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The paper concerns the syncretistic, evolutionary nature of political transformation in Po- land prior to the introduction of political plurality in mid-1989. The author refers to the studies published in his books: Wojciech Jaruzelski wobec wyzwañ swoich czasów [Wojciech Jaruzelski and the challenges of his time] (2003) and Los genera3a [The General's fate] (2008) where he confronts recorded facts with political propaganda. The evolution which eventually led to political plurality occurred in three stages. The first spanned the period ending when martial law was formally revoked after 586 days (on July 22, 1983), the second one was related to the office of Prime Minister that Wojciech Jaruzelski held (until September 25, 1985), and the third stage commenced when he gave up direct supervision of the government and assumed the office of Head of State (which continued to be combined with the actual power he held as 1st secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party (KC PZPR)). The last stage was to continue for nearly four years, excluding over 18 months of his presidency, held under completely different conditions. Yet these 18 months were significant for the evolutionary process of the handover of power. Jaruzelski took into consideration the international context, particularly the balance of power in the Kremlin. Real change took place there only after Mikhail Gorbachev assumed power on March 11, 1985. On May 29, 1985 the Polish parliament passed the law on the Constitutional Tribunal, announced three years earlier in an amendment to the Constitution of March 1982. On July 15, 1987 the parliament passed the law on the Defense of Human Rights. The State Tribunal began working at the same time. The first president of Poland after the transformation drew attention to these facts a few years later. The ex-President has become a skilful polemicist and political writer, documenting the peaceful political transformation in Poland after 1980.

In 2016 the first Strategy for Heating and Cooling of the European Union has shown that district heating and cooling networks can integrate renewable energies in an increasingly energy-efficient built environment. At the same time, the heating and cooling sector is probably the most diverse and least mapped component of the European energy system. The aim of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas is to improve the knowledge base for the geographical distribution of heat and cooling demands across Europe. Demand densities of the demanded thermal services themselves, the spatial coherence of these demands, and their location relative to sources of heating greatly affect the economy of district heating schemes compared to individual solutions. The objective is therefore to develop a comprehensive model, which can be used to a) quantify heat demands by density, b) group coherent areas with demands into prospective supply zones, c) produce supply curves for these zones, and d) ultimately calculate local energy mixes on the basis of allocated excess heat as well as renewable energy sources. The developed method spatially disaggregates national demand data to high-resolution geospatial data on urban structures. The resulting atlas allows for an advanced quantitative screening process, which can establish the basis for energy systems analyses relying on geographically explicit information on the heating demand and supply volumes and costs. The present paper presents version 4 of the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, which takes another step towards higher spatial resolution and confidence in comparison to its predecessors, version 1 to 3. For the first time, a 100 m resolution heat atlas of Europe is being presented, which may help describing the heating sector in the required spatial resolution. By means of spatial statistical analyses using ordinary least square linear regressions, multiple spatial inputs such as population, degree of built-up and its derivatives are turned into a coherent model of the urban tissue. Plot ratios ...

