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State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol thereto — Article 5(2)(b) — Proceedings before United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether victim of alleged violation of Covenant required to exhaust remedies of an exceptional nature — Application for conditional release — Whether a remedy
The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Denial by authorities — Right to fair and public trial — Trial by military court — Accused not properly represented — Trial held in camera — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether accused required to exhaust remedies of an extraordinary nature — Application for conditional release — Whether a remedy — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Allegations of torture and inhuman treatment — Failure to provide adequate machinery to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Right to be tried without undue delay — United Nations Human Rights CommitteeState responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Detention under prompt security measures — Failure to provide adequate machinery to challenge legality of arrest and detention — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Communication to United Nations Human Rights CommitteeThe individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention under "prompt security measures" — Allegations of torture and inhuman treatment — Right to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Right to be brought before a judge and tried without undue delay — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Articles 9, 10 and 14 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Communication under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and Optional Protocol thereto — Evidence — Principle of audiatur et altera pars — Burden of proof
259 The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Arrest without charge — Detention incommunicado — Allegations of cruel treatment and torture — Right of detained persons to be treated with humanity and dignity — Habeas corpus not available — Right to trial — Right to be informed of charges — Right to life — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Evidence — Principle audiatur et altera pars — Burden of proof

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — Communication to United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether any effective remedies available to alleged victim
International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Procedure — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal — Evidence — Burden of proof
The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without charge — Detainee held incommunicado — Allegation of torture — Right to fair trial — Right to trial without undue delay — Habeas corpus not available — Trial held in closed session — Accused not properly represented — Punishment of accused for political opinions — Deprivation of political rights — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal — Evidence — Burden of proof

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Duty to take adequate measures to protect the life of detainees — Failure to provide adequate machinery to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Duty of State party to investigate allegations of violation — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party — Burden of proof — United Nations Human Rights CommitteeState responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Proceedings before United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Effectiveness of remedies before military courts — EvidenceState responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action or inaction — Duty to investigate allegations of violation of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party — Burden of proof — United Nations Human Rights Committee354The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Right to challenge legality of arrest and detention — Right to trial without undue delay — Right to be brought promptly before a judge — Duty to take adequate measures to protect life of detainee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Effectiveness of remedies before military courts — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Articles 6, 9 and 14 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party — Burden of proof — Duty of State party to investigate allegations of violations

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Refusal to issue passport to citizen abroad — Right to leave any country — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 12(2) — 0ptional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee
International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Jurisdiction under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, and Optional Protocol thereto — Competence to consider communication from citizen living abroad
235The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to leave any country — Refusal to issue passport to citizen living abroad — Freedom of expression — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 12(2) and 19 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Competence — Whether within jurisdiction of national authorities to issue passport to citizen living abroad — Procedure — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — Proceedings before United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether victim of alleged violation of Covenant required to exhaust remedies of an exceptional nature — Appeal proceedings still in process — Whether unreasonably prolonged
Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Entry into force — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Alleged violