in approach, the members of the Security Council managed to prevail in the name of the humanitarian imperative. The resolution is vital in the true meaning of that word, since halting the shelling and evacuating the wounded are matters of life and death for thousands of Syrian people, especially in eastern Ghouta, which has been under siege by the Damascus regime for days. I would like to thank the delegations of Kuwait and Sweden — which introduced the resolution, with our support — for their efforts, perseverance and outstanding work in arriving at a robust text. As by President Macron and the Secretary-General forcefully recalled last Wednesday, it is imperative and urgent to end the shelling of eastern Ghouta, Idlib and the whole of Syrian territory immediately. That was the thrust of yesterday's joint call by President Macron and Chancellor Angela Merkel to President Putin during their demanding and close conversation on the issue. It is also the reason for our vote today. The resolution is the outcome of our concerted efforts, as well as a belated response to the violence unleashed against civilians in eastern Ghouta and elsewhere. Let us make no mistake: a cessation of hostilities for an initial 30 days to enable humanitarian access to meet vital urgent needs is only the very first step. It is the minimal response to the repeated demands of both the United Nations and humanitarian actors, which have been conveyed for months by Council members, in particular by France. It is now up to the regime's supporters to ensure full compliance with the cessation of hostilities without delay and to respond to all requests for access to humanitarian assistance and medical evacuations in accordance with the text we have just adopted. We specifically call on the guarantors of the Astana process to assume their responsibilities and effectively ensure that the Syrian regime immediately cease its hostilities and ensure respect for the basic principles and rules of international humanitarian law and human rights law. It is urgent that humanitarian assistance reach without delay the people who need it. Every minute counts because every minute can lead to the loss of lives. Nothing would be worse than to see this resolution remain a dead letter. That is why France will be extremely vigilant on all those points over the coming hours and days. We all know that a return to stability in Syria is the only way to put a definitive end to the humanitarian crisis, for which a political solution is required. More than ever, therefore, we must redouble our efforts to establish a neutral environment that will enable a credible political process and elections to be held in Syria, as part of the Geneva process and resolution 2254 (2015). France is ready to continue working tirelessly with its partners to that end. As we said yesterday in this forum, the elements for a regional and potentially major international confrontation have coalesced today. That is a risk that must be taken very seriously. We must therefore come together, as we have done today, to put an end to the humanitarian catastrophe under way, prevent a spillover of the conflict and seek an inclusive political solution in Syria. These are three indissociable priorities, and our generation will be judged on whether or not we are able to put an end to the Syrian tragedy. This text is a potentially important step, but it is obviously not the end of the road. Let us be frank: the hardest part has yet to be done. Therefore, on behalf of France, I would like to launch a two-pronged appeal. The first is a call for the resolution to be fully and immediately implemented. We are all aware that pitfalls and obstacles abound. This is a reflection of the extent to which resolute and coordinated engagement by all members of the Security Council is crucial to ensuring that the provisions we have just adopted are implemented on the ground without delay. To put it even more clearly: if we do not put all our resources 24/02/2018 The situation in the Middle East S/PV.8188 18-05017 7/14 and energy behind the full implementation of this resolution, we know that it will not work. Above all, that applies to Russia and the Astana guarantors. The second call is to use this truce as leverage to put an end to the spiral of violence in the Syrian tragedy and create positive momentum towards an inclusive political settlement in Syria. That must be our common ambition. There is a glimmer of hope today in that regard. Let us seize this fragile moment to begin to reverse the course of events, despite the magnitude of the difficulties ahead. As the Council knows, France is fully committed to that goal. Mr. Hickey (United Kingdom): The United Kingdom welcomes the adoption of resolution 2401 (2018). In particular, we applaud your work, Mr. President, together with Sweden, as co-penholders. But this is not a moment for self-congratulation. It has taken us far too long to agree this resolution. While we have been arguing over commas, Al-Assad's planes have been killing more civilians in their homes and in their hospitals, imposing unbearable suffering. Despite the amount of time we have spent in this Chamber over many years discussing the devastating humanitarian crisis, we have still not been able to achieve the peace and security that the Syrian people so desperately need. As the conflict enters its eighth year, the situation in eastern Ghouta and elsewhere in the country is far worse than we ever thought imaginable. The barbarity and depravity of the Al-Assad regime shows no limits. We must never lose sight of the fact that the pictures we see and the stories we hear from this comfortable Chamber are the agonizing reality for hundreds of thousands of civilians — for men, women and children who are being forced to eke out an existence underground to avoid being killed by a regime that commits daily atrocities against its own people. I have heard some say that the information about the situation in eastern Ghouta is propaganda. A doctor in eastern Ghouta, having heard such comments, said this morning: "Amid the chaos and the bombs, it is the not being believed that almost hurts the most. We are dying here every day. And when people say that they do not believe us, that is pain upon pain." This is not propaganda. It is a living hell for hundreds of thousands of residents of eastern Ghouta. As we have repeated many times, the intentional and systematic targeting of civilians and civilian objects not only violates international humanitarian law, it is a war crime. The United Kingdom will be unrelenting in our campaign to ensure accountability. By having voted in favour of the resolution today, we are standing up and saying that we will not stand by and let this happen. In the face of escalating violence, devastation and suffering, we must all now take practical steps to improve the situation for those living and dying in a hell of one man's making. The resolution demonstrates our resolve to put a stop to the brutal violence. It demands that all parties cease hostilities without delay. That means right now, immediately. The role and responsibility of the Council does not end with the adoption of this resolution, quite the opposite. All States Members of the United Nations, but particularly Council members, must now take responsibility for ensuring that the resolution is implemented in full, without delay. The resolution calls for the Council to review its implementation within 15 days, but we must all be active in supporting and monitoring implementation from the moment we step out of the Chamber. If we see any of the parties violating the terms of the resolution, we must bring it back to the Council immediately. Those with any influence over the Syrian regime — Russia, Iran — have a particular responsibility to ensure that the ceasefire is respected in full and without delay, that all sieges are ended and that humanitarian aid is delivered. This is the absolute minimum that the people of Syria deserve. As much as we welcome the adoption of this resolution today, it is only a small step. Just as one aid convoy in three months to a besieged area cannot even begin to address the humanitarian crisis, one resolution alone cannot solve the situation in Syria. We must do everything in our collective power to ensure that this resolution is effective in delivering for those whom we have failed to date. We must all send a clear message to the Al-Assad regime: abandon your attempt to pursue a military strategy, stop fighting and engage seriously in United Nations-led political talks in Geneva. In conclusion, let me reiterate the words of my Foreign Secretary. The entire world is looking at the Al-Assad regime, Russia and Iran. They hold the keys not only to the end of this obscene conflict, but to the safety, humanitarian aid and basic medical treatment S/PV.8188 The situation in the Middle East 24/02/2018 8/14 18-05017 that is being denied to millions of people right now in Syria. For the mother giving birth underground in eastern Ghouta, for the child unable to learn as schools are closed for yet another day, for the doctor battling air strikes to treat patients in Idlib — all of us sitting here today owe it to the people of Syria to work together with renewed and unyielding energy to achieve a political solution that will bring peace to the Syrian people. Mr. Ma Zhaoxu (China) (spoke in Chinese): The recent escalation of conflict in the affected areas of Syria has caught the attention of the international community. We acutely feel the suffering of the Syrian people as if it were inflicted upon us. China condemns all acts of violence that target civilians and civilian property and destroy innocent lives. China welcomes the Security Council's unanimous adoption of resolution 2401 (2018), which is the result of Council members' patient consultation and hard work to find consensus. The resolution includes positive elements such as calling for respect for Syria's sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity; demanding a cessation of hostilities by all parties; easing the humanitarian situation in Syria; supporting mine action throughout Syria; and continuing to combat terrorism. As an active party to the consultation process, China made unflagging efforts and played a constructive role in facilitating consensus-building in the Council. China appreciates that, thanks to the concerted efforts of all parties concerned, the Council arrived at a solution that reflects the broadest possible consensus among Council members. I would like in particular to thank Kuwait and Sweden, as co-penholders of the resolution, for their tireless efforts. By speaking with one voice on the humanitarian situation in Syria, the Security Council is helping to alleviate the situation as a whole, helping to consolidate the momentum towards a ceasefire, contributing to counter-terrorism efforts in the country and serving the overarching objective of arriving at a political settlement of the Syrian issue. Going forward, the international community should work together to ensure the full implementation of resolution 2401 (2018), so that it can play a positive role in improving the humanitarian situation in Syria. The only way to fundamentally improve the humanitarian situation in Syria and to lift the people of Syria out of their suffering is to find a political settlement. The international community should support the Syrian parties in seeking a swift solution that is acceptable to all parties in the context of a United Nations mediation through a Syrian-owned and -led political process in order to end the suffering of the Syrian people as soon as possible. China is keen for the Council to remain united and forge consensus on the Syrian issue. The Council must push the Syrian parties to consolidate the momentum towards a ceasefire, strengthen cooperation on combating terrorist groups, advance the process towards a political settlement and play a constructive role in maintaining peace and security in Syria and across the region. Mr. Umarov (Kazakhstan): The delegation of Kazakhstan voted in favour of resolution 2401 (2018), on the cessation of hostilities in Syria. I express my gratitude to the co-penholders — Sweden and Kuwait — for their determined efforts to find common ground among the Security Council members. I also thank the members of the Council for their constructive approach towards the resolution, which has many significant provisions. The position of Kazakhstan is very consistent — that stability in the Middle East can be achieved by reducing violence for peaceful means and avoiding the emergence of new tensions. In the past few days, Heads of State and Government from around the world have called on the Syrian Government to observe human rights and on both sides to exercise restraint. Simultaneously, external incitement that fuels tension should stop immediately so that it does not endanger regional security. We see a Security Council united today in demanding that all parties cease hostilities without delay. We now expect all countries that exercise influence on the ground and conduct military campaigns against international terrorist groups in Syria to interact and find common ground for fighting terrorism jointly, while taking practical steps to implement the resolution. Kazakhstan calls on all forces that support an early settlement of the Syrian conflict, including the Government of Syria and the armed opposition, to fully comply with the ceasefire regime and the resolution. All the parties must ensure safe and unhindered access for humanitarian assistance to reach the affected areas, as well as the evacuation of people in need of medical assistance. The Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan hopes that his colleagues — the Foreign Ministers of the guarantor States of the Astana process — will take additional constructive steps to strictly implement the 24/02/2018 The situation in the Middle East S/PV.8188 18-05017 9/14 ceasefire agreements and support the de-escalation zones in Syria, at the meeting scheduled to take place in the capital of Kazakhstan in mid-March or earlier, if need be. These were difficult, but successful, deliberations. We should all work collectively to find a peaceful solution. The unity shown today in the Security Council should continue, since we have yet a lot to accomplish in Syria and elsewhere. Mr. Van Oosterom (Netherlands): On Wednesday, during the high-level debate on the Charter of the United Nations, I quoted one of the founding fathers of the United Nations, Ambassador Stettinius (see S/PV.8185). He said that the members of the Security Council had the obligation to agree so that the Council may be able to act and act effectively. Today we finally managed to agree to end the atrocious violence in eastern Ghouta; to end attacks against hospitals; and to end the killing of innocent civilians, including women and children. The Kingdom of the Netherlands welcomes the unanimous adoption of this crucial resolution — resolution 2401 (2018). Let me thank the co-penholders in particular — Kuwait and Sweden — for their tireless efforts and skilled diplomatic work. We pay tribute to them. Today we have a resolution, now we need to see action on the ground. All United Nations States Members have an obligation to make sure that the words of the resolution are implemented without delay. The Syrian authorities in particular have a specific responsibility towards their own people. The resolution means that all parties must cease hostilities without delay. All parties must engage immediately for a sustainable and durable humanitarian pause of at least 30 consecutive days throughout Syria to enable the safe, unimpeded and sustained delivery of humanitarian aid and services and to enable medical evacuations of the critically sick and wounded, in accordance with applicable international law. The implementation of the resolution means the cessation of hostilities, the delivery of humanitarian aid and urgent medical evacuations. It is a first step in the right direction, but much more is needed — a political solution, accountability and the return of refugees. The Council should remain seized of the matter and closely monitor the implementation of the resolution, starting today. The Council should reconvene without delay if the situation demands it. Ms. Wronecka (Poland): We highly commend the work of Sweden and Kuwait as co-penholders on the humanitarian resolution for Syria — resolution 2401 (2018) — who did their best to accommodate the concerns of all Security Council members. On Wednesday I stressed that it is the Council's responsibility to not fail in stopping the ongoing human tragedy in Syria, and in eastern Ghouta in particular (see S/PV.8185). Today we have managed to reach compromise and adopt the resolution by consensus. I would like to thank all my colleagues for their very constructive attitude. However, the innocent people of Syria have waited far too long for that. Now, all of the parties, especially those with influence on the ground, must make every effort to implement it. In that context, we reiterate our call on all sides to comply with international humanitarian law, cease all hostilities against civilians and allow for free humanitarian access. In conclusion, it is not only our legal obligation to act now, but also our moral duty. Mr. Ndong Mba (Equatorial Guinea) (spoke in Spanish): Following the unanimous adoption of resolution 2401 (2018), I take the floor on behalf of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, whose Government closely followed the whole process leading up to its successful conclusion with the unanimous adoption of this humanitarian resolution. At the outset, I pay a well-deserved tribute to the penholders, Kuwait and Sweden, for all their efforts, patience and dedication to the goal of drafting a resolution that was ultimately deserving of a favourable vote. We commend the unanimous support of the elected members for the penholders throughout the duration of that process. In Spanish, it is often said that "it is never too late if the outcome is good". This positive outcome is the result of the contributions of all members of the Council, to which we extend our gratitude and commend for the fruitful end. What lies ahead now is the effective implementation of the provisions of the resolution with a view to achieving the objective the Security Council has set out to achieve, namely, an immediate ceasefire throughout Syria in order to facilitate the safe, unhindered and sustainable delivery S/PV.8188 The situation in the Middle East 24/02/2018 10/14 18-05017 of humanitarian aid, services and medical evacuations of all severely injured and ill persons. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea energetically calls on all parties, the United Nations and those involved in the devastating conflict to do everything possible towards the noble end of saving human lives and alleviating the suffering that has been endured far too long by the people. The adoption of the resolution partially spares all members of the Security Council from embarrassment. We will save ourselves completely from that shame if the ceasefire takes effect in the next few hours and if humanitarian aid and medical care begin to reach the affected persons over the upcoming days. Mr. Inchauste Jordán (Plurinational State of Bolivia) (spoke in Spanish): Seven years have elapsed since the beginning of this war, and the suffering of the Syrian people continues to worsen. The numerous human lives lost in recent weeks add to the more than 500,000 lost since the beginning of the conflict. We believe that while military tactics prevail over a political solution, there can be no lasting peace, and consequently it will be civilians, especially women and children, who will continue to be subjected to unnecessary suffering. For that reason, we commend the adoption of resolution 2401 (2018), and hope that its timely and effective implementation will help to alleviate the suffering of the Syrian people. My delegation underscores and commends the arduous work undertaken by the penholders. The delegations of Sweden and Kuwait have demonstrated strong leadership and resolve up to the very last moment to reach an agreement. Similarly, we wish to acknowledge the effort and commitment shown by the Russian Federation and the parties involved, as well as all members of the Security Council during the negotiation process. In recent days, my delegation has expressed its position on the matter at hand, and today we do so once again. Consensus and unity within the Security Council are pivotal if we are to improve the humanitarian situation in Syria, which is why we commend the consensus reached today. We reiterate that there can be no military solution to the situation and that the only way forward is through inclusive political dialogue. We thefaffirm our support for the Geneva process and the achievements made in Astana, of which the agreements must be upheld by all parties. Moreover, we have high expectations that the various forums of dialogue, such as the Sochi dialogue, can contribute to the achievement of a final and lasting peace. Mr. Alemu (Ethiopia): We welcome the unanimous adoption of resolution 2401 (2018) on the humanitarian situation in Syria. We voted in favour because we believe that the resolution can make a positive difference on the ground in the alleviation of the continued tragedy of the Syrians. Having discussed the severe humanitarian crisis in Syria almost weekly, it was clear that what was required from the Council was concrete and collective action that would contribute to alleviating the intolerable suffering of Syrians in all areas of the country. We are pleased that the Council has acted and sent the right message to bring about a cessation of hostilities that will allow the United Nations and its humanitarian partners to have safe, sustained and unimpeded humanitarian access to deliver the much-needed humanitarian assistance to all Syrians in need. I wish to express our sincere appreciation to the delegations of Kuwait and Sweden, which effectively and efficiently led the process of negotiations. We all know that it was not an easy task, but they did excellent work in accommodating the concerns of all delegations with a high sense of responsibility and patience. We also thank all delegations for their flexibility during the negotiation process. We hope that the positive spirit that led the Council to adopt the resolution will prevail, not only in ensuring its effective implementation, but also in laying the bases for greater mutual understanding among all those with enormous influence over developments in Syria, whether in the humanitarian or political and security domains. We know, given the realities, that this is a tall order. One matter needs to be stressed on this occasion. The security situation in Syria is perhaps more complicated today than it has ever been over the past few years. We should not overlook the fact that the source of the humanitarian tragedy that we see today is the result of the difficult political and security situation in the country. We trust that all those, including those whom Ambassador Delattre referred to, will continue to play a role in contributing to the creation of the basis for progress in the peace process. That is extremely critical for ensuring that the humanitarian tragedy is Syria is brought to an end. We can only hope that what the Council has achieved today will lay the basis for averting an even greater humanitarian tragedy in Syria. 24/02/2018 The situation in the Middle East S/PV.8188 18-05017 11/14 Mr. Meza-Cuadra (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): We wish to thank you, Mr. President, and your team, as well as the Permanent Representative of Sweden and his team, for the tireless efforts made to achieve this important consensus, and we also thank the members of the Council for their flexibility. This commitment will allow for an immediate cessation of hostilities in Syria and the urgent and necessary provision of humanitarian assistance. We underscore the need to maintain unity within the Council in terms of its responsibilities to protect the civilian population, in accordance with international law and international humanitarian law. Peru, a sponsor of resolution 2401 (2017), which we have just adopted, will closely monitor its urgent implementation and compliance therewith by all parties involved. We wish to express our sorrow concerning and solidarity with the victims of the conflict in Syria, and our support and admiration for the United Nations humanitarian workers and those of other agencies deployed on the ground. We hope that the important step that we have taken today will help to achieve a lasting solution to the Syrian conflict in line with resolution 2254 (2015) and the Geneva communiqué (S/2012/522, annex). Mr. Tanoh-Boutchoue (Côte d'Ivoire) (spoke in French): Côte d'Ivoire, as a sponsor of resolution 2401 (2017), which we have just adopted and which is purely humanitarian in nature, commends its initiators, namely, your country, Mr. President, and Sweden. It welcomes the adoption of the resolution, which demands the cessation without delay of hostilities. This demand on the part of the Council must be upheld by all actors on every battlefield in Syria. Côte d'Ivoire also welcomes the efforts undertaken by all parties to arrive at a consensus within the Council. It thanks in particular the Russian Federation for its spirit of compromise. The contribution made by all parties to the adoption of the resolution is aimed at saving the Syrian people from the horrific war plaguing that country, which is imperilling the lives of thousands of human beings, specifically civilians, including women and children. Côte d'Ivoire remains convinced that only a definitive end to the Syrian conflict through negotiations can enable all Syrians to restore peace, achieve reconciliation and rebuild their country, with a view to relaunching its economic and social development. We hope that the 30-day truce demanded by the Council will be the beginning of a process that will bring peace to Syria on the basis of the relevant conclusions and recommendations of all negotiations held in Astana, Sochi and Geneva concerning the country. The President (spoke in Arabic): I now call on the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic. Mr. Ja'afari (Syrian Arab Republic) (spoke in Arabic): Over the past two days, 10 of the thousands of missiles that have fallen on the Syrian capital landed on the headquarters of the Red Crescent in Damascus, the main headquarters of the Syrian Red Crescent, in the Abu Ramani neighbourhood of Damascus. Those missiles were launched by the moderate armed groups in Al-Ghouta. Thousands of people died, including Dr. Hassan, a professor at the Technological Health Institute in Damascus. A French colleague and friend, Thierry Mariani, said: (spoke in French) "Like hundreds of others over the past five years, Dr. Hassan Haj Hassan was killed by shells fired from Ghouta on Damascus by these moderate rebels. Those dead and are not entitled to media compassion; they are on the wrong side of history. When will there be balanced coverage?" (spoke in Arabic) This French citizen accurately described the suffering of the Syrian people as a result of the launching by terrorists of missiles against Damascus. He had visited Aleppo in 2017, and as he was leaving Free Syrian Army gangs fired rockets at the airport. Luckily he was not hurt, but since then the Aleppo airport has been closed because it is unsafe. Also. the head of the Syrian Red Crescent in Idlib, Dr. Muhammad Al-Waty, was kidnapped by moderate armed groups. My colleague the Permanent Representative of France said that we must observe a truce, and I agree with him. However, I think that we also need to implement the 29 other Security Council resolutions on the situation in Syria, of which 13 relate to the fight against terrorism. We need not only a month-long cessation of hostilities; we also need to see the implementation of the 29 other resolutions that the Council has adopted. My colleague the British Ambassador told us horrific stories that he heard from other people. Perhaps S/PV.8188 The situation in the Middle East 24/02/2018 12/14 18-05017 he has not heard about what the British forces have done in Iraq, Palestine and Libya. The British Government went to the Malvinas and fought Argentina for an island that it does not own and that is situated tens of thousands of kilometres away from the United Kingdom. However, I say to my British colleague that his Government — and I am not using the term "regime", because I respect international law — is preventing us from countering terrorism in our own territories. We are not going thousands of kilometres away, we have not been fighting in other countries. It is in our own territories that we are combating terrorism — terrorism that is supported by the Government of the United Kingdom. During the meeting on Thursday (see S/PV.8186), I explained the reality of what is happening in Syria — the suffering of civilians as a result of the actions of armed terrorist groups. I assure members once again that the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic has taken all the de-escalation initiatives seriously and has observed them so as to protect the lives of its citizens and to stop those who have been trading in their pain and blood. In that regard, I note that the Syrian Government has complied with the Astana agreement on establishing de-escalation zones and stipulated a number of commitments, including compelling the signatory armed groups to sever any ties they have with terrorist organizations, especially the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and the Al-Nusra Front and all other affiliated groups. At the same time, the Astana agreement gave the Syrian Government the right to respond in case of any violations by those armed groups. It was not at all surprising to us that those terrorist armed groups would not comply with any of those initiatives, but would use them as an opportunity to reorganize their forces and their terrorist fighters, acquire more arms, military equipment, human and logistical support and perpetuate their crimes against the Syrian people. They are receiving instructions from certain States members of the Council, as well as regional actors that are practicing State terrorism to ensure the obstruction and failure of those initiatives and agreements. Since the signing of the agreement on the establishment of de-escalation zones, these armed groups have systematically violated it. In responding to the violations, the Syrian Government has exercised extreme self-restraint to protect the lives of civilians and salvage the agreement that terrorist armed groups and the countries that sponsor them have been trying to obstruct since the moment of signing it. However, these violations have become repeated and serious and have affected the lives of 8 million civilians living in the capital, Damascus, and its suburbs. Attacks have been waged by launching rockets and missiles and using car bombs, with Syrian military sites being targeted. All this has led to an unbearable situation that we cannot condone. As a State, we bear a responsibility towards our citizens and we have a sovereign right to counter terrorism. We are also receiving repeated appeals from Syrian citizens for protection — their families, their children, their schools — from the acts of these terrorist armed groups In the light of these violations and terrorist acts, the Syrian Government has had to take the necessary steps to protect its citizens. We exercised our legitimate right to defend them. At the same time, we have taken all the steps necessary to ensure the safety of the civilians who have been taken hostage by these groups and used as human shields inside eastern Ghouta. In cooperation with our Russian friends, we also ensured the safe passage of civilians out of danger from 4 to 14 February. We have provided shelter and food and necessary medical care. The Government has paid for all that assistance. We have called upon armed groups to lay down their weapons and stop their terrorism from residential places and neighbourhoods, and instead engage in national reconciliation initiatives. Of course, the appeals of 8 million Syrians do not reach the Secretariat or the representatives of the United States, the United Kingdom and France, although they receive appeals from their proxies — terrorist armed groups and White Helmet terrorists, the new legitimate representative of the Al-Nusra Front. It seems that these countries decided today to replace the black flags of ISIL and Al-Qaida with white flags in Iraq and the White Helmets in Syria. We are therefore done with using the black colour; we are using the white colour now, white flags in Iraq and White Helmets in Syria. According to General Assembly resolution 46/182, which we all negotiated and reached consensus on, the basic principle that governs the delivery of humanitarian aid is respect for the sovereignty of the country concerned as well as coordinating with it fully in any activity in which the United Nations is engaged on the territory of the country in question. However, such principles lose all value when they are 24/02/2018 The situation in the Middle East S/PV.8188 18-05017 13/14 subject to the political whims and double standards of the Secretariat and some more influential countries, particularly when it comes to implementing them in Syria. How else can we explain that some countries submit draft resolutions on the situation in Syria and negotiate them for many weeks with all actors, but excluding the country concerned? This is what I asked the day before yesterday. How do we explain that the Resident Coordinator in Damascus sends a note to the Syrian Foreign Ministry on 14 February stressing that the aid convoys reached 2.3 million Syrians in the so-called besieged and hard-to-reach areas in 2017, while the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs presented completely false figures yesterday to tarnish the image of the Syrian Government and to give Western countries in the Security Council justification for targeting the Syrian Government and its partners? The Resident Coordinator said that aid had reached 2.3 million Syrians. But just two days ago, Mr. Lowcock said that aid had reached only 20,000 people. Along with some members of the Council, we have said repeatedly over the past seven years that to end the suffering of civilians in Syria we do not need non-consensual draft resolutions, nor do we need to adopt new resolutions or hold regular or emergency meetings. We do not need to deplete United Nations resources to prepare periodic reports that rely on unreliable sources. We do not need to establish a committee here and a body there. We need to implement the 29 — now 30 — Security Council resolutions that have been adopted; it is quite a coincidence that by adopting resolution 2401 (2018) today we have reached 30 resolutions. These resolutions should be implemented. The Governments of some countries should stop spending billions of dollars to support and finance armed terrorist groups and provide them with arms. The latest we have heard is that the United States of America has allocated $4 billion to ublically fund the terrorists in Syria. Those countries must stop opening their borders and airports to facilitate the flow of terrorist fighters to Syria. They must allow the Syrian people to shape its future and restore its security and stability without any foreign interference. You said, Mr. President, that the Council rejects anything that violates the purposes and principles of the Charter. Yes, this is very precise. You called also for the implementation of today's resolution in all parts of Syria, which is how we interpret this resolution in Damascus. Resolution 2401 (2018) must be implemented in all parts of Syria, including Afrin, United States-occupied areas and the Golan. In addition, let me make it clear that the Governments of the United States of America, the United Kingdom and France and their enablers in the region should stop holding meetings in Washington, D.C., Paris and London, establishing groups, bodies or forums and devising what they refer to as strategic plans reminiscent of colonial times. Following a meeting in Washington, D.C., they announced that they had drafted a plan to divide Syria within a year — I am just recounting what they said. The strategic plans contained in the document adopted in Washington, D.C., are aimed at dividing Syria, changing its political system by force, spreading terrorism and maintaining an illegitimate military presence in our territories. I say to my colleague the Permanent Representative of the United States, who threatened us here at the Council a while ago and no one has responded to her, that none of the plans will succeed; they will backfire sooner or later. According to Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, my country has the right to defend itself with all of the legal tools available. A United States occupying military presence exists in our territories, and we have the right to resist it. The representative of the United States has threatened us. We, in turn, give her a warning from this Chamber because, according to Article 51 of the Charter, we have the right to defend ourselves. We again stress that double standards will continue to mar international efforts to counter terrorism as long as there is a partial approach to addressing the threat of armed groups in Syria. Some members of the Council claim that they are concerned about an area controlled by terrorist armed groups in eastern Ghouta. The size of that area is 50 square kilometres. They continue to ignore three illegally occupied Syrian territories covering 50,000 square kilometres. They focus on 50 square kilometres and ignore an area of 50,000 square kilometres, of American, Turkish and Israeli occupation. That simple comparison reflects the political hypocrisy of some Member States, and the inaction of the Security Council and of other bodies of the United Nations, as the Organization succumbs to the political and financial polarization that has become the main feature of its working methods. S/PV.8188 The situation in the Middle East 24/02/2018 14/14 18-05017 In conclusion, we will continue, with the support our allies, to counter terrorism regardless of where it exists in Syria — I repeat, regardless of where it exists in Syria. We are exercising our sovereign right of self-defence and a constitutional right in our territory and within our national borders. We do not send forces to conquer areas thousands of kilometres away, as the so-called illegitimate international coalition does in my country, Syria, today. We do not follow the example of French forces in Mali, the Niger and other African countries, or of the United States and United Kingdom in Afghanistan, Libya today and Iraq previously. We defend ourselves and counter terrorism within our borders. We did not go to Mali, the Niger or the Malvinas. We need serious commitment from Governments that issue instructions to armed terrorist groups. The groups should be given orders to immediately stop targeting civilians and perpetrating terrorist acts — I repeat immediately and without delay, as the resolution stipulates. I stress that the Syrian Government will reserve the right to respond as it deems appropriate if such groups target civilians in any part of Syria with even a single missile. I take it that we all understand that paragraph 1 of resolution 2401 (2018) also applies to the aggression of Turkish forces in Afrin and the repeated acts of aggression by the international coalition against my country's sovereignty and territories. Of course, resolution 2401 (2018) applies also to the continuous violations by Israeli occupation forces against Syria's sovereignty, by supporting terrorist factions in the occupied Syrian Golan. That is how we interpret the resolution just adopted by the Council. The meeting rose at 3.35 p.m.