How is the protest behavior of citizens in new democracies influenced by their experience of the past? Certain theories of political socialization hold that cohorts reaching political maturity under dictatorship are subject to apathy. Yet, it remains unclear whether mobilization during the transition can counterbalance this effect. This article examines the protest behavior of citizens socialized in Eastern Germany, a region marked by two legacies: a legacy of autocracy and, following the 1989-90 revolution, a legacy of transitional mobilization. Using age-periodcohort models with data from the European Social Survey, the analysis assesses the evolution of gaps in protest across generations and time between East and West Germans. The results demonstrate that participation in demonstrations, petitions, and boycotts is lower for East Germans socialized under communism in comparison with West Germans from the same cohorts. This participation deficit remains stable over time and even increases for certain protest activities. ; This is the preprint version of a paper published in Comparative Sociology. Reference: Joly, Philippe. "Generations and Protest in Eastern Germany: Between Revolution and Apathy." Comparative Sociology 17, no. 6 (2018): 704–37. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341481. ; Inwiefern ist das Protestverhalten von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern durch ihre Vergangenheit beeinflusst? Theorien politischer Sozialisation behaupten, dass Kohorten, die in autokratischen Regimen aufgewachsen sind, in geringerem Umfang politisch teilhaben, als Kohorten, die in demokratischen Systemen sozialisiert wurden. Jedoch ist unklar, welchen Einfluss Zeiten hoher politischer Mobilisierung während des Übergangs von autokratischen zu demokratischen Systemen auf das zukünftige Protestverhalten derjenigen haben, die den Umbruch miterleben. Fraglich ist, ob dies dem autokratischen Erbe der politischen Teilnahmelosigkeit entgegenwirken kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht das Protestverhalten von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern, die in Ostdeutschland aufgewachsen und sozialisiert wurden. Die Region der ehemaligen DDR zeichnet sich durch zwei politische Vermächtnisse aus: Einerseits ein politisches Erbe aus Zeiten des sozialistischen Regimes, anderseits - der friedlichen Revolution von 1989 folgend - ein Erbe politischen Umbruchs und Neuanfangs. Mittels Alter-Perioden-Kohortenmodelle basierend auf Daten des European Social Surveys (ESS) kann die Entwicklung des Protestverhaltens verschiedener Generationen und in verschiedenen Zeiträumen im Vergleich von Ost- und Westdeutschen untersucht werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Teilnahme an Demonstrationen, Petitionen und Boykotts für Ostdeutsche, die in der ehemaligen DDR sozialisiert wurden, niedriger ist als für Westdeutsche derselben Kohorte. Das Teilhabedefizit bleibt über die Zeit bestehen und steigt für einige Protestformen sogar leicht an.

International audience ; The settlement of French Algeria produced various communal forms in order to appropriate and control the territory. The "communes mixtes", which developed in countryside from the 1870s, constitute new administrative districts and gather in the same limit "douars" and villages for settlers, the first inhabited by the Algerians, and the second, fitted out to welcome colonists' families. The production of these singular spaces creates diverse neighborhood, stemming from the implementation of what is called "official settlement" politics, which awards to every group of individuals its own space. At first sight, the body is missing in the administrative archives of the "commune mixte", but it is not totally unthought.Bodies are present when colonists' families take place in the houses of the new villages, when the Algerians move to work on the lands of these new owners, or when they sometimes settle in places devolved to the Europeans. This paper aims to consider the various ways the colonial body takes part in the space and the daily life of a territory to question issues of bodies' functions in domination and resistance strategies for all the people who live there. The village of Lacroix in the Algerian East will be the main case of the study. ; La colonisation de l'Algérie a généré la mise en place de maillages administratifs divers qui s'inscrivent dans un processus d'appropriation et de contrôle du territoire. Les communes mixtes, qui se développent dans les campagnes dès les années 1870, constituent des circonscriptions administratives inédites et rassemblent dans une même limite douars et village de colonisation, les premiers étant peuplés par les Algériens, et les seconds, aménagés pour accueillir des familles de colons. La production de ces espaces singuliers impose des formes de voisinages divers, issus de la mise en œuvre d'une politique dite « de colonisation officielle » qui attribue à chaque groupe d'individus son espace.De prime abord, le corps a peu de place dans les archives ...

