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During the first generations of European settlement in North America, a number of interconnected Northeastern families carved out private empires. In Bound by Bondage, Nicole Saffold Maskiell argues that slavery was a crucial component to the rise and enduring influence of this emergent aristocracy. Dynastic families built prestige based on shared notions of mastery, establishing sprawling manorial estates, and securing cross-colonial landholdings and trading networks that stretched from the Northeast to the South, the Caribbean, and beyond. The members of this elite class were mayors, governors, senators, judges, and presidents, and they were also some of the largest slaveholders in the North. Aspirations to power and status, grounded in the political economy of human servitude, ameliorated ethnic and religious rivalries, and united once antagonistic Anglo and Dutch families, ensuring that Dutch networks endured throughout the English and then Revolutionary periods. Using original research drawn from archives across several continents in multiple languages, Maskiell expertly traces the origin of these private familial empires back to the founding generations of the Northeastern colonies and follows their growth to the eve of the American Revolutionary War. Maskiell reveals a multi-racial Early America, where enslaved traders, woodsmen, millers, maids, bakers, and groomsmen developed expansive networks of their own that challenged the power of the elites, helping in escapes, in trade, and in simple camaraderie. In Bound by Bondage, Maskiell writes a new chapter in the history of early North America and connects developing Northern networks of merit to the invidious institution of slavery

Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- Table of Legislation -- Preface -- Introduction -- Notes -- 1. A history of the constitution and governance in Cameroon -- Introduction -- Part I. Background -- Part II. Colonial governance and administration -- A. The civil law and governance in French Cameroon -- B. The common law and governance in British Cameroons -- C. The decolonisation process -- I. French Cameroon -- II. Southern Cameroons -- Part III. Post-independence constitutional developments -- A. Federalism and the coexistence of French and British constitutional traditions -- B. The Glorious Revolution of May Twentieth and the demise of the Westminster model -- C. The return to multi-party democracy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 2. Executive power in the context of semi-presidentialism -- Introduction -- Part I. Semi-presidentialism and the structure of the executive -- A. Structure of the executive -- B. Semi-presidentialism and executive power -- Part II. The President -- A. Election -- B. Competencies and powers -- I. Appointment of the PM, the cabinet and other state officials -- II. Legislative powers -- III. Dissolution powers -- IV. Power to extend or abridge the parliamentary term -- V. Emergency powers -- VI. National defence and the military -- VII. Foreign affairs -- C. Accountability -- I. Immunity from prosecution -- II. Impeachment -- Part III. The PM and the government -- A. Powers of the PM -- I. Formation of government -- II. Policy implementation -- III. Regulatory powers -- B. Structure and role of government -- C. Accountability -- D. Accountability through good governance and anti-corruption strategies -- I. Declaration of assets -- II. The CONAC -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References.

"Editors Harris and Berry first conceived of this discussion -- one of the history and relationship between slavery and sexuality -- at a conference at the University of Texas at Austin in October 2011. The meeting encouraged a series of healthy dialogues with the general public, seasoned scholars, and those just beginning to learn about and research these topics of slavery and sexual intimacy. A select group of scholars met again in the fall of 2012 in New York to continue the conversation. This volume is a result of these ongoing conversations, with additional scholarly voices added as the project evolved. The volume places sexuality at the center of slavery studies in the Americas (the United States, Carribbean, and South America). In many mainstream histories of slavery, the editors argue that scholars have marginalized or simply overlooked the importance of sexual practices. But sexual intimacy comprised a core terrain of struggle between slaveholders and the enslaved. The essays explore consensual sexual intimacy and expression within slave communities, as well as sexual relationships across lines of race, status, and power. Contributors explore sexuality as a tool of control, exploitation and repression, and also as an expression of autonomy, resistance, and defiance. Essayists include Jim Downs, Sowande' Mustakeem, Bianca Premo, Marisa J. Guentes, Trevor Burnard, Jessica Millward, Leslie Harris, Thomas Foster, David Doddington, and Stephanie Jones-Rogers. All essays except those by Foster and Camp are new and were expressly written for this volume"--