A comprehensive examination of the relevant facts in the article shows that Turkey was one of the first to recognize the independence of Armenia, but no diplomatic relations were established between the countries, since Ankara presented the Armenian authorities some preconditions: not to mention the 1915 Armenian Genocide, to renounce claims officially, to put pressure on to stop the struggle for Nagorno-Karabakh, to recognize the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. At the same time, Turkey demanded that the Republic of Armenia refrain from actions contrary to the interests of Turkey and in any way neutralize the anti-Turkish activities of the Armenians of the Diaspora. The Republic of Armenia rejected these preconditions and requirements, which are incompatible with the international practice. Turkey, in its turn, took a pronounced anti-Armenian position, unilaterally closing the border with Armenia, continuing to keep Armenia in a blockade. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Turkey's approaches to normalizing relations with Armenia were largely conditioned by the achievements of the Armenian armed forces in Artsakh, because the more obvious these successes, the tougher Turkey's position towards Armenia became. This manifested itself during the liberation of Karvachar (early April 1993) by the armed forces of Armenia, after which Turkey not only closed the border, but also began to accumulate troops near the border with Armenia, but Russia's sharp reaction deterred Turkey from further actions. We consider it appropriate to mention that during the period under discussion, such an approach of Turkey to the issue of normalizing relations with Armenia posed a serious threat to our national security. Analyzing the influence of the economic factor of mutual interest in the Armenian-Turkish relations, it was emphasized that no matter how favorable the development of economic relations with Armenia is for Turkey, Armenia is not of serious interest for Turkey in terms of its economic development. Some activation does not give us grounds to characterize this as a serious breakthrough in the normalization of the Armenian-Turkish relations. Therefore, it is no coincidence that, given a certain perspective of the Armenian-Turkish economic cooperation, the Turkish side tried to create the illusion of some progress in the Armenian-Turkish relations with the Armenian leadership, thereby prompting the Armenian leadership to convince the diaspora to stop encouraging the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. This circumstance, of course, also testifies to the impact of the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide on the Armenian-Turkish relations. As for the economic factor, the fact that the Armenian leadership did not properly analyze in previous period the initiatives of the Turkish side to intensify economic contacts between the two countries, did not even catch the moment that the economic factor and the Turkish version of the solution to the Karabakh conflict were combined. Meanwhile, with the preconditions put forward, Turkey tried to make Armenia its servant, and through it to dictate its will to the Armenians of the Diaspora. Concerning the Armenian-Turkish contacts at the level of non-governmental organizations, it was noted that the activities of such organizations were initially doomed to failure due to the extremely opposite views of the parties. The leadership of the Republic of Armenia at that time, being aware of such contacts, however, did not properly analyze their possible positive and negative consequences both for the Republic of Armenia and for the Diaspora: it did not express a clear position on this issue. Meanwhile, the subsequent course of the events showed that Turkey, using the presence of such contacts, tried to move the issue of the Armenian Genocide from the political sphere to the sphere of scientific and public discussions, once again striving to stop the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide. By and large, the same goal was pursued by the slogan "zero problems with neighbors" put forward by the Turkish leadership, which, despite the specific steps taken, does not lead to the normalization of the Armenian-Turkish relations. Thus, sometimes positive glimpses in the policy of the Turkish leadership in the relations with Armenia can be explained by various geopolitical interests of Turkey, in particular, the issue of joining the European Union. Specific facts have proved that even the fact of signing the famous Zurich Protocols on October 10, 2009 could not force Turkey to fulfill its obligations, to refuse to put forward preconditions for the establishing diplomatic relations with Armenia. Analyzing the content of the Zurich Protocols, it was noted that this does not fully meet the vital interests of all Armenians, since certain provisions of the protocols, especially the provision on mutual recognition of borders, make it senseless to continue the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide, as well as steps to be taken to overcome consequences. Particular attention was paid to the fact that during the period under discussion a new phenomenon was observed in the process of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide: some European countries are adopting laws criminalizing the denial of the genocide, some of which cannot be called finalized, which also affects the process itself in future. Summing up the results of the efforts of the second president of Armenia to normalize the Armenian-Turkish relations, it was emphasized that they, like during his predecessors, did not lead to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, and Turkey, in fact, got one more chance to show the world its "passionate desire" to settle relations with Armenia. Presenting the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide and the further process of recognition in the context of the Armenian-Turkish relations, the article draws special attention to the fact that on the eve of the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide, official Turkey does not change its policy of denial of the Armenian Genocide, nevertheless, it makes some changes into the strategy. The meaning of such changes was the theses put forward by Erdogan and Davutoglu about "common grief" and "fair memory". It was emphasized that such a new manifestation of Turkish denial was no less dangerous, since it was an attempt to equate "executioner" with "victim". It was further noted that this approach of Turkey did not give tangible results, since in the context of the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide, the process of the official recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide by various countries and authoritative international organizations continued. The fact that after the adoption of the resolution on the Centennial of the Armenian Genocide in the Armenian realities the issue of transferring the Genocide to the legal field, in addition to the recognition of the Genocide, and the improvement of the international law, introducing a new wording - "patricide", was not ignored. In this regard, it was emphasized that the implementation of such an idea, although welcomed, would require tremendous efforts and energy. In addition, the idea was noted that the possibility of implementing these provisions will be much greater if Armenia becomes one of the influential "players" in the region, dictating its own rules of the game. As for the further efforts of the Armenian authorities to establish diplomatic relations between the two countries, it is obvious that it was not endlessly possible to endure Turkey's destructive approach to this issue. Consequently, the speech of the President of the Republic of Armenia on September 20, 2017 at the UN General Assembly was the first logical step towards the abolition of the Zurich Protocols by the Republic of Armenia, a process that came to its logical conclusion on March 1, 2018 by the decree of the President of the Republic of Armenia "On the termination of the procedure for establishing the Armenian Turkish relations". Not only did Turkey not establish diplomatic relations with Armenia, but 100 years after the Turkish-Armenian war, on September 27, 2020, it made an attempt to forcefully resolve its precondition on the Artsakh question. Through the direct instigation and support to "fraternal" Azerbaijan, it unleashed the war against the Republic of Artsakh and the Republic of Armenia, and, through military aggression, about 75% of the territory of the Republic of Artsakh was captured, not only 7 previously liberated regions, but also Hadrut and Shushi. Not satisfied with all this, on the advice of the same Turkey, Azerbaijan, in May 2021, invaded the sovereign territory of the independent Republic of Armenia, creating a real threat to the existence of the Armenian statehood, a real "threat to the security of the Armenian people", trying to connect Azerbaijan and Turkey through the so-called Zangezur corridor through Nakhichevan for the implementation of the long-standing program of Pan-Turkism. ; Հոդվածում համապատասխան փաստերի համակողմանի քննությամբ ցույց է տրված, որ թեև Թուրքիան առաջիններից մեկը ճանաչեց Հայաստանի անկախությունը, բայց նրա հետ դիվանագիտական հարաբերություններ չհաստատվեցին, քանզի Անկարան հայկական իշխանություններին նախապայմաններ ներկայացրեց չհիշատակել 1915թ․ Հայոց ցեղասպանությունը, պաշտոնապես հրաժարվել պահանջատիրությունից, ճնշում գործադրել Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի վրա՝ դադարեցնելու պայքարը և ընդունելու Ադրբեջանի գերակայությունն ու տարածքային ամբողջականությունը։ Միաժամանակ պահանջեց, որ Հայաստանի հանրապետությունը զերծ մնա Թուրքիայի շահերին հակասող գործողություններից և ամեն կերպ չեզոքացնեի սփյուռքահայության հակաթուրքական գործունեությունը; Հայաստանի հանրապետությունը մերժեց միջազգային պրակտիկային անհարիր այս նախապայմաններն ու պահանջները։ Թուրքիան իր հերթին որդեգրեց ընգծված հակահայկական դիրքորոշում, միակողմանիորեն փակելով ՀՀ-ի հետ սահմանը, շարունակելով շրջափակման մեջ պահել Հայաստանը։ Ուստի պատահական չէր, որ Թուրքիայի մոտեցումները՝ ՀՀ-ի հետ հարաբերությունները կարգավորելու հարցում մեծապես պայմանավորված էին նաև Արցախում հայկական զինված ուժերի ձեռքբերումներով, քանզի որքան ակնառու էին այդ հաջողությունները, այնքան ավելի էր կոշտանում Թուրքիայի դիրքորոշումը ՀՀ-ի նկատմամբ։ Դա դրսևորվեց հայկական զինված ուժերի կողմից Քարվաճառի (1993թ․ ապրիլի սկզբին) ազատագրման ժամանակ, որից հետո Թուրքիան ոչ միայն փակեց սահմանը, այլև Հայաստանի հետ սահմանաներձ շրջանում զորքեր սկսեց կուտակել, սակայն Ռուսաստանի կտրուկ անդրադարձը Թուրքիային հետ պահեց իր հետագա գործողություններից։ Կարծում ենք սխալված չենք լինի, եթե նշենք, որ քննարկվող ժամանակաշրջանում Թուրքիայի նման մոտեցումը ՀՀ-ի հետ հարաբերությունները կարգավորելու հարցում լուրջ սպառնալիք էր մեր ազգային անվտանգությունը։ Վերլուծելով հայ-թուրքական հարաբերություններում երկուստեք հետաքրքություն ներկայացնող տնտեսական գործոնի ազդեցությունը , շեշտվել է այն հանգամանքը, որ որքան էլ ՀՀ-ի հետ տնտեսական շփումների զարգացումը ձեռնտու էր Թուրքիային, այդուհանդերձ, Հայաստանն իր տնտեսական զարգացման մակարդակով Թուրքիայի համար լուրջ հետաքրքրություն չէր ներկայացնում և հայ-թուրքական շփումներում նկատվող որոշակի աշխուժացումը, մեզ բավարար հիմք չի տալիս բնութագրել այն որպես լուրջ բեկում հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունների կարգավորման հարցում: Ոստի, ամենևին էլ պատահական չէր, որ հայ- թուրքական տնտեսական փոխհամագործակցության որոշակի հեռանկարով թուրքական կողմը փորձում էր ՀՀ ղեկավարության մոտ հայ-թուրքական հարաբերություններում որոշակի առաջընթացի պատրանք ստեղծել և դրանով իսկ շահագրգռել ՀՀ ղեկավարությանը' համոզելու Սփյուռքին ևս հետ կանգնելու Հայոց ցեղասպանության միջազգային ճանաչմանը հետամուտ լինելուց: Այս հանգամանքն, անշուշտ, վկայում է նաև Հայոց ցեղասպանության միջազգային ճանաչման գործընթացի հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունների վրա ունեցած ազդեցության մասին: Տնտեսական գործոնի առումով կարևորվել է նաև այն հանգամանքը, որ ժամանակին ՀՀ ղեկավարությունը պատշաճ վերլուծության չենթարկելով թուրքական կողմի երկու երկրների միջև տնտեսական շփումները ակտիվացնելու նախաձեռնությունները, չէր էլ նկատում, որ դրանցում, փաստորեն, մեկտեղվում էին տնտեսական գործոնն ու ղարաբաղյան հիմնահարցի լուծման Թուրքիայի տարբերակը: Մինչդեռ, Թուրքիան իր կողմից առաջադրած նախապայմաններով փորձում էր ՀՀ-ին դարձնել իր կամակատարը և նրա միջոցով իր սեփական կամքը թելադրել նաև սփյուռքահայությանը: Անդրադարձ կատարելով հասարակական կառույցների մակարդակով հայ-թուրքական շփումներին, նշվել է, որ նման կառույցների գործունեությունն ի սկզբանե դատապարտված էր ձախողման' կողմերի ծայրահեղ հակադիր հայացքների պատճառով: Ժամանակի ՀՀ ղեկավարությունը, տեղյակ լինելով նման շփումներին, այնուամենայնիվ, պատշաճ վերլուծության չէր ենթարկել դրանց հնարավոր դրական և բացասական հետևանքները ինչպես ՀՀ-ի, այնպես էլ Սփյուռքի համար և չուներ հստակ դիրքորոշում այդ հարցում: Մինչդեռ, իրադարձությունների հետագա ընթացքը