Throughout the long postwar period, crisis was a conjectural phenomenon and the exception in a normalcy of growth and social progress. Many key concepts of the social sciences – indeed, our understanding of democracy, embedded markets, enlightened electorates, benevolent political elites, and problem-solving progressive alliances – seem inapt for understanding today's societal upheaval. In the wake of the financial crisis of 2008, we have witnessed the breakdown of majority alliances, the return of populism on a grand scale both in the Western world and globally, and the eruption into chaotic and sometimes violent social protests. The forces that underpinned the framework of welfare capitalism seem obsolete in the face of financial and political elites who are paradoxically both disconnected from national territory and sometimes in direct alliance with nationalist and populist movements. Politics of resentment, politics of place, and new politics of class interact in ways that we do not yet understand. Perhaps the greatest paradox of all is that neoliberalism has spawned authoritarianism. At the same time, these processes are not at all new, but must be put in the context of the socioeconomic and cultural cleavages produced by the shift to neoliberalism since the 1970s. The paper presents arguments by leading scholars in economic history, economic sociology, and political economy in brief thinknotes that were prepared for the MaxPo Fifth-Anniversary Conference on January 12 and 13, 2018, in Paris. ; Pendant le long après-guerre, les crises n'étaient qu'un phénomène conjoncturel et une exception par rapport au régime normal de croissance et de progrès social. De nombreux concepts fondamentaux des sciences sociales – la démocratie telle que nous la comprenons habituellement, avec ses marchés encastrés, ses électorats éclairés, ses élites politiques bienveillantes et ses alliances progressistes qui permettent de résoudre des problèmes – semblent inadaptés pour comprendre les bouleversements sociaux actuels. Dans le ...

In this dissertation, I analyse how, in the modern period, the different scientific domains dealing with music were divided, and how, at the same time, musical repertories were organised into a hierarchy. This research, focused on the French case, is based on a socio-historical enquiry and on several sources dating from the beginning of the seventeenth to the mid-twentieth century. Those sources are both manuscript andprinted, and range from administrative documents, scientific and museum archives, conference proceedings and other printed sources related to the Universal Exhibitions, to archives from the publishing sector and other pieces related to the collection and curating of musical instruments, songs and audio recordings. The following methods were mobilised : lexical analysis, textual sociology, databases and historicalethnography.The enquiry emphasizes a configuration of the process of making music a part of national heritage by the French State, which is also a long-term process of social differentiation through the music. Collecting and curating operations of musical objects were initiated by the Second Empire and consolidated by the Third Republic. These operations have contributed to make certain repertories anhistorical, and theserepertories, thus kept in a zone below history, were separated from a « modern » repertory, whose evolution was described first by comparative history of music and then by musicology. This separation is analysed as a symbolic domination system, which was enacted by several administrations (Public Instruction, Trading and Industry, Fine Arts, Colonies), produced and reproduced by different agents commissioned by the State (teachers and professors, academicians, curators, territorial leaders, etc.). The repertories which were « made primitive » during the second half of the nineteenth century were grouped under the generic appellation of « traditional musics » and constituted, in a second time, as objects of predilection for a particular discipline – ethnomusicology – born ...

International audience ; The ancient city of Cyrrhus-Nebi Huri occupies an ideal strategic position with a strong military characteristic and, on the field, its well preserved fortifications testify to this past. The urban boundaries that they materialize have been particularly studied by the Syro-Lebanese mission, which was able to observe that, unlike the other parts of the city, the southern walls of the Roman, Byzantine and Medieval periods do not follow the same line as that of the Hellenistic period. The search for the original line of these fortifications was initially carried out by focused archaeological excavation, which resulted in the image of a city of smaller dimensions but adapting to the relief, exploiting all the possibilities offered to the defense. In a second phase, the geophysical study, while confirming the archaeological discoveries, made it possible to uncover the entire course of the Hellenistic rampart and offers many new directions for further research. ; La cité antique de Cyrrhus-Nebi Houri occupe une position stratégique privilégiée qui a marqué d'un caractère éminemment militaire sa destinée et, sur le terrain, ses fortifications encore bien conservées témoignent de ce passé. Les limites urbaines que ces dernières matérialisent ont été particulièrement étudiées par la mission syro-libanaise qui a pu constater que, contrairement aux autres parties de la ville, les murailles méridionales des époques romaine, byzantine et médiévale n'épousent pas le même tracé que celui de la période hellénistique. La recherche du tracé d'origine de ces fortifications a été menée dans un premier temps au moyen de la fouille archéologique ciblée, qui a permis de restituer l'image d'une ville de moins grandes dimensions mais s'adaptant au relief afin d'en exploiter toutes les possibilités offertes à la défense. Dans un deuxième temps l'étude géophysique, tout en confirmant les découvertes archéologiques, a permis de connaître l'intégralité du tracé du rempart hellénistique et offre de nombreuses et ...