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 A Brief History of Marine Litter Research -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Seabirds and Seals-The First Signs of Trouble -- 1.3 The Early 1970s-Pellets and Other Problems in the North Atlantic -- 1.4 Shifting Focus to the North Pacific Ocean -- 1.5 Into the Southern Hemisphere -- 1.6 Aloha-The Marine Debris Conferences -- 1.7 Mitigation Measures and Long-Term Changes in Marine Litter -- 1.8 Plastic Degradation and the Microplastic Boom -- 1.9 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Part I Abiotic Aspects of Marine Litter Pollution -- 2 Global Distribution, Composition and Abundance of Marine Litter -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Composition -- 2.3 Distribution -- 2.3.1 Beaches -- 2.3.2 Floating Marine Debris -- 2.3.3 Seafloor -- 2.3.4 Microplastics -- 2.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Persistence of Plastic Litter in the Oceans -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Buoyancy and Sampling Errors -- 3.3 Fate of Plastics Entering the Oceans -- 3.3.1 Photo-Oxidative Degradation -- 3.3.2 Mechanisms of Photo-Oxidation -- 3.3.3 Weathering Under Marine Conditions -- 3.4 Microplastics in the Oceans -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Biological Implications of Marine Litter -- 4 Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Entanglement -- 4.2.1 Ways of Entanglement -- 4.2.2 Effects of Entanglement -- 4.3 Smothering -- 4.4 Ingestion of Plastic -- 4.4.1 Ways of Plastic Ingestion -- 4.4.1.1 Intentional Ingestion -- Foraging Strategy -- Color -- Age -- Sex -- 4.4.1.2 Accidental and Secondary Ingestion -- 4.4.2 Impacts of Plastic Ingestion -- 4.4.2.1 Direct Mortality Caused by Plastic Ingestion -- 4.4.3 Indirect Physical Effects of Plastic Ingestion -- 4.4.3.1 Chemical Effects from Plastic Ingestion.

From the beginning, academic research on Gypsies in Western Europe has presented their nomadic way of life as their most important and essential feature, a key pillar of their community identity. Measures for their sedentarisation were perceived as a shackle in a chain of persecutions, and the policy of sedentarisation conducted in the 1950s–1970s in Central, South-Eastern, and Eastern Europe has continuously been interpreted as an example of the crimes of the communist regimes against the human and cultural rights of Roma. What has been missing, however, in these interpretations is the stance on the issue of nomadism as expressed by the Roma themselves and, more specifically, by the Roma civic elite: namely, by the Roma activists who initiated the Roma civic emancipation and created the first Roma organizations in the regions. In recent years, a need to critically re-think the field of Romani Studies in order to take into account the viewpoint of the studied community comes in the foreground of academic and civil society discussions. Such re-consideration is unavoidable also in studying the field of Roma history. This article strives to fill this knowledge gap and to initiate a new discussion about the issue of the so-called Gypsy nomadism. The viewpoints on this issue, coming from the Roma civic elite itself, are presented primarily on the basis of historical evidence from the interwar period, but are not limited to its framework. Finally, later historical developments in the issue of Roma activists' approach to Gypsy nomadism will also be outlined, including its contemporary dimensions.

This article bridges the gap between the intellectual history and critical geography of neoliberalism through a study of the overlooked figure of the German economist Herbert Giersch. As a public economist and director of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy from 1969 to 1989, Giersch blended German traditions of location theory with liberal globalism to lay the foundation of a neoliberal economic geography. We show the origins of globalism at Kiel through the work of the institute's founder, Bernhard Harms, and Giersch's influences, including Johann Heinrich von Thünen, August Lösch, and Alfred Weber. We argue that Giersch's neoliberal economic geography emerged out of two perceived necessities in the 1970s. On the one hand, he saw a need to reorient German industry through import competition with the global South. On the other hand, he felt the need for an ethically defensible global imaginary to pose against both traditional German social democracy and the promise of the global South's New International Economic Order. In his metaphor of a landscape of so-called Schumpeterian volcanoes in which regions were locked in perpetual struggle for temporary monopoly positions against competitors, Giersch provided a powerful distillation of the geographic imaginary at the heart of the neoliberal movement since the 1970s. ; Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich / This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.