ցույց է տվել, որ Թուրքիան, շահարկելով նման շփումների առկայությունը, փորձել է Հայոց ցեղասպանության հարցը քաղաքական հարթությունից տեղափոխել գիտական և հասարակական քննարկումների ոլորտ' հերթական անգամ նպատակ ունենալով այդ կերպ հնարավորինս կասեցնել Հայոց ցեղասպանության միջազգային ճանաչման գործընթացը: Մեծ հաշվով, նույն նպատակն էր հետապնդում նաև Թուրքիայի ղեկավարության կողմից առաջ քաշված «զրո խնդիր հարևանների հետ» կարգախոսը, որը, չնայած ձեռնարկած կոնկրետ քայլերին, այդպես էլ չի հանգեցնում հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունների կարգավորմանը: Ուստի, ՀՀ- ի հետ հարաբերությունների հարցում թուրքական ղեկավարության որդեգրած քաղաքականության մեջ երբեմն առկայծող դրական միտումները կարելի է բացատրել Թուրքիայի աշխարհաքաղաքական զանազան շահախնդրություններով և, մասնավորապես, Եվրամիությանն անդամակցելու խնդրով: Կոնկրետ փաստերով ապացուցվել է, որ անգամ 2009 թ. հոկտեմբերի 10- ին ցյուրիխյան հայտնի արձանագրությունների ստորագրումն ի զորու չի լինում ստիպելու Թուրքիային կատարել իր կողմից ստանձնած պարտավորությունները և հրաժարվել Հայաստանի հետ դիվանագիտական հարաբերություններ հաստատելու հարցում նախապայմաններ առաջադրելուց: Վերլուծելով ցյուրիխյան արձանագրությունների բովանդակությունը նշվել է, որ այն իր ամբողջության մեջ չէր բխում համայն հայության կենսական շահերից, քանզի արձանագրություններում առանձին դրույթներ և, հատկապես սահմանների փոխադարձ ճանաչման դրույթը, մեծ հաշվով անիմաստ էր դարձնում ինչպես Հայոց ցեղասպանության միջազգային ճանաչման գործընթացին հետամուտ լինելը, այնպես էլ հետագայում դրա հետևանքների հաղթահարմանն ուղղվելիք քայլերը: Հատուկ ուշադրություն է դարձվել նաև այն փաստին, որ քննարկվող ժամանակահատվածում Հայոց ցեղասպանության միջազգային ճանաչման գործընթացում նկատվում է նաև նոր երևույթ՝ առանձին եվրոպական երկրներ ընդունում են ցեղասպանության ժխտումը քրեականացնող օրենքներ, որոնց մի մասի անկատար լինելու հանգամանքն իր ազդեցությունն է թողնում դրանց հետագա ճակատագրի վրա: Ամփոփելով հայ-թուրքական հարաբերությունների կարգավորմանն ուղղված ՀՀ երկրորդ նախագահի գործադրած ջանքերի արդյունքները, շեշտվել է, որ դրանք ևս, իր նախորդների նման, չեն հանգեցրել երկու երկրների միջև դիվանագիտական հարաբերությունների հաստատմանը, մինչդեռ Թուրքիան, փաստորեն, կրկին հնարավորություն ստացավ աշխարհին ցույց տալ ՀՀ-ի հետ հարաբերությունները կարգավորելու իր «բուռն ձգտումը»: Հայոց ցեդասպանության 100-ամյակն ու ճանաչման հետագա ընթացքը ներկայացնելով հայ թուրքական հարաբերությունների համատեքստում, հատուկ ուշադրություն է դարձնում այն հանգամանքին, որ Հայոց ցեղասպանության 100-ամյակի նախաշեմին, պաշտոնական Թուրքիան չհրաժարվելով Հայոց ցեղասպանության ճանաչման հարցում իր որդեգրած ժխտոոական դիրքորոշումից, այնուամենայնիվ, որոշակի փոփոխություններ է կիրառում այդ հարցում իր ռազմավարության մեջ: Նման փոփոխությունների իմաստը հանգում էր Էրդողանի և Դավութօղլուի կողմից առաջ քաշած «համատեղ վշտի» և «արդար հիշողության» թեզերին: Ընդգծվել է, որ թուրքական ժխտողականության նման նոր դրսևորումը պակաս վտանգավոր չէր, քանի որ դրանով փորձ էր արվում հավասարության նշան դնել «դահճի» և «զոհի» միջև: Այնուհետև նշվել է, որ Թուրքիայի նման մոտեցումը շոշափելի արդյունք չի տվել, քանի որ Հայոց ցեղասպանության 100-ամյակի համատեքստում շարունակվում էր աշխարհի տարբեր երկրների և միջազգային հեղինակավոր կազմակերպությունների կողմից Հայոց ցեղասպանության պաշտոնական ճանաչման և դատապարտման գործընթացը: Չի անտեսվել նաև այն փաստը, որ Հայոց ցեղասպանության 100-ամյակի հռչակագրի ընդունումից հետո, հայ իրականության մեջ որպես ՀՀ արտաքին քաղաքական առաջնահերթություններ առաջ են քաշվում Ցեղասպանությունը ճանաչման դաշտից բացի, իրավական դաշտ փոխադրելու և միջազգային իրավունքը նոր հայրենազրկում «պատրիոցիդ» իրավական ձևակերպումով բարելավելու խնդիրը: Դրա հետ կապված շեշտվել է, նման գաղափարի իրագործումը ողջունելի լինելով հանդերձ պահանջելու է վիթխարի ջանք ու եռանդ: Բացի այդ, կարևորվել է նաև այն գաղափարը, որ նշված դրույթների կենսագործման հնարավորությունը շատ ավելի կմեծանա, եթե Հայաստանը դառնա տարածաշրջանի ազդեցիկ «խաղացողներից» մեկը՝ թելադրելով խաղի սեփական կանոնները: Ինչ վերաբերում է երկու երկրների միջև դիվանագիտական հարաբերություններ հաստատելու ՀՀ իշխանությունների հետագա ջանքերին, ապա ինքնին հասկանալի է, որ հնարավոր չէր անվերջ հանդուրժել Թուրքիայի ապակառուցողական մոտեցումն այդ հարցում և միանգամայն տրամաբանական էր, որ արդեն 2017 թ. սեպտեմբերի 20-ին ՄԱԿ- ի Գլխավոր ասամբլեայի նստաշրջանի ամբիոնից ՀՀ նախագահի ելույթը դարձավ առաջին քայլը ՀՀ-ի կողմից ցյուրիխյան արձանագրությունների չեղարկման ճանապարհին, գործընթաց, որն իր տրամաբանական ավարտին հասավ 2018 թ. մարտի 1-ին՝ ՀՀ նախագահի «Հայ- թուրքական հարաբերությունների կնքման ընթացակարգը դադարեցնելու վերաբերյալ» հրամանագրով: ; Всестороннее рассмотрение соответствующих фактов в статье показывает, что Турция одной из первых признала независимость Армении, но никаких дипломатических отношений между странами установлено не было, поскольку Анкара представила властям Армении предварительные условия: не упоминать Геноцид армян 1915 года, официально отказаться от претензий, оказать давление на то, чтобы остановить борьбу за Нагорный Карабах, признать суверенитет и территориальную целостность Азербайджана. При этом Турция потребовала от Республики Армения воздержаться от действий, противоречащих интересам Турции и любым способом нейтрализовать антитурецкую деятельность армян диаспоры. Республика Армения отвергла эти предварительные условия и требования, несовместимые с международной практикой. Турция, в свою очередь, заняла ярко выраженную антиармянскую позицию, в одностороннем порядке закрыв границу с Арменией, продолжая держать Армению в блокаде. Поэтому не случайно подходы Турции к нормализации отношений с Арменией во многом были обусловлены достижениями армянских вооруженных сил в Арцахе, ведь чем очевиднее были эти успехи, тем жестче становилась позиция Турции по отношению к Армении. Это проявилось во время освобождения Карвачара (начало апреля 1993 г.) вооруженными силами Армении, после чего Турция не только закрыла границу, но и начала накапливать войска у границы с Арменией, но резкая реакция России удержала Турцию от ее дальнейших действий. Считаем уместным упомянуть, что в обсуждаемый период такой подход Турции в вопросе нормализации отношений с Арменией представлял серьезную угрозу нашей национальной безопасности. Анализируя влияние экономического фактора, представляющего взаимный интерес, в армяно-турецких отношениях, было подчеркнуто, что каким бы благоприятным ни было развитие экономических отношений с Арменией для Турции, Армения не представляет серьезного интереса для Турции с точки зрения ее экономического развития. Некоторая активизация не дает нам оснований охарактеризовать это как серьезный прорыв в нормализации армяно-турецких отношений. Поэтому не случайно при определенной перспективе армяно-турецкого экономического сотрудничества турецкая сторона пыталась создать иллюзию некоторого прогресса в армяно-турецких отношениях с руководством Армении, тем самым побуждая руководство Армении убедить диаспору прекратить поощрение процесса международного признания Геноцида армян. Это обстоятельство, безусловно, также свидетельствует о влиянии процесса международного признания Геноцида армян на армяно-турецкие отношения. Что касается экономического фактора, то тот факт, что руководство Армении не проанализировало в свое время должным образом инициативы турецкой стороны по активизации экономических контактов между двумя странами, даже не уловило тот момент, что экономический фактор и турецкая версия решения Карабахского конфликта были комбинированными. Между тем, с выдвинутыми предварительными условиями Турция пыталась сделать Армению своим прислужником, и через нее диктовать свою волю также армянам диаспоры. Касаясь армяно-турецких контактов на уровне неправительственных организаций, было отмечено, что деятельность таких организаций изначально была обречена на провал из-за крайне противоположных взглядов сторон. Руководство Республики Армения в то время, зная о таких контактах, однако не проанализировало должным образом их возможные положительные и отрицательные последствия как для Республики Армения, так и для диаспоры: оно не выразило четкой позиции по этому вопросу. Между тем последующий ход событий показал, что Турция, используя наличие таких контактов, пыталась вывести вопрос Геноцида армян из политической в сферу научных и общественных дискуссий, в очередной раз стремясь остановить процесс международного признания Геноцида армян. По большому счету, той же цели преследовал выдвинутый турецким руководством лозунг «ноль проблем с соседями», который, несмотря на предпринятые конкретные шаги, не приводит к нормализации армяно-турецких отношений. Таким образом, позитивные иногда проблески в политике турецкого руководства в отношениях с Арменией можно объяснить различными геополитическими интересами Турции, в частности, вопросом вступления в Евросоюз. Конкретными фактами доказано, что даже факт подписания 10 октября 2009 года знаменитых Цюрихских протоколов не смог заставить Турцию выполнить взятые на себя обязательства, отказаться от выдвижения предварительных условий для установления дипломатических отношений с Арменией. Анализируя содержание Цюрихских протоколов, было отмечено, что это не полностью отвечает жизненно важным интересам всех армян, поскольку определенные положения протоколов, особенно положение о взаимном признании границ, делают бессмысленным продолжение процесса международного признания Геноцида армян, а также шаги, которые необходимо будет предпринять для преодоления последствий. Особое внимание было уделено тому факту, что в обсуждаемый период в процессе международного признания Геноцида армян наблюдается новое явление: некоторые европейские страны принимают законы, криминализирующие отрицание геноцида, некоторые из которых нельзя назвать доработанными, что также влияет на сам процесс в будущем. Подводя итоги усилий второго президента Армении по нормализации армяно-турецких отношений, было подчеркнуто, что они, как и при его предшественниках, не привели к установлению дипломатических отношений между двумя странами, а Турция, по сути, снова получила шанс показать миру свое «страстное желание» урегулировать отношения с Арменией. Представляя 100-летие Геноцида армян и дальнейший процесс признания в контексте армяно-турецких отношений, в статье обращается особое внимание на то, что накануне 100-летия Геноцида армян официальная Турция не отказывается от своей политики отрицания Геноцида армян, тем не менее, вносит некоторые изменения в свою стратегию. Смыслом таких изменений стали выдвинутые Эрдоганом и Давутоглу тезисы о «совместной скорби» и «справедливой памяти». Было подчеркнуто, что такое новое проявление турецкого отрицания было не менее опасным, поскольку это была попытка приравнять «палача» к «жертве». Далее было отмечено, что такой подход Турции не дал ощутимых результатов, поскольку в контексте 100-летия Геноцида армян продолжался процесс официального признания и осуждения Геноцида армян различными странами и авторитетными международными организациями. Тот факт, что после принятия резолюции 100-летия Геноцида армян в армянских реалиях не был оставлен без внимания вопрос переноса Геноцида в правовое поле помимо признания Геноцида, и совершенствования международного права, внеся новую формулировку - «патрицид». В этой связи было подчеркнуто, что реализация такой идеи, хотя и приветствуется, потребует огромных усилий и энергии. Кроме того, была отмечена идея о том, что возможность реализации этих положений будет намного больше, если Армения станет одним из влиятельных «игроков» в регионе, диктующих свои правила игры. Что касается дальнейших усилий властей Армении по установлению дипломатических отношений между двумя странами, то очевидно, что терпеть деструктивный подход Турции к этому вопросу бесконечно не представлялось возможным. Следовательно, выступление Президента Республики Армения 20 сентября 2017 года с трибуны Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН стало первым логическим шагом на пути к отмене Цюрихских протоколов Республикой Армения, процесс, который пришел к своему логическому завершению 1 марта 2018 года указом Президента РА «О прекращении процедуры установления армяно-турецких отношений». Мало того, что Турция не установила дипломатические отношения с Арменией, но и через 100 лет после турецко-армянской войны, 27 сентября 2020 года сделала попытку силой дать решение своему предусловию по Арцахскому вопросу. Путем ее непосредственного подстрекательства и поддержке «братскому» Азербайджану война, развязанная против Республики Арцах и Республики Армения, посредством военной агрессии было захвачено около 75% территории Республики Арцах, не только 7 ранее освобожденных районов, но также Гадрут и Шуши. Не удовлетворившись всем этим, по совету той же Турции, Азербайджан в мае 2021 года вторгся на суверенную территорию независимой Республики Армения, создав реальную угрозу существованию армянской государственности, реальную «угрозу безопасности армянского народа», пытаясь через так называемый Зангезурский коридор соединить через Нахичевань Азербайджан и Турцию для реализации давней программы пантюркизма.