Critical infrastructures (CIs) provide essential goods and service for modern society. Their safety and reliability are primary concerns. The complexity of CIs calls for approaches of system analysis capable of viewing the problem from multiple perspectives. The focus of the present thesis is on the integration of the control perspective into the safety and reliability analysis of CIs. The integration is first approached by investigating the control properties of a small network system, i.e., an electric power microgrid. A simulation-based scheme is developed for the analysis from different perspectives: supply service, controllability and topology. An optimization-based model predictive control framework is proposed to analyze the microgrid under various failure scenarios. Then, a multi-perspective framework is developed to analyze CIs with respect to supply service, controllability and topology. This framework enables identifying the role of the CI elements and quantifying the consequences of scenarios of multiple failures, with respect to the different perspectives considered. To demonstrate the analysis framework, a benchmark network representative of a real gas transmission network across several countries of the European Union (EU) is considered as case study. At last, a multi-objective optimization framework is proposed for complex CIs design: design of network topology and allocation of link capacities are performed in an optimal way to minimize the non-supplied demand and the structural complexity of the system, while at the same time to maximize the system controllability. Investigation on the multiple objectives considered is performed to retrieve useful insights for system design. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the importance of developing frameworks of analysis of CIs that allow considering different perspectives relevant for CIs design, operation and protection. ; Les infrastructures critiques (CIs) sont essentielles au fonctionnement de la société moderne. Leur sécurité et leur fiabilité ...

This thesis uses a political economy frame to analyze Thailand's health system and its inequalities in health. After identifying the political actors of the health care system and the ideologies on which they are based, it examines the way in which the policies put in work have affected the health and the distribution of health. In Thailand, national trilogy "Nation-Buddhism-King" impregnated the whole political pattern, including health system. It also influenced political agents and political decision-makers in building the Thai social protection system. Influenced by utilitarianism and nationalism, the Ministry of Health had prioritized efficiency, rather than equality, and improved population health in order to increase economic growth. Due to Buddhism, some technocrats have launched health promotion policies based on the concept of Karma that reinforced individual responsibility for health, but ignored social inequalities that affected health-risk behaviors. Royal charities have provided health care for marginalized groups for long times, but many patients still were left untreated. Thanks to these actors, many health indicators were improved, but, at the same time, it increased health disparities between rich and poor, rural areas and urban areas, as between Bangkok and the poorest regions, North and Northeast. In 2001, Thai Rak Thai party launched a new health insurance program providing basic health care for all Thais. Although many reports confirmed the good results of a policy that reduced some inequalities and improved health care access for the poor, it raised the opposition from several stake-holders groups. This new program, based on equal opportunities and the right to health, unintentionally challenged the old policies and the old ideologies in health care justice. As a result, conflicts in health system as well as political instability as a whole constrained the development of new health policies for the next generations. ; Cette thèse a pour objet l'analyse du système de santé et des inégalités ...

Salmonella is the second leading cause of human zoonoses in the European Union and represents a major challenge for the pork industry. Serovars S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, implicated in human salmonellosis, are highly prevalent in pigs and also in human. The objectives of this research were to establish the infection dynamics in pigs by Salmonella under conventional and experimental rearing conditions, to evaluate pig colonization ability and pathogenicity in humans of the three serovars. In conventional farms, the serological monitoring of Salmonella antibodies allowed to evaluate the average age of seroconversion at 137 days and to identify a "farm effect" on the age of seroconversion. The first trial under experimental conditions revealed that pigs inoculated with the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium excreted this serovar continuously in the feces. At autopsy dates 21, 49 or 84 days after inoculation, Salmonella were found in the different parts of the intestine, in the lymph nodes and at very high levels in the tonsils. After passage through the digestive tract, different MLVA profiles from that of the inoculated strain were identified suggesting that the genome of the strain has evolved. The second attempt to compare the colonizing ability in the pigs of the three serovars showed that the dynamics of excretion and colonization were similar regardless of the serovar. However, the amount excreted was significantly different: higher with the monophasic variant compared to S. Typhimurium. The pathogenicity in humans of 15 strains of porcine origin belonging to the 3 serovars was evaluated in vivo on an insect model Galleria mellonella, and in vitro on Caco-2 cells. The strains were found to be potentially virulent. On Caco-2, the monophasic variant had the highest cell adhesion percentage and Derby, the lowest. Different levels of virulence were observed between strains of the same serovar. This work brought new knowledge on the Salmonella issue in the pig sector. ...

This thesis questions the contemporary European borders and tries to think of them by escaping the fragmentation in events that is specific to media standards and multiple political polemical discourses. First of all, it is a question of contextualizing the current lines and relocating them over the course of history. To that end, the research returns to the formalization of the states in Europe in the modern period, to understand how their territorial limits were defined and modern international relations were invented, before studying diachronically the multiple border reconfigurations on the continent between the 17th and the 21st century. Thus, in a constructivist perspective, this research restores the originality of the process of European construction and approaches synchronically the contemporary European Union through the prism of its borders and neighborhoods. This thesis aims at understanding the challenges of the post-Westphalian evolution of international relations through the European integration and its supranational dimension. At the same time, sovereignist and neo-Westphalian dynamics are approached at the historical moment when the EU is facing a crisis of internal legitimacy, and faces multiple geopolitical crises in its neighborhoods. In a second time, the thesis proposes to dwell on three regional spaces in order to question contemporary European neighborhoods as much from the point of view of neighboring states as from perspective of the border populations living and acting in these border areas. For that purpose, the thesis mobilizes observations and comprehensive interviews from fieldwork conducted in situ on each border area, using the methods and tools of sociology. More precisely, it concerns the Geneva basin, on the border between France and Switzerland, the South-East Balkan Peninsula region, where Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey meet, and finally the interface between Slovakia, Hungary and Ukraine in Central Europe. Beyond the historical singularities and the empirical diversities, the ...

The empire of Constantinople, after a century (969-1085) of domination over large part of oriental territories (Cilicia, Cyprus, North Syria and Djezireh) during which it exerted its influence over Jerusalem, had to restore its influence in this space from the end of the eleventh century. The arrival of new autonomous Christian players, Francs and Armenians, complicated the empire's political equation, which had not just to rebuild his domination over its old subjects, but also had to allow for these forces.The empire of Romanie lived in the East, at the same time of the Crusades, an intense period of redefinition of its regional reality, of its modes of running and of its political role. However, this experience, which lasted for two centuries, can't be confined to a simple projection of Constantinople's powerful onto this periphery.Despite the disruptions which hit the heart of the empire, from 1081 to 1289, the imperial reference persisted in the East under the Comneni, the Latin and Nicene emperors, and under the firsts Paleologues.The process was lasting because of the gradual redefinition of regional imperial identity. Its contours were varied by the addition of heterogenic elements, which contributed to complicate the imperial mark in the East.Oriental Romania was a solution to the political equation of local authorities (Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli and the kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia mainly) to succeed in their regional integration, combined with an imperial Constantinopolitan heir, including the Hellenic and Arabic East. ; L'empire de Constantinople, après un siècle (969-1085) de domination sur de vastes portions de l'Orient (Cilicie, Chypre, Syrie du Nord et Djézireh), et de rayonnement au-delà jusqu'à Jérusalem, dut reconstituer sa présence dans cet espace à partir de la fin du XIe siècle. L'arrivée de nouveaux acteurs chrétiens autonomes, Francs et Arméniens, compliqua l'équation politique de l'Empire, qui ne devait plus uniquement reconstruire sa domination sur ses anciens ...