Ludwig M. Lachmann was born in Berlin in 1906 and died in Johannesburg in 1990. For more than forty years, until his retirement in 1972, Lachmann established himself as a prominent South African economist and for a time served as head of the economics department at the University of Witwatersrand. From 1974 to 1987, he worked with Professor Israel Kirzner in New York City to give new shape and life to the older Austrian school of economics. Lachmann influenced a small army of modern Austrians to discard the elaborate formalisms of orthodox economics for a "radical subjectivism" that had its roots in the teachings of the founder of the Austrian school, Carl Menger. Here a small platoon of scholars offer their thoughts about Lachmann, his contributions to economic reasoning, and his eccentric but engaging character. First hand reports explain what their mentor taught and what his students took away. Lavoie makes the case that Lachmann's "radical subjectivism" took a rhetorical turn toward the end of Lachmann's career in New York City. In addition, Kirzner reports on his long and most productive relationship with Lachmann and provides additional insights about the seminal role of the Austrian Economics Seminar at New York University from 1985 to 1987 in giving shape to the modern Austrian revival. This article is the written version of a "Remembrance and Appreciation Session" held on June 28, 1999 at the History of Economics Society meeting at the University of North Carolina in Greensboro. It is one of an ongoing series that appears in the July issues of this journal.

Crises have been characterized as situations of extreme collective stress which exhibit the 'prompt overloading of communication channels, the massive invasion of volunteers on the scene of the crisis, the spreading of rumours, the seemingly irrational aversion of the population to smoothly organized professional relief and immediate allegations concerning who is to be blamed and who is taking advantage of the emergency situation'(Rosenthal, Hart't and Charles, 1989: 16). All of these phases, elements and characteristics were present to some degree when, on 23 April 1990, the Bogan River broke through the Nyngan levee in western New South Wales, Australia, and caused damage estimated at AUD$50 million.Floods occur occasionally in most Australian rivers. The main cause is excessive rainfall but flooding is exacerbated by clearing catchment areas or by blocking or obstructing water courses. In 1819, Governor Macquarie chastised new settlers for their 'willful and wayward habits of placing their residences within the reach of floods, and in putting at defiance that impetuous element which it is not for man to contend with'(quoted in Higgins and Robinson, 1981). Given the history and frequency of major flooding in Australia (Douglas, 1979), it is reasonable to question why these natural hazards have the routine tendency to become disasters of varying degrees of severity (Jarman and Kouzmin, 1991).This paper looks at the flooding of Nyngan in 1990 and examines events as they relate to existing and extended models of disaster management and decision‐making.

The origin of the Midwest Association for Latin American Studies is found in the decade of the 1950s, at which time the Pan American Union fostered the establishment of five regional councils for Latin American studies. In April 1958, the American Council of Learned Societies suggested the creation of a national organization to coordinate the activities of the numerous separate groups in the United States concerned with Latin America. During November 1958, a symposium on Latin American studies was held in Chicago, sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Newberry Library, with the assistance of the Hispanic Foundation of the Library of Congress. A second conference on Latin American Studies in the United States, financed by grants from the Creole Foundation and the American Council of Learned Societies, followed at Sagamore, New York in August 1959. This conference decided to establish the Association for Latin American Studies (ALAS), and an organizing committee was named at Sagamore. It was agreed that ALAS would also aid and encourage regional conferences for Latin American studies. The organizing committee met in Denver, Colorado, 1 October 1959, at the time of the Seventh UNESCO Conference and set up an interim executive committee for ALAS consisting of Preston E. James (Syracuse University, Geography), chairman; A. Curtis Wilgus (University of Florida, History); Robert Wauchope (Tulane University, Anthropology); and Harvey L. Johnson (Indiana University, Spanish-Portuguese), secretary-treasurer. Council members of ALAS included A. W. Bork (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale).