The analysis of articles and normative documents for quality control and regional origin of wines was carried out. Chemical composition of the grapes and the wine has been considered, qualitative and quantitative changes during vinification, maturation and aging of wine were shown. The basic group of compounds contents and ratios which determine the qualitative characteristics of wines, as well as have an important role in the formation of aroma and taste of the drink was found. The prerequisites for the development of the market of counterfeit products and wine falsification methods were discussed. The analysis of scientific literature and regulatory framework governing the quality of the wines on the territory of Russia and the European Union and the existing approaches to determine their authenticity was conducted, the advantages and disadvantages are shown. The examples of using different criteria for the establishment of natural and adulterated wines have been discussed, as well as their approaches to identify and create a comprehensive system of wine production quality evaluation using methods of physicochemical analysis. The main methodological approaches to establish a wine regional origin, combining the capabilities of modern methods of analysis, mathematical modeling and statistics are analyzed, examples of their use in practice are shown.Keywords: wine, methods of analysis, quality, authenticity, regional origin, falsification, mathematical modeling (Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001 Yu.F. Yakuba1, A.A. Kaunova2, Z.A. Temerdashev2, V.O. Titarenko2, A.A. Halafjan2 1North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russian Federation2 Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian FederationREFERENCES1. Oganesiants L.A., Panasiuk A.L. [Statistical data on world production of wine]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2007, no. 2, pp. 6-7 (in Russian).2. Egorov E.A., Guguchkina T.I., Adzhiev A.M., Oseledtseva I.V. Geograficheskie zony proizvodstva vin i natsional'nykh kon'iakov (brendi) vysokogo kachestva na iuge Rossii [Geographical areas and national wine production of cognac (brandy) High quality in southern Russia]. Krasnodar: GNU SKZNIISiV; Prosveshchenie-Iug, 2013. 155 p. (in Russian).3. Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I. Identifikatsiia i еkspertiza vinogradnykh vin i kon'iakov [Identification and examination of wines and brandies]. Krasnodar: GNU SKZNIISiV; Prosveshchenie-Iug, 2008. 174 p. (in Russian).4. Kosiura V.T., Donchenko L.V., Nadykta V.D. Osnovy vinodeliia [Basics of wine]. Moscow, DeLi print, 2004. 440 p. (in Russian).5. Demin D.P., Zinchenko V.I., Zagoruiko V.A., Kosiura V.T. [Ways to improve the stability of port wines]. Trudy In-ta Magarach [Proceedings. Magaraci Institute], 1991, pp. 55-58 (in Russian).6. Nilov V.I., Skurikhin I.M. Khimiia vinodeliia i kon'iachnogo proizvodstva [Chemistry of winemaking and cognac production]. Moscow, Pishchepromizdat. 1960. 272 p. (in Russian).7. Sobolev E.M. Tekhnologiia natural'nykh i spetsial'nykh vin [Technology of natural and special wines]. Maikop: GURIPP «Adygeia», 2006. 400 p. (in Russian).8. Nuzhnyi V.P. [Modern ideas about the toxic properties of wine and food]. Vinograd i vino Rossii [Grapes and wine Russia], 1996, no. 2, pp. 29-32 (in Russian).9. Savchuk S.A. [Quality control and identification authentication cognacs chromatographic methods]. Metody otsenki sootvetstviia [Methods for assessing compliance], 2006, no. 8, pp. 18-25 (in Russian).10. Kozub G.I., Mamakova Z.A., Skorbanova E.A., Maksimova A.S. [Changing components of the chemical composition of sherry at his endurance]. Sadovodstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinodelie Moldavii [Horticulture, viticulture and winemaking Moldova], 1982, no. 1, pp. 33-36 (in Russian).11. Kishkovskii Z.N., Skurikhin I.M. Khimiia vina [Wine chemistry]. Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1988. P. 45-67 (in Russian).12. Filippovich Iu.B. Osnovy biokhimii [Fundamentals of Biochemistry]. Moscow, Agar, 1999. 507 p. (in Russian).13. Iakuba Iu. F. Analitika i tekhnologiia vinogradnykh distilliatov [Research and Technology grape distillates]. Moscow, Moscow University Publ., 2013. 168 p. (in Russian).14. Joon-Young J., Yun H. S., Lee J., Oh M.-K. Production of 1,2-Propanediol from Glycerol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2011, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 846-853. doi:10.4014/jmb.1103.03009.15. Karpov S.S., Valuiko G.G., Nalimova A.A., Keptine A.I. [Some features of the formation of esters during fermentation of grape must]. Sadovodstvo, vinogradarstvo i vinodelie Moldavii [Horticulture, viticulture and winemaking Moldova], 1982, no. 2, pp. 31-33 (in Russian).16. Rodopulo A.K. Osnovy biokhimii vinodeliia [Fundamentals of Biochemistry winemaking]. Moscow, Legkaia i pishchеvaia promyshlеnnost' Publ., 1983. 240 p. (in Russian).17. Stabnikov V.N. Peregonka i rektifikatsiia еtilovogo spirta [Distillation and Rectification of ethyl alcohol]. Moscow, Pishchеvaia Promyshlennost' Publ., 1969. 456 p. (in Russian).18. Marinchenko V.A., Smirnov V.A. Tekhnologiia spirta [Technology of alcohol]. Moscow, Legkaia i pishchеvaia promyshlеnnost' Publ., 1981. 416 p. (in Russian).19. Strukova V.E. Karbonilamidnye reaktsii i ikh intensifikatsiia pri teplovoi obrabotke kreplenykh vin. Avtoref. diss. kand. [Reaction of carbonilamid and their intensification during the thermal treatment of fortified wines. Cand. sci. diss. abstract.]. Krasnodar, 1983. 26 p. (in Russian).20. Shol'ts E.P., Ponomarev S.V. Tekhnologiia pererabotki vinograda [Technology conversion of grapes]. Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1990. 447 p. (in Russian).21. Negrul' A.M., Gordeeva L.N., Kalmykova T.I. Ampelografiia s osnovami vinogradarstva. Uchebnoе posobiе dlia tekhnolog. vuzov [Ampelography the basics of viticulture. Textbook for technological universities]. Moscow, Vysshaia shkola Publ., 1979. 199 p. (in Russian).22. Pazo M., Almitfro E., Traveao C. Perfil de ammoacidos libres de los vinos Albarino у Godello. Alimfiitami, 2004, vol. 41, no 357, pp. 111-117.23. Khristiuk V.T., Uzun L.M., Baryshev M.G. [Ferment grape juice and pulp after treatment with extremely low frequency electromagnetic field range]. Izvеstiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2002, no. 5-6, pp.43-44 (in Russian).24. Herbert P., Barros P., Alves A. Detection of port wine imitation by discriminant analysis using free amino acids profiles. Amer. J. Enol. And Viticult., 2000, vol. 51, no.3, pp. 262-268.25. Ough C.S., Stashak R.M. Further studies on proline concentration in grapes and wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 1974, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 7-12.26. Iakuba Iu.F. [Direct determination of the basic amino acids of wine]. Zavodskaia laboratoriia. Diagnostika materialov [Industrial Laboratory. Diagnostics of materials], 2010, vol. 76, no. 4, pp.12-14 (in Russian).27. Iakuba Iu.F. [Direct determination of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine residues in wines]. Zavodskaia laboratoriia. Diagnostika materialov [Industrial Laboratory. Diagnostics of materials], 2008, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 15-18 (in Russian).28. Bakker J., Bridle P., Timberlake C.F. The colours, pigment and phenol contents of young port wines: Effects of cultivar, season and site. Vitis, 1986, vol. 25, pp. 40-52.29. Etievant P., Schlich P., Bertrand A. Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1988, vol. 42, pp. 39-54.30. Jackson M.G., Timberlake C.F., Bridle P. Red wine quality: Correlations between colour, aroma and flavor and pigment and other parameters of young Beaujolais. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1978, vol. 29, pp. 715-727.31. Joslyn M. A., Little A. Relation of type and concentration of phenolics to the color and stability of rose wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 1967, vol. 18, pp. 138-148.32. Ramos R.A, Andrade P.В., Seabra R., Pereira C., Ferreira M.A., Faia M.A. Preliminary study of noncoloured phenolics in wines of varietal white grapes (codega, gouveio and malvasia fina): effects of grape variety, grape maduration and technology of winemaking. Food Chem., 1999, vol. 67, pp. 39-44.33. Valuiko G.G. Biokhimicheskie osnovy tekhnologii krasnykh vin. Avtoref. diss.dokt. tekhn. nauk [Biochemical basis of technology red wines. Dr. techn. sci. diss. abstract]. Krasnodar, 1972. 74 p. (in Russian).34. McDonald M.S., Hughes M.M., Burns J., Lean M.E.J., Matthews D., Crozier A. Survey of the free and conjugated myricetin and quercetin content of red wines of different geographical origins. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, vol. 46, pp. 368-375.35. Delgado R., Pedro M. Evolucion de la composicion fenolica de las uvas tintas durante la maduracion. Alimenlaria, 2001, vol. 38, no. 326, pp. 139-145.36. Christie P.J., Alfenito M.R., Walbot V. Impact of low-temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin pathways: Enhancement of transcript abundance and anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings. Planta, 1994, vol. 194, pp. 541-549.37. Macheix J.J., Sapis J.C., Fleuriet A. Phenolic compounds and polyphenoloxidase in relation to browning in grapes and wines. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1991, vol. 30, pp. 441-486.38. Graham T.L. Flavonoid and isoflavonoid distribution in developing soybean seedling tissue and in seed and root exudates. Plant Physiol., 1991, vol. 95, pp. 594-603.39. Kliewer W.M. Influence of temperature, solar radiation and nitrogen on coloration and composition of emperor grapes. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 1977, vol. 28, pp. 96-103.40. Tiutiunik V.I. Dinamika antotsianov pri sozrevanii i khranenii iagod nekotorykh standartnykh i gibridnykh sortov vinograda v predgornoi zone Kryma. Avtoref. diss. kand. biol. nauk [Anthocyan dynamics in berries ripening and storage of some standard and hybrid grape varieties in the foothill zone of Crimea. Kand. biol. sci. diss. abstract]. Kishinev, 1969. 21 p. (in Russian).41. Yinrong Lu., Yeap Foo L. Unexpected rearrangement of pyranoanthocyanidins to furoanthocyanidins. Tetrahedron Letters, 2002, vol. 43, pp. 715-718.42. Dallas C., Laureano O. Effect of SO2 on the extraction of individual anthocyanins and colored matter of three Portuguese grape varieties during winemaking. Vitis, 1994, vol. 33, pp. 41-47.43. Revilla I., Gonzalez-Sanjose M. Compositional changes during the storage of red wines treated with pectolytic enzymes: low molecular-weight phenols and flavan-3-ol derivative levels. Food Chemistry, 2003, vol. 80, pp. 205-214.44. Piermattei B., Amatti A., Castellari M. Preliminary studies on the use of dried grape stems in red winemaking. Vitis: Viticult., 2000, vol. 39, no. 1-2, pp. 4-46.45. Oganesiants L.A. Dub i vinodelie [Oak and winemaking]. Moscow, Agropishchepromizdat, 2001. 359 p. (in Russian).46. del Alamo Sanza M., Dominguez I. Nevares, Corcel L.M. Analysis for low molecular weight phenolic compounds in a red wine aged in oak chips. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2004, vol. 513, pp. 229-237.47. Atanasova V., Fulcrand H., Cheynier V. Effect of oxygenation on polyphenol changes occurring in the course of wine-making. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2002, vol. 458, pp. 15-27.48. Mateus N., Freitas V. De Evolution and stability of anthycyanin-derived pigments during port wine aging. J. Agr. and Food Chem., 2001, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 5217-5222.49. Magomedov Z.B., Makuev G.A. [Coloring and phenolics substances varieties of grapes and the dynamics of their content in wines with aging]. Khranenie i pererabotka sel'khozsyr'ia [Storage and processing of agricultural], 2001, no. 10, pp. 51-50 (in Russian).50. GOST R 55242-2012. Vina zashchishchennykh geograficheskikh ukazanii i vina zashchishchennykh naimenovanii mesta proiskhozhdeniia. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 55242-2012. Wines from protected geographical indications and wines with a protected place of origin. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2013. 12 p. (in Russian).51. GOST R 52523–2006. Vina stolovye i vinomaterialy stolovye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 52523–2006. Table wines and wine materials. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2008. 12 p. (in Russian).52. GOST R 52195–2003. Vina aromatizirovannye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 52195–2003. Flavored wine. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 8 p. (in Russian).53. GOST R 52404–2005. Vina spetsial'nye i vinomaterialy spetsial'nye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 52404–2005. Wines and special wine materials. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2006. 8 p. (in Russian).54. GOST R 51158–2009. Vina igristye. Obshchie tekhnicheskie usloviia [State Standard 51158–2009. Sparkling wines. General specifications]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 8 p. (in Russian).55. SanPiN 2.3.2.1078–01. Gigienicheskie trebovaniia bezopasnosti i pishchevoi tsennosti pishchevykh produktov [Sanitary Standard 2.3.2.1078–01. Hygienic safety and nutritional value of foods]. 144 p. (in Russian).56. Nikolaeva M.A., Polozhishnikova M.A. Identifikatsiia i obnaruzhenie fal'sifikatsii prodovol'stvennykh tovarov: uchebnoe posobie [Identification and determination of falsification of food products: a tutorial]. Moscow, «FORUM»: INFRA-M Publ., 2009. 464 p. (in Russian).57. Holmberg L. Wine fraud. International Journal of Wine Research, 2010, vol. 2, pp. 105-113. doi:10.2147/IJWR.S14102.58. Martin G.J. The chemistry of chaptalization. Endowour, New Series, 1990, vol. 14, no. 3. pp. 137-143. doi:10.1016/0160-9327(90)90007-E.59. Ogrinc N., Kosir I.J., Spangenberg J.E., Kidric J. The application of NMR and MS methods for detection of adulteration of wine, fruit juices, and olive oil. A review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2003, vol. 376, pp. 424-430. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-1804-6.60. Savchuk S.A., Vlasov V.N. [Identification of wine products using high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometry]. Vinograd i vino Rossii [Grapes and wine Russia], 2000, no. 5, pp. 5-13 (in Russian).61. GOST R 51149–98. Produkty vinodel'cheskoi promyshlennosti. Upakovka, markirovka, transportirovanie i khranenie [State Standard 51149–98. Wine industry products. Packaging, labeling, transportation and storage]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).62. GOST R 51074-2003. Produkty pishchevye. Informatsiia dlia potrebitelia. Obshchie trebovaniia [State Standard 51074-2003. Foodstuffs. Information for Consumers. general requirements]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2006. 23 p. (in Russian).63. GOST R 51653-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia ob«emnoi doli еtilovogo spirta [State Standard 51653-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determining of the ethanol volume fraction]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).64. GOST 13192-73. Vina, vinomaterialy i kon'iaki. Metod opredeleniia sakharov [State Standard 13192-73. Wine, brandy and wine materials. Method of sugars determination]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2011. 