International audience ; The 2015 Paris Agreement and the recent Quito New Urban Agenda both emphasised the need to empower cities in climate change policies, including energy policies that aim at energy transitions towards more energy efficiency and the use of renewable energies. Being both factors in and potential victims of climate change, cities have many reasons to act. Therefore, there is a need to examine how changes in urban governance could indeed address this necessity and the challenge cities have to face.This issue has been addressed in many studies and plans for cities in the Western and advanced industrial world. These first studies have highlighted several results. Firstly, instead of considering only climate change issues, they stressed the need to understand ecological pressures more widely, particularly the way global energy pressures, like peak oil threats or price increases have created energy stress for cities. Secondly, they also underlined how privatisation trends and the ascent of transnational energy firms reconfigured energy regulation by sidelining public energy utilities and companies. Thirdly, metropolisation, the concentration of wealth and power in the big metropolises, transforms urban governance. The role of states in energy regulation is thus undermined and metropolitan coalitions are more diverse and open to private and as well as local urban interests. Green growth becomes a new market for private firms, and metropolitan governments compete for jobs and investments in the sector. At the same time, ensuring the continuity of energy supply or of other infrastructure is another goal for metropolitan firms and authorities. This leads to newagendas, including local policies of energy transition, which combine the promotion of renewable energies and energy efficiency with the shortening of energy circuits.However, several factors that are favouring these changes in energy governance seem to be specific to world cities and might not apply in other contexts. The increasing – albeit ...

The Italian community was the most important in New York in 1920: there were three hundred and ninety-one thousand Italian immigrants in the city. Most of them lived in overcrowded tenements and their miserable living conditions required assistance. Among benevolent organizations, which helped Italian immigrants, was the Italian Welfare League (IWL) established in 1920 in New York. This association was unique because it was exclusively composed of women - that was not common in those days. These women were married to prominenti, which gave them opportunities to manage successfully their association. Lastly, the IWL favored the immigrants' progressive assimilation and was opposed to the American policy of Americanization of foreigners. Through the analysis of the Italian Welfare League activities from 1920 to 1965 (the year quotas laws were abolished), our thesis aims at demonstrating how coherent was the association's policy: could the IWL take part in Italian immigrants' assimilation and, at the same time, prevent them from losing their cultural identity? We have analysed the IWL's intermediary role between American society and Italians that the association tried to fulfil especially when the Italians' socio-economic situation (when settling in America or during the Great Depression) or the political context (the growth of Fascim and World War II) intensified the conflict of power between the Anglo-Americans and the foreigners. The IWL was torn between its benevolent mission through a better assimilation of Italian immigrants within the social system of their host society, and its desire to retain the italianity of these men and women. ; En 1920, les émigrés italiens représentaient la communauté la plus importante de New York : trois-cent-quatre-vingt-onze mille individus dont la plupart vivaient misérablement dans des tenements surpeuplés. Leurs conditions de vie difficiles nécessitaient que l'on s'occupât d'eux. Parmi les organisations caritatives qui vinrent en aide à la communauté italienne newyorkaise se ...

Why are motion pictures often attributed to authors – or "filmmakers" – while dozens of names and occupations appear in film credits? Following Foucault's definition of authorship as a form of appropriation, this dissertation focuses on copyright law and authorship battles in order to explain the origins and existence of film authors. Rather than considering authors as the individuals who "make" movies or as a fiction overshadowing the collective nature of filmmaking, I show that the attribution of films to authors is the result of the division of filmmaking labor and its power relations. This research uses a sociohistorical perspective and a transnational approach centered on the United States and France, where film authors are not granted the same authorship rights. It sheds light on the national, international and transnational dimensions of the appropriation of motion pictures. This study starts when film authors first appeared in copyright law: as early as the 1900s.The first part of this dissertation focuses on the writing of motion pictures' property rights from the birth of cinema to the passing of the French copyright law of 1957 and of the Copyright Act of 1976. After decades of battles, these laws provided different definitions of film authors and granted them with different property rights. Using legal publications, congressional records and reports, as well as film journals, I study French and American laws as the results of a codification process shaped by preexisting law and by the cooperation and power relations between lawyers, public officials, politicians and film organizations. A study of the revisions of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works also show the interdependency between national and international norms of film authorship and copyright law.The second part of the dissertation study the appropriation of motion pictures as a social relation based on the division of filmmaking labor and social labor. Film authorship battles which started in the 1910s ...