Abstract: "Generally, discussions about today's maritime security challenges are placed in a context of the present controversy between China and Japan over islands in the East China Sea, and between China and four Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries over islands and maritime territory in the South China Sea. However, the international community today is confronted with a reality that is different from simple territorial conflict. This reality is governed by the Chinese-US relationship and the impact of globalization on maritime security. In both respects, concerns over developments in East Asia are even more salient than if they were a reflection of traditional regional disputes. Considering the EU's dependence on East Asian developments, it should examine the possibility of a stronger security policy engagement and concern itself more urgently with questions of maritime security in the region."

Intro -- Foreword: Erosion of US Democracy and International Disorder -- Foreword: Learning from Contemporary History -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: Introduction: The United States, the Middle East, Syria, and Ukraine-A Dialectical Approach on Recent History -- Chapter 2: The US Republic and Its Transformation into an Oligarchic Tyranny -- 2.1 Nazi-Fascism and the Phenomenon of Mutazione dello Stato -- 2.2 The Wall Street Plot Against Franklin D. Roosevelt´s Administration in 1933 -- 2.3 The Accusation of General Smedley D. Butler and the McCormack-Dickstein Committee -- 2.4 Big Business: The Prescott Bush Family and the Transfer of Resources to Hitler -- Chapter 3: The Military-Industrial Complex in the West and the Opposing Power Sphere in the East -- 3.1 Spheres of Influences After the Second World War: Free World Versus Iron Curtain -- 3.2 NATO´s ``To Keep the Americans In, the Russians Out and the Germans Down´´ -- 3.3 McCarthyism and the Denunciation of the Military-Industrial Complex by Eisenhower -- 3.4 Military Democracy and the Growth of Social Inequality in the United States -- Chapter 4: 9/11 and the Accelerated Mutation of the American Republic -- 4.1 September 11: The Decay of Democracy and Mutazione dello Stato in the United States -- 4.2 The War on Terror, the Patriot Act, and the Military Commission Act -- 4.3 The Implementation of ``White Fascism,´´ Without Black or Brown Shirts -- 4.4 Torture: The Concentration Camp in Guantnamo and the Secret CIA Prisons (Black Sites) in Eastern Europe -- Chapter 5: An Astonishing Continuity: From George W. Bush to Barack Obama -- 5.1 Support for Right-Wing Catholic and Evangelical Organizations -- 5.2 Racism and Police Repression in the United States -- 5.3 The Weakening of George W. Bush´s Administration.