10 p. (in Russian).65. GOST R 51621-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metody opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii titruemykh kislot [State Standard 51621-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Methods of determination of the mass concentration of titratable acid]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 5 p. (in Russian).66. GOST R 51654-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii letuchikh kislot [State Standard 51654-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determination of the mass concentration of volatile acids]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 7 p. (in Russian).67. GOST R 51620-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii privedennogo еkstrakta [State Standard 51620-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determination of the mass concentration of the powered extract]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).68. GOST R 52391-2005. Produktsiia vinodel'cheskaia. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii limonnoi kisloty [State Standard 52391-2005. Wine products. Method of determination of the mass concentration of citric acid]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2007. 8 p. (in Russian).69. GOST R 51655-2000. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod opredeleniia massovoi kontsentratsii svobodnogo i obshchego dioksida sery [State Standard 51655-2000. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Method of determination of free and total sulfur dioxide]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 6 p. (in Russian).70. GOST R 51766-2001. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Atomno-absorbtsionnyi metod opredeleniia mysh'iaka [State Standard 51766-2001. Raw materials and food products. Determination of arsenic using Atomic absorption spectroscopy]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2011. 10 p. (in Russian).71. GOST R 51823-2001. Alkogol'naia produktsiia i syr'e dlia ee proizvodstva. Metod inversionno-vol'tamperometricheskogo opredeleniia soderzhaniia kadmiia, svintsa, tsinka, medi, mysh'iaka, rtuti, zheleza i obshchego dioksida sery [State Standard 51823-2001. Alcoholic products and raw materials for its production. Determination of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, mercury, iron and total sulfur dioxide using voltamperometry]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2009. 18 p. (in Russian).72. GOST 26927-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metody opredeleniia rtuti [State Standard 26927-86. Raw materials and food products. Methods of determination of mercury]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 15 p. (in Russian).73. GOST 26930-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metod opredeleniia mysh'iaka [State Standard 26930-86. Raw materials and food products. Method of the determination of arsenic]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 6 p. (in Russian).74. GOST 26932-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metody opredeleniia svintsa [State Standard 26932-86. Raw materials and food products. Methods of determination of lead]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 11 p. (in Russian).75. GOST 26933-86. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Metody opredeleniia kadmiia [State Standard 26933-86. Raw materials and food products. Methods of determination of cadmium]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 10 p. (in Russian).76. GOST 30178-96. Syr'e i produkty pishchevye. Atomno-absorbtsionnyi metod opredeleniia toksichnykh еlementov [State Standard 30178-96. Raw materials and food products. Determination of toxic elements using atomic absorption spectroscopy]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 8 p. (in Russian).77. GOST 30538-97. Produkty pishchevye. Metodika opredeleniia toksichnykh еlementov atomno-еmissionnym metodom [State Standard 30538-97. Foodstuffs. Analysis of toxic elements using atomic-emission methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 27 p. (in Russian).78. Panasiuk A.L., Babaeva M.I. [Quality criteria for white wines of the New World]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2013, no. 5. pp. 22-24 (in Russian).79. Tochilina R.P. [About improvement of methods for the identification of wine production]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2007, no. 2. pp. 14-15 (in Russian).80. Tochilina R.P [Wine production quality and the problem of its identification]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2001, no. 3, pp. 8-9 (in Russian).81. GOST R 52813-2007. Produktsiia vinodel'cheskaia. Metody organolepticheskogo analiza [State Standard 52813-2007. Wine products. Sensory analysis methods]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2008. 13 p. (in Russian).82. GOST R ISO 3972–2005. Organolepticheskii analiz. Metodologiia. Metod issledovaniia vkusovoi chuvstvitel'nosti [State Standard 3972–2005. Sensory analysis. Methodology. Methods of investigation of taste sensitivity]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2006. 7 p. (in Russian).83. Kushnereva G.K., Guguchkina T.I., Pankin M.I., Lopatina L.I. [Investigation of table wines quality from physical and chemical parameters using mathematical]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2011, no. 4. pp. 18-21 (in Russian).84. Vina i alkogol'nye napitki. Direktivy i reglamenty Evropeiskogo Soiuza [Wines and alcoholic drinks. EU directives and regulations]. Moscow, IPK Standards Publ., 2000. 616 p. (in Russian).85. International Organisation of Vine and Wine http://www.oiv.int/ (accessed 02.07.14)86. Yakuba Yu. F., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M., Lopatina L.M. Sposob opredeleniia kachestva vinogradnogo vina [A method of determining of the wine quality]. Patent RF, no. 2310192, 2007. (in Russian).87. Kushnereva E.V., Guguchkina T.I. [Development of criteria for authenticity naturally semi-sweet and semi-dry wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 5-6, pp. 70-72 (in Russian).88. Panasiuk A.L., Kuz'mina E.I., Zakharov M.A., Kharlamova L.N., Kornilina I.A. ["Ash and alkalinity" as indicators in the system of the authentication criteria of table wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2011, no. 1, pp. 20-21 (in Russian).89. Cliff M.A., King M.C., Schlosser J. Anthocyanin, phenolic composition, colour measurement and sensory analysis of BC commercial red wines. Food Research International, 2007, vol. 40, pp. 92–100. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2006.08.002.90. González G., Peña-Méndez E.M. Multivariate data analysis in classification of must and wine from chemical measurements. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2000, vol. 212, pp. 100–107. doi:10.1007/s002170000207.91. Lunina L.V., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M., Iakuba Iu.F. [The criteria of determining of the authenticity of wines]. Partnery i konkurenty [Partners and competitors], 2005, no. 5, pp. 27-29 (in Russian).92. Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I., Markovskii M.G. [Once again about falsification of wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2002, no. 4, pp. 22-23 (in Russian).93. Valgina L.V., Zhirova V.V., Smirnova E.A. [Identification of wine production]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2010, no. 1, pp. 10-11 (in Russian).94. Sеn'kina Z.E., Arbuzov V.N., Aleshkin B.M. [Instrumental methods of analysis for the identification of grape wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2004, no. 1, pp. 25-27 (in Russian).95. Dergunov A.V., Lopin S.A., Il'iashenko O.I. [Influence of the biochemical composition of perspective white wine grapes on the quality of wine production]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 4, pp. 22-25 (in Russian).96. Valgina L.A. Razrabotka kompleksnoi tovarovednoi otsenki i identifikatsii stolovykh polusladkikh vin. Dis. kand. tеkhn. nauk [Development of a comprehensive assessment and identification semi sweet wines Cand. tehn. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 2011. 147 p. (in Russian).97. Larionov A.B., Tokmin D.G., Sarvarova N.N., Marchenko I.A., Gerasimov M.K. [5-hydroxymethyl content as an additional indicator of the quality of alcoholic beverages]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2013, no. 5, pp. 25-27 (in Russian).98. Yakuba Yu. F., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M., Lopatina L.M., Lunina L.V. Sposob opredeleniia kachestva stolovogo vinogradnogo vina [Method of determining the quality of table grape wine]. Patent RF, no. 2312342, 2007 (in Russian).99. Sobolev Е.M., Kudlai D.V. Sposob opredeleniia natural'nosti belykh vin [Method of determining of the naturalness of white wines]. Patent RF, no. 2271000, 2006 (in Russian).100. Sarvarova N.N., Marchenko I.A., Rizvanov I.Kh., Tokmin D.G. [Determination of polyols by GC-MS without extraction for quality evaluation of the table wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 6, pp. 16-20 (in Russian).101. Panasiuk A.L., Kuz'mina E.I., Kharlamova L.N., Zakharov M.A., Kadykova N.E., Babaeva M.V. [Controlled parameters of the natural wines. White wines of Chile]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2008, no. 4, pp. 8-11 (in Russian).102. Iakuba Iu.F., Lozhnikova M.S. [Improving of the analytical control of wine products]. Analitika i kontrol' [Analysis and control], 2011, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 309-312 (in Russian).103. Kushnereva E.V., Markovskii M.G., Guguchkina T.I., Ageeva N.M. [Determination of biogenic amines in the vines]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2012, no. 1, pp. 106-108 (in Russian).104. Martuscelli M., Arfelli G., Manetta A.C., Suzzi G. Biogenic amines content as a measure of the quality of wines of Abruzzo (Italy). Food Chemistry., 2013, vol. 140, pp. 590–597. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.008.105. Leitгo M. C., Marques A. P., San Romгo M. V. A survey of biogenic amines in commercial Portuguese wines. Food Control., 2005, vol. 16, pp. 199-204. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.01.012.106. Soufleros E.H., Bouloumpasi E., Tsarchopoulos C., Biliaderis C.G. Primary amino acid profiles of Greek white wines and their use in classification according to variety, origin and vintage. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 261-273. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00271-6.107. Zakharova A.M., Kartsova L.A., Grinshtein I.L. [Determination of organic acids, carbohydrates or sweeteners in food products and dietary supplements using HPLC]. Analitika i kontrol' [Analysis and control], 2013, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 204-210 (in Russian).108. GOST R 52841-2007. Produktsiia vinodel'cheskaia. Opredelenie organicheskikh kislot metodom kapilliarnogo еlektroforeza [State Standard 52841-2007. Wine products. Determination of organic acids by capillary electrophoresis]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2008. 7 p. (in Russian).109. Skorbanova E.A., Kairiak N.F., Mamakova Z.A. [Modern methods of detection of falsified wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2005, no. 6, pp. 26-27 (in Russian).110. Jackowetz J.N., Mira de Orduсa R. Survey of SO2 binding carbonyls in 237 red and white table wines. Food Control, 2013, vol. 32, pp. 687-692. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.02.001.111. Bodorev M.M., Subbotin B.S. [Chromatographic analysis of aromatic aldehydes and acids in wine]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2001, no. 1, pp. 19-21 (in Russian).112. Polozhishnikova M.A., Perelygin O.N. [Determination of the biological value and identification of red wines using content of flavanols phenolic acids]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2005, no. 6, pp. 22-24 (in Russian).113. Bridle P., Garcia-Viguera C. A simple technique for the detection of red wine adulteration with elderberry pigments. Food Chemistry, 1996, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 111-113. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(95)00179-4.114. Tochilina R.P., Peschanaia V.A., Poznanskaia E.V., Goncharov S.A., Larina S.M. [About the problem of wines identifying. Effect on total pentose sugars in table wines]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2011, no. 1, pp. 13 (in Russian).115. GOST R 53193-2008. Napitki alkogol'nye i bezalkogol'nye. Opredelenie kofeina, askorbinovoi kisloty, konservantov i podslastitelei metodom kapilliarnogo еlektroforeza [State Standard 53193-2008. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Determination of caffeine, ascorbic acid, preservatives, and sweeteners by capillary electrophoresis]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 11 p. (in Russian).116. Fauhl C, Wittkowski R, Lofthouse J, Hird S, Brereton P, Versini G, Lees M, Guillou C. Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Determination of 3-Methoxy-1,2-Propanediol and Cyclic Diglycerols, By-Products of Technical Glycerol, in Wine: Interlaboratory Study. Journal of AOAC International, 2004, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1179-1188.117. Nieuwoudt H.H., Prior B.A., Pretorius S., Bauer F.F. Glycerol in South African Table Wines: An Assessment of its Relationship to Wine Quality. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic., 2002, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 22-30.118. GOST R 53154-2008. Vina i vinomaterialy. Opredelenie sinteticheskikh krasitelei metodom kapilliarnogo еlektroforeza [State Standard 53154. Wine and wine materials. Determination of synthetic dyes by capillary electrophoresis]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2010. 11 p. (in Russian).119. Zhirov V.M., Presniakova O.P., Neudakhina O.K., Doronin M.B. [Qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in wines using ICP-MS]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 6, pp. 30-31 (in Russian).120. Kolesnov A.Iu., Filatova I.A., Zadorozhniaia D.G., Maloshitskaia O.A. [Mass spectrometry of stable oxygen isotopes 18O/16O in wine production to establish its authenticity]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2012, no. 6, pp. 10-15 (in Russian).121. Zhirova V.V., e.a. Sposob opredeleniia proiskhozhdeniia organicheskikh oksikislot v vinakh i sokosoderzhashchikh napitkakh [Determination of the origin of organic hydroxy acids in wine and juice drinks]. Patent RF, no. 2487348, 2013. 12 с. (in Russian).122. Calderone G., Guillou C. Analysis of isotopic ratios for the detection of illegal watering of beverages. Food Chemistry, 2008, vol. 106, pp. 1399-1405. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.080.123. Guyon F., Gaillard L., Salagoïty M.-H., Médina B. Intrinsic ratios of glucose, fructose, glycerol and ethanol 13C/12C isotopic ratio determined by HPLC-co-IRMS: toward determining constants for wine authentication. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2011, vol. 401, pp. 1551-1558. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5012-5.124. Cabaňero A.I., Recio J.L., Rupérez M. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupled to liquid and gas chromatography for wine ethanol characterization. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2008, vol. 22. pp. 3111-3118. doi:10.1002/rcm.3711.125. Cabaňero A.I., Recio J.L., Rupérez M. Simultaneous stable carbon isotopic analysis of wine glycerol and ethanol by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, vol. 58, pp. 722-728. doi:10.1021/jf9029095.126. Versinia G., Camina F., Ramponia M., Dellacassa E. Stable isotope analysis in grape products: 13C-based internal standardization methods to improve the detection of some types of adulterations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2006, vol. 563, pp. 325-330. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.098.127. Kravchenko S.N., Kagan E.S., Stoletova A.A. [Development of mathematical model for assessing the quality of products]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2011, no. 4, pp. 105-109 (in Russian).128. Perelygin O.N. Ustanovlenie podlinnosti sukhikh vinogradnykh vin na osnove fiziko-khimicheskikh pokazatelei. Diss. kand. tekhn. nauk [Authentication of the dry wines using physical and chemical parameters. Cand. tehn. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 2004. 140 p. (in Russian).129. Charlton A. J., Wrobel M.S., Stanimirova I., Daszykowski M., Grundy H. H., Walczak B. Multivariate discrimination of wines with respect to their grape varieties and vintages. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2010, vol. 231, pp. 733-743. doi:10.1007/s00217-010-1299-2.130. Košir I. J., Kocjancic,M., Ogrinc N., Kidrič J. Use of SNIF-NMR and IRMS in combination with chemometric methods for the determination of chaptalisation and geographical origin of wines (the example of Slovenian wines). Analytica Chimica Act, 2001, vol. 429, pp. 195-206. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01301-5.131. Gavrilina V.A. Metodologiia kontrolia vina raspoznavaniem. Diss. Dokt.tekhn. nauk [Methodology control wine using recognition. Dr. tehn. sci. diss.]. Orel, 2013. 259 p. (in Russian).132. Sidorova A.A., Ganzha O.V. Sposob identifikatsii ob«ekta putem postroeniia ego kharakteristicheskogo еlektroforeticheskogo profilia [Method of object identification by building its characteristic electrophoretic profile]. Patent RF, no. 2327978, 2008. 7 с. (in Russian).133. Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I., Iakuba Iu.F. Sposob ustanovleniia natural'nosti vina [Method for establishing natural wine]. Patent RF, no. 2156976, 2000 (in Russian).134. Markosov V.A., Ageeva N.M., Guguchkina T.I., Iakuba Iu.F., Gaponov A.I. [Evaluation of the quality of special wines "Anapa strong" and "Cahors"]. Vinograd i vino Rossii [Grapes and wine Russia], 2001, no. 4, pp. 45-46 (in Russian).135. Gavrilina V.A., Mal'tseva O.I., Bulgakov D.S., Sychev S.N., Sychev K.S. [Application of principal component analysis to identify and compare natural wines. Part 2: Criteria of identity and similarity of dry red wines using a combination of principal component analysis and HPLC with spectrophotometric detection]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Wine-making and Viticulture], 2007, no. 3, pp. 30-32 (in Russian).136. Petrov V.I. Razrabotka skhemy identifikatsii natural'nykh vin po rezul'tatam ikh mul'tiеlementnogo analiza. Diss. kand. khim. nauk [Development of natural wines identification scheme based on the results of their multielement analysis. Cand. chem. sci. diss.]. Krasnodar, 2013. 157 p. (in Russian).137. Aramina A.A., Sadovoi V.V. [Assessment of compliance with regulatory requirements of wine production]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2011, no. 5-6, pp. 92-94 (in Russian).138. Duchowicz P.R., Giraudo M.A., Castro E.A., Pomilio A.B. Amino acid profiles and quantitative structure–property relationship models as markers for Merlot and Torrontes wines. Food Chemistry, 2013, vol. 140, pp. 210-216. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.064.139. Urbano M., Luque de Castro M. D., Pérez P. M., García-Olmo J., Gómez-Nieto M. A. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and pattern recognition methods for differentiation and classification of wines. Food Chemistry. 2006, vol. 97, pp. 166-175. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.001.140. Guilln D., Palma M., Natera R., Romero R., Barroso C. G. Determination of the Age of Sherry Wines by Regression Techniques Using Routine Parameters and Phenolic and Volatile Compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 2412-2417. doi:10.1021/jf048522b.141. Gerzhikova V.G., Zagoruiko V.A. [Quality control methods of the wine products]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2003, no. 5, pp. 24-26 (in Russian).142. Arozarena I., Casp A., Marin R., Navarro M. Multivariate differentiation of Spanish red wines according to region and variety. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2000, vol. 80, pp.1909-1917. doi:10.1002/1097-0010(200010)80:133.0.CO;2-U.143. Stupakova R.K., Sergeev E.N. [Wine quality control]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2001, no. 4, pp. 15 (in Russian).144. Seeber R., Sferlazzo G., Leardi R., Dalla Serra A., Versini G. Multivariate data analysis in classification of musts and wines of the same variety according to vintage year. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, vol 39, no. 10, pp 1764-1769. doi:10.1021/jf00010a014.145. Perestrelo R., Barros A.S., Cámara J.S., Rocha S.M. In-Depth Search Focused on Furans, Lactones, Volatile Phenols, and Acetals As Potential Age Markers of Madeira Wines by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Combined with Solid Phase Microextraction. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 3186-3204. doi:10.1021/jf104219t.146. Paneque P., Álvarez-Sotomayor Ma T., Clavijo A., Gómez I.A. Metal content in southern Spain wines and their classification according to origin and ageing. Microchemical Journal, 2010, vol. 94, pp. 175-179. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2009.10.017.147. Cuadros-Inostroza A., Giavalisco P., Hummel J., Eckardt A., Willmitzer L., Penfia-CorteÏs H. Discrimination of wine attributes by metabolome analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 2010, vol. 82, pp. 3573-3580. doi:10.1021/ac902678t.148. Khiabakhov T.S. [Basic conditions for the development of good practice winemaking]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2011, no. 5, pp. 8-9 (in Russian).149. Galitskaia Iu.N., Martynova T.A. [Perspectives of development of the wine industry on Kuban]. Izvestiia vuzov. Pishchevaia tekhnologiia [Proceedings of the universities. Food technology], 2006, no. 4, pp. 9-12 (in Russian).150. Kaishev V.G., Usachev A.M. [Viticulture and winemaking Russia. Development of production for 1999-2003., problems and prospects]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2004, no. 2, pp. 4-8 (in Russian).151. Tolokov N.R. [Legal regulation of wines by origin in Russia]. Vinodelie i vinogradarstvo [Winemaking and Viticulture], 2005, no. 2, pp. 9-10 (in Russian).152. Di Paola-Naranjo R.D, Baroni M.V, Podio N.S, Rubinstein H.R, Fabani M.P, Badini R.G, Inga M, Ostera H.A, Cagnoni M, Gallegos E, Gautier E, Peral-Garcia P, Hoogewerff J, Wunderlin D.A. Fingerprints for Main Varieties of Argentinean Wines: Terroir Differentiation by Inorganic, Organic, and Stable Isotopic Analyses Coupled to Chemometrics. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, vol. 59, pp. 7854-7865. doi:10.1021/jf2007419.153. Kallithraka S., Arvanitoyannis I.S., Kefalas P., El-Zajouli A., Soufleros E., Psarra E. Instrumental and sensory analysis of Greek wines; implementation of principal component analysis (PCA) for classification according to geographical origin. Food Chemistry, 2001, vol. 73, pp. 501-514. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00327-7.154. Nuñez M., Peсa R.M., Herrero C., Garcia-Martin S. Analysis of some metals in wine by means of capillary electrophoresis. Application to the differentiation of Ribeira Sacra Spanish red wines. Analusis, 2000, vol. 28, pp. 432-437. doi:10.1051/analusis:2000129.155. Galgano F., Favati F., Caruso M., Scarpa T., Palma A. Analysis of trace elements in southern Italian wines and their classification according to Provenance. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 2008, vol. 41, pp. 1808-1815. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2008.01.015.156. Díaz C., Conde J.E., Estévez D., Pérez Olivero S.J., Pérez Trujillo J.P. Application of multivariate analysis and artificial neural networks for the differentiation of red wines from the Canary Islands according to the Island of origin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 4303-4307. doi:10.1021/jf0343581.157. Soler F., Garcia-Rodrigues G., Perez-Lopez M., Hernandez-Moreno D. Characterization of "Ribera del Guadiana" and "Mйntrida" Spanish red wines by chemometric techniques based on their mineral contents. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2011, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 41-49.158. Frías S., Pérez Trujillo J., Peña E., Conde J. E. Classification and differentiation of bottled sweet wines of Canary Islands (Spain) by their metallic content. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2001, vol. 213, pp. 145-149. doi:10.1007/s002170100344.159. Frías S., Conde J.E., RodrıÏguez-Bencomo J.J., GarcıÏa-Montelongo F., Pérez Trujillo J.P. Classification of commercial wines from the Canary Islands (Spain) by chemometric techniques using metallic contents. Talanta, 2003, vol. 59, pp. 335-344. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00524-6.160. Kruzlicova D., Fiket Ź., Kniewald G. Classification of Croatian wine varieties using multivariate analysis of data obtained by high resolution ICP-MS analysis. Food Research International, 2013, vol. 54, pp. 621-626. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.053.161. Mar Castiñeira Gómez del M., Feldmann I., Jakubowski N., Andersson J.T. Classification of German white wines with certified brand of origin by multielement quantitation and pattern recognition techniques. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, vol. 5, pp. 2962-2974. doi:10.1021/jf035120f.162. Boschetti W., Rampazzo R.T., Dessuy M.B., Vale M.G., de Oliveira Rios A., Hertz P., Manfroi V., Celso P.G., Ferrгo M.F. Detection of the origin of Brazilian wines based on the determination of only four elements using high-resolution continuum source flame AAS. Talanta, 2013, vol. 111, pp. 147-155. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2013.02.060.163. Moreno I.M, González-Weller D., Gutierrez V., Marino M., Cameán A.M., González A.G., Hardisson A. Differentiation of two Canary DO red wines according to their metal content from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by using Probabilistic Neural Networks. Talanta, 2007, vol. 72, pp. 263-268. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.10.029.164. Rodrigues S.M., Otero M., Alves A.A., Coimbra J., Coimbra M.A., Pereira E., Duarte A.C. Elemental analysis for categorization of wines and authentication of their certified brand of origin. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2011, vol. 24, no. 4–5, pp. 548-562. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.12.003.165. Bentlin F.R.S., Pulgati F.H., Dressler V.L., Pozebon D. Elemental analysis of wines from South America and their classification according to country. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2011, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 327-336. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532011000200019.166. Gonzalvez A., Llorens A., Cervera M.L., Armenta S., de la Guardia M. Elemental fingerprint of wines from the protected designation of origin Valencia. Food Chemistry, 2009, vol. 112, pp. 26-34. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.043.167. Geana I., Iordache A., Ionete R., Marinescu A., Ranca A., Culea M. Geographical origin identification of Romanian wines by ICP-MS elemental analysis. Food Chemistry, 2013, vol. 138, pp. 1125–1134. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.104.168. Coetzee P.P., Steffens F.E., Eiselen R.J., Augustyn O.P., Balcaen L., Vanhaecke F. Multi-element analysis of South African wines by ICP-MS and their classification according to geographical origin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 5060-5066. doi:10.1021/jf048268n.169. Cozzolino D., Cynkar W.U., Shah N., Smith P.A. Can spectroscopy geographically classify Sauvignon Blanc wines from Australia and New Zealand?. Food Chemistry, 2011, vol. 126, pp. 673-678. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.005.170. Liu L., Cozzolino D., Cynkar W.U., Dambergs R.G., Janik L., O'Neill B.K., Colby C.B., Gishen M. Preliminary study on the application of visible–near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics to classify Riesling wines from different countries. Food Chemistry, 2008, vol. 106, pp. 781-786. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.015.171. Heberger K., Csomos E., Simon-Sarkadi S.L. Principal component and linear discriminant analyses of free amino acids and biogenic amines in hungarian wines. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 8055-8060. doi:10.1021/jf034851c.172. Galgano F., Caruso M., Perretti G., Favati F. Authentication of Italian red wines on the basis of the polyphenols and biogenic amines. European Food Research and Technology, 2011, vol. 232, pp. 889-897. doi:10.1007/s00217-011-1457-1.173. Jaitz L., Siegl K., Eder R., Rak G., Abranko L., Koellensperger G., Hann S. LC-MS/MS analysis of phenols for classification of red wine according to geographic origin, grape variety and vintage. Food Chemistry, 2010, vol. 122, pp. 366-372. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.053.174. Arozarena I., Casp A., Marin R., Navarro M. Differentiation of some Spanish wines according to variety and region based on their anthocyanin composition. European Food Research and Technology, 2000, vol. 212, pp. 108-112. doi:10.1007/s002170000212.175. Rastija V., Srečnik G., Marica-Medić-Šarić. Polyphenolic composition of Croatian wines with different geographical origins. Food Chemistry. 2009, vol. 115, pp. 54-60. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.071.176. Li Z., Pan Q., Jin Z., Mu L., Duan C. Comparison on phenolic compounds in Vitisvinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon wines from five wine-growing regions in China. Food Chemistry, 2011, vol. 125, pp. 77-83. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.039.177. Bellomarino S.A., Conlan X.A., Parker R.M., Barnett N.W., Adams M.J. Geographical classification of some Australian wines by discriminant analysis using HPLC with UV and chemiluminescence detection. Talanta, 2009, vol. 80, pp. 833-838. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2009.08.001.178. Rebolo S., Peсa R.M., Latorre M.J., GarcıÏa S., Botana A.M., Herrero C. Characterization of Galician (NW Spain) Ribeira Sacra wines using pattern recognition analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2000, vol. 417, pp. 211-220. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00929-6.179. Gremaud G., Quaile S., Piantini U., Pfammatter E., Corvi C. Characterization of Swiss vineyards using isotopic data in combination with trace elements and classical parameters. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2004, vol. 219, pp. 97-104. doi:10.1007/s00217-004-0919-0.180. Dutra S.V, Adami L, Marcon A.R, Carnieli G.J, Roani C.A, Spinelli F.R, Leonardelli S, Ducatti C, Moreira M.Z, Vanderlinde R. Determination of the geographical origin of Brazilian wines by isotope and mineral analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011, vol. 401, pp. 1571-1576. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5181-2.181. Almeida C.M., Vasconcelos M.T.S.D. ICP-MS determination of strontium isotope ratio in wine in order to be used as a fingerprint of its regional origin. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2001, vol. 16, pp. 607-611. doi:10.1039/B100307K.182. Liu L., Cozzolino D., Cynkar W.U., Gishen M., Colby C.B. Geographic Classification of Spanish and Australian Tempranillo Red Wines by Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, vol. 54, pp. 6754-6759. doi:10.1021/jf061528b.183. Brescia M.A, Kosir I.J, Caldarola V., Kidric J., Sacco A. Chemometric Classification of Apulian and Slovenian Wines Using 1H NMR and ICP-OES Together with HPICE Data. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 21-26. doi:10.1021/jf0206015.184. Adami L, Dutra S.V, Marcon A.R, Carnieli G.J, Roani C.A, Vanderlinde R. Geographic origin of southern Brazilian wines by carbon and oxygen isotope analyses // Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2010, vol. 24, no. 20, pp. 2943-2948. doi:10.1002/rcm.4726.185. Dutra S.V., Adami L., Marcon A.R., Carnieli G.J., Roani C.A., Spinellia F.R., Leonardelli S., Vanderlinde R. Characterization of wines according the geographical origin by analysis of isotopes and minerals and the influence of harvest on the isotope values. Food Chemistry, 2013, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 2148-2153. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.106.186. Kaunova A.A., Petrov V.I., Tsiupko, T.G., Tеmеrdashеv Z.A., Pеrеkotii V.V., Luk'ianov A.A. [Identification of wine provenance by ICP-AES multielement analysis], Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2013, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 917-922. doi:10.7868/S0044450213090065. ; Проведен анализ опубликованных работ и нормативных документов, посвященных вопросам контроля качества и региональной принадлежности вин. Рассмотрен химический состав винограда и изготавливаемой из него винодельческой продукции, показано его качественное и количественное изменение в процессе винификации, созревания и выдержки вин. Установлены основные группы соединений, содержания и соотношения которых определяют качественные характеристики вин, а также играют важную роль в формировании аромата и вкуса напитка. Обсуждены предпосылки развития рынка поддельной продукции и способы фальсификации вин. Проведен анализ научной литературы и нормативной базы, регламентирующей качество вин на территории России и стран Европейского союза, существующих подходов к определению их подлинности, указаны достоинства и недостатки. Обсуждены примеры использования различных критериев для установления натуральных и фальсифицированных вин, а также подходов их комплексной идентификации и создания системы оценки качества винодельческой продукции с помощью методов физико-химического анализа. Проанализированы основные методические подходы к установлению региональной принадлежности вин, сочетающие возможности современных методов анализа, математического моделирования и статистики, продемонстрированы примеры их использования на практике.Ключевые слова: вина, методы анализа, качество, подлинность, региональная принадлежность, фальсификация, математическое моделированиеDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001

In many low and middle income countries, dismal failures in the quality of public service delivery such as absenteeism among teachers and doctors and leakages of public funds have driven the agenda for better governance and accountability. This has raised interest in the idea that citizens can contribute to improved quality of service delivery by holding policy-makers and providers of services accountable. This proposition is particularly resonant when it comes to the human development sectors - health, education and social protection - which involve close interactions between providers and ci

This paper examines how the ability to access long-term debt affects firm-level growth volatility. The analysis finds that firms in industries with stronger preference to use long-term finance relative to short-term finance experience lower growth volatility in countries with better-developed financial systems, as these firms may benefit from reduced refinancing risk. Institutions that facilitate the availability of credit information and contract enforcement mitigate the refinancing risk and therefore growth volatility associated with short-term financing. Increased availability of long-term finance reduces growth volatility in crisis as well as non-crisis periods.

The external environment confronting Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is expected to remain difficult in the near term. Commodity prices are expected to remain low, and in 2016, growth in the region isforecast to drop to 2.5 percent from 3.0 percent in 2015 (World Bank forecast). There is considerable variation in economic performance across countries, with the slowdown concentrated among the region's largest commodity exporters. Growing economic vulnerabilities, amid weakened policy buffers, continue to pose challenges for policy makers. The balance of risks to the outlook remains tilted to the downside. The global risks include: (i) a sharper than expected slowdown in China (as the country rebalances growth toward consumption and services), (ii) a further decline in commodity prices, and (iii) tighter global financing conditions that would result in higher borrowing costs and reduced sovereign bond access for emerging and frontier countries. On the domestic front, delays in adjustment to external shocks in affected countries would create policy uncertainties that could weigh on investor sentiment and weaken the recovery.

At the time of independence in 2002, Timor-Leste had a seriously weak health system with only a handful of doctors in the country. In this context, the governments of Timor-Leste signed an agreement and the Cuban Medical Brigade started to train medical students and deploy them in the country, particularly in rural areas. While the initial massive shortage has now been minimized, there are concerns over more complex issues including facility functionality, rural retention, motivation, preferences and competence of health workers. The objectives of this survey were to understand the labor market dynamics among health workers, to learn more about the preferences and concerns of health workers, and to assess the skills, competence and motivation of doctors.

This Technical Note was prepared by IMF and WB staff in the context of the Financial Sector Assessment Program in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and overseen by the Monetary and Capital Markets Department, IMF, and the Financial and Private Sector Development Vice Presidency, World Bank. It contains technical analysis and detailed information underpinning the FSAP's findings and recommendations. A review of supervisory practices was conducted to assess progress towards implementation of the Basel Committee Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision. The system of banking supervision oversight has significantly improved since the last review in 2006, but shortcomings remain.

This report starts by presenting the international and Italian context of international remittance flows in the past decade, as a general framework of the study (chapter two). The connection between the labor market integration of migrants with the more general economic trends in their destination countries is a crucial issue in the current academic and political debate. Trends and impacts of the economic crisis reflect themselves in micro-behaviors and affect also the transnational activities of migrants. Chapter three presents the objectives of the research and the related survey design and sampling techniques for the fieldwork, while a specific methodological note is added at the end of the report on the fieldwork phase. Chapter four focuses on empirical findings from the analysis of the 480 interviews collected. After a brief description of demographic and economic conditions of interviewed migrants, the core of this section is devoted to the analysis of migrants' attitudes and behaviors in sending remittances, in engaging in investments and savings, and to explore changes across time and according to their occupational status at destination. In light of the global commitment to the reduction of remittance costs as a part of a more comprehensive strategy to foster the migration and development nexus, a specific section deals with remittance service providers and remittance costs revealing still room for improvement for the development of a competitive and transparent remittance market. The conclusive chapter highlights the main empirical findings and suggests further lines of analysis on migratory models, migrant economic integration and transnationalism from the collected empirical evidence.

Tajikistan is one of the world's most remittance-dependent economies, receiving net remittance inflows equivalent to approximately 40 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Falling remittance inflows was one of the main transmission channels through which the 2008-09 global economic crisis adversely impacted the economy. Conversely, the pickup in growth since 2009 can also be traced to the rebound in remittance inflows (primarily from Russia, where more than 90 percent of Tajik migrants work), which reached 42 percent of GDP in 2010 and an estimated 40 percent of GDP in 2011. As the World Bank's 2011 country economic memorandum has argued, future growth in Tajikistan will depend crucially on increasing efficiency and raising private investment rates. Remittances are likely to grow more slowly than the earlier trend over the last 5-6 years, but could nonetheless be a major contributor to future growth if more go into private investment than in the past.

Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (Salmonella Infantis) is consistently isolated from broiler chickens, pigs, and humans worldwide. This study investigated 93 epidemiologically unrelated Salmonella Infantis strains isolated in Germany between 2005 and 2008 in respect to their transmission along the food chain. Various phenotypic and genotypic methods were applied, and the pathogenicity and resistance gene repertoire was determined. Phenotypically, 66% of the strains were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials tested, while the others were almost all multidrug-resistant (two or more antimicrobial resistances), with different resistance profiles and preferentially isolated from broiler chickens. A number of phage types (PTs) were shared by strains from pigs, broiler chickens, and humans (predominated by PT 29). One, PT 1, was only detected in strains from pigs/pork and humans. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subdivided strains in seven different clusters, named A-G, consisting of 35 various XbaI profiles with coefficient of similarity values of 0.73-0.97. The majority of XbaI profiles were assigned to clusters A and C, and two predominant XbaI profiles were common in strains isolated from all sources investigated. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of selected strains representing the seven PFGE clusters revealed that they all belonged to ST32. The pathogenicity gene repertoire of 37 representative Salmonella Infantis strains analyzed by microarray was also identical. The resistance gene repertoire correlated perfectly with the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, and multidrug-resistant strains were associated with class 1 integrons. Overall, this study showed that two major closely related genotypes of Salmonella Infantis can transmit in Germany to humans through contaminated broiler meat or pork, and consequently presents a hazard for human health. -® Copyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2012

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Mexico. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

In this study, the population structure, incidence, and potential sources of human infection caused by the D-tartrate-fermenting variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B [S. Paratyphi B (DT+)] was investigated. In Germany, the serovar is frequently isolated from broilers. Therefore, a selection of 108 epidemiologically unrelated S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B (DT+) strains isolated in Germany between 2002 and 2010 especially from humans, poultry/poultry meat, and reptiles was investigated by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Strains isolated from poultry and products thereof were strongly associated with multilocus sequence type ST28 and showed antimicrobial multiresistance profiles. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis XbaI profiles were highly homogeneous, with only a few minor XbaI profile variants. All strains isolated from reptiles, except one, were strongly associated with ST88, another distantly related type. Most of the strains were susceptible to antimicrobial agents, and XbaI profiles were heterogeneous. Strains isolated from humans yielded seven sequence types (STs) clustering in three distantly related lineages. The first lineage, comprising five STs, represented mainly strains belonging to ST43 and ST149. The other two lineages were represented only by one ST each, ST28 and ST88. The relatedness of strains based on the pathogenicity gene repertoire (102 markers tested) was mostly in agreement with the multilocus sequence type. Because ST28 was frequently isolated from poultry but rarely in humans over the 9-year period investigated, overall, this study indicates that in Germany S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B (DT+) poses a health risk preferentially by contact with reptiles and, to a less extent, by exposure to poultry or poultry meat.

This study is part of the ongoing dialogue on reforming trade logistics, and facilitating trade and transportation in Central and South Asian countries. It presents key findings from several rounds of first-hand observations and interviews conducted with multiple stakeholders to measure the performance of key road transport corridors across the region, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and to some extent, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The study identifies obstacles that hinder efficient movement of goods along transport corridors, and offers recommendations for short- and medium-term reforms for participating country governments with particular emphasis on the performance of border crossings. The overall objective of this study is to provide basic information on transport corridor performance so that national policy makers and private sectors have a basis to open discussions on how they might cooperate to facilitate international trade and transport by addressing infrastructure and operational bottlenecks in the region.

Community-driven development (CDD) projects seek to empower communities, reduce poverty, and improve economic and social conditions of the poor, typically in rural and remote areas. No less important, CDD also typically addresses two persistent gender gaps: (1) women's lack of voice in public decision making, and (2) their poor access to services and markets. Much of the development community finds CDD to be appealing, and its use is widespread and growing. Nonetheless, the evidence to support the assumption that CDD effectively promotes development and enhances women's opportunities can be strengthened. Although most development projects have monitoring systems, these systems often focus more on outputs and less on outcomes and impacts. Such systems do not provide policymakers, managers, and stakeholders with an understanding of the success or failure of their projects or whether the well-being of the intended beneficiaries has improved.