This report measures progress achieved against the stated milestones of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategic Plan 2004-2008, for the year 2005. In 2005, following two of the most challenging years in polio eradication, the world moved several critical milestones closer to eradication. Egypt and Niger successfully interrupted indigenous polio virus transmission, reducing the number of polio-endemic countries from six to four - the lowest in history. By the end of 2005, India and Pakistan were recording their lowest levels ever of polio transmission. New vaccines targeting type-specific polio - monovalent oral polio vaccines (mOPVs) - were developed with record speed and used for the first time in India and Egypt in April and May 2005. Unprecedented financial support from long-standing and new donors ensured ongoing intensification of eradication activities in Africa and Asia. And the epidemic of 2003-2005 was brought under control in most re-infected countries, with 14 out of 22 again stopping the disease. The feasibility of polio eradication in the near future was reaffirmed by the Advisory Committee on Polio Eradication (ACPE), the independent technical oversight body of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Convening in Geneva, Switzerland in October 2005, the group concluded that the progress in stopping virus transmission, together with the introduction of the new mOPVs, had moved the eradication effort into its final phase in all countries but one: Nigeria. The ACPE stated that with sufficient resources, expanded use of mOPVs and high-quality vaccination campaigns, all polio-affected countries except Nigeria could stop this disease in 2006. The ACPE added, however, that stopping polio in Nigeria would require at least an additional 12 months, even if the quality of immunization activities is dramatically improved in five critical states in the north of the country. In the first quarter of 2006, Nigeria has nearly four times as many cases compared to the sameperiodin2005.Fivenorthernstatesnowaccountformorethanhalfofallglobalcases and represent the greatest risk of renewed international spread of wild poliovirus. These states in northern Nigeria form the only area in the world with uncontrolled transmission of poliovirus (where year-to-year incidence of polio continues to rise), at the start of 2006. However, since nationwide immunizations resumed in late 2004, other parts of Nigeria have made progress. The south of the country is again polio-free; and by the end of 2005, only 13 of 37 states continued to report cases. In 2006, the highest priority is to interrupt polio transmission swiftly in all affected countries, and to help the world remain polio-free while special efforts are made in Nigeria to reach all children in the five key northern states. Simultaneously, preparations will continue for the eventual cessation of OPV use in routine immunization, after confirmation that wild poliovirus has been stopped and appropriately contained. At the start of 2006, the global effort to eradicate polio underwent the most significant strategic shift since the global initiative began in 1988, with massive programmatic implications. Strategically guided by the ACPE, , use of mOPVs will be dramatically scaled up. It is expected that nearly one billion doses of mOPV will be administered in 2006, compared to 500 million doses in 2005. At the same time, any country re-infected in 2006 must conduct outbreak response in line with standing recommendations issued by the ACPE. The key to success in implementing this massive strategic shift will be the continued support of the international community, most notably in filling the 2006-2008 funding gap of US$ 485 million. The world now has a historic opportunity to ensure that everyone - present and future generations in all countries - shares equally in the benefits of a polio- free world. ; 1. Executive summary -- 2. Highlights & challenges 2005 -- 3. Strategic objectives -- 3.1 Interruption of poliovirus transmission -- 3.2 Certification of global polio eradication -- 3.3 Development of products for the global OPV cessation phase -- 3.4 Mainstreaming of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative -- 4. International political commitments -- 5. Donors -- 6. Glossary of terms ; "WHO/POLIO/06.02." ; On cover: logos for World Health Organization, Rotary International, CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), UNICEF. ; Available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (4.34 MB, 46 p.).

The Parliament (Seimas) of the Republic of Lithuania the year 2021 declared as the year of the history and culture of Lithuanian Tatars. Lithuanian Tatars have left a bright footprint in the history of Lithuania, and they are a part of its history as well. The descendants of the Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania live in three countries: Lithuania, Belarus and Poland, and their compatriots – in Crimea, Tatarstan and Turkey. Among the events of the commemorating programme of the Year of the History and Culture of Lithuanian Tatars, which was approved by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, is the international scientific conference "Tatars in the History and Culture of Lithuania from the 14th to the 21st Centuries: the latest researches", which took place on the 9th–11thofSeptember2021 at the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University live and remotely. International conferences, dedicated to the research of Lithuanian Tatar history, culture, writing and religion, are being organized periodically in Lithuania. As well as at the other conferences, the manuscript heritage (kitabistics) of Lithuanian Tatars – the field of researches, which is being the mostly developed – was discussed at this conference too. ; Сейм Литовской Республики провозгласил 2021 год годом истории и культуры литовских татар. Литовские татары оставили значительный след в истории Литвы и являются частью его история. Потомки татар Великого княжества Литовского проживают в трех странах: Литве, Беларуси и Польше, а их соотечественники – в Крыму, Татарстане и Турции. В программе мероприятий, посвященных Году истории и культуры литовцев в Литве, утвержденных Правительством Литовской Республики, входила международная научная конференция Татары в истории и культуре Литвы XIV-XXI вв. (9–11 сентября 2021 г.), проходившая в смешанном (оффлайн/онлайн) режиме на филологическом факультете Вильнюсского университета. Как и на других периодически проводимых в Литве международных конференциях, посвященных исследованию истории, культуры, письменности и религии литовских татар, на данной конференции обсуждалась наиболее развитая область исследований татарской культуры – рукописное наследие (китабистика). Totoriai Lietuvos istorijoje ir kultūroje XIV–XXIa.: naujausi tyrimai Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas 2021 metus paskelbė Lietuvos totorių istorijos ir kultūros metais. Lietuvos totoriai paliko ryškų pėdsaką Lietuvos istorijoje, yra jos istorijos dalis. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštijos totorių palikuonys gyvena trijose valstybėse: Lietuvoje, Baltarusijoje ir Lenkijoje, o jų tautiečiai Kryme, Tatarstane, Turkijoje. Patvirtintoje Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės Lietuvos totorių istorijos ir kultūros metų minėjimo renginių programoje buvo numatyta tarptautinė mokslinė konferencijaTotoriai Lietuvos istorijoje ir kultūroje XIV–XXI a.: naujausi tyrimai,kuri įvyko 2021 m. rugsėjo 9–11 d. Vilniaus universiteto Filologijos fakultete gyvai ir nuotoliniu būdu. Kai ir kitose Lietuvoje periodiškai rengiamose tarptautinėse konferencijose, kurios skirtos Lietuvos totorių istorijos, kultūros, raštijos ir religijos tyrimams, šioje konferencijoje buvo aptarta labiausiai plėtojama totorių kultūros tyrimų sritis – rankraštinis paveldas (kitabistika). Reikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos totoriai, istorija, kultūra, VU konferencijos, kitabistika

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- I. Introduction -- 1 The Technical, Political and Socio-Economic Challenges of Governing Nuclear Waste -- Lessons learnt -- On the contents and contributions in this Volume -- References -- II. "The Big 4"- China, Russia, South Korea and Japan -- 2 A Long Way Off. Nuclear Waste Governance in China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nuclear waste disposal in China -- 2.1 Historical background of development of nuclear power -- 2.2 The national inventory for spent fuel -- 2.3 The (interim) storage sites -- 2.4 The waste management strategy (with current waste disposal plan/concept) -- 2.4.1 Strategy for HLW deep geological disposal -- 3 The legal and institutional framework -- 3.1 The legal framework -- 3.2 The institutional framework -- 4 Siting procedures -- 4.1 Procedures and criteria for site selection -- 5 Information and participation -- 6 Costs and financing -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 A Profitable Business Strategy? Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management in Russia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nuclear waste disposal in Russia -- 2.1 Historical background -- 2.2 The national inventory -- 2.2.1 Radioactive waste management -- 2.2.2 Spent nuclear fuel management -- 2.3 The (interim) storage sites -- 2.4 The waste management strategy (with current waste disposal plan/concept) -- 3 The legal and institutional framework -- 3.1 The legal framework -- 3.2 The institutional framework -- 3.3 Siting procedures -- 3.3.1 Procedures and criteria for site selection -- 3.3.2 Compensation mechanisms and socio-economic impact -- 4 Information and participation -- 5 Costs and financing -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Transitioning Away from Opaque Governance. Nuclear Waste Policy in South Korea -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nuclear power policy and the nuclear waste inventory.

AbstractThis article argues that China is advancing its relations with Iran and Pakistan based on pragmatic balancing, a key component of soft balancing, to safeguard and advance national self‐interest. China's relationship with Pakistan is based on shared interests to counter the Indian hegemony in South Asia and end the Chinese energy security dilemma through an overland route of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The bilateral relationship has enhanced and expanded over the years, despite steep transformations in regional geopolitics. Meanwhile, abundant Iranian energy reserves and Tehran's willingness to support China against the United States in the Middle East encouraged the Chinese leadership to sign a strategic deal with no significant ramifications for Pakistan and CPEC. The fair‐weather friendship between China and Iran remains limited in scope, often suspending cooperation in various domains, including energy and defense. Nonetheless, an all‐weather friendship between China and Pakistan sustained the collaboration of security, economy, and diplomacy, meticulously representing sincerity and cordiality.Related ArticlesBishwakarma, Jham Kumar, and Zongshan Hu. 2021. "Problems and Prospects for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)." Politics & Policy 50(1): 154–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12443.Singh, Amit, and Amit Sarwal. 2017. "Paraspara, Encounters, and Confluences: India's Soft Power Objective in the Indo‐Pacific Region." Politics & Policy 45(5): 733–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12222.Zaidi, Syed Muhammad Saad. 2020. "American Global Supremacy under Threat? The Chinese Factor." Politics & Policy 49(2): 502–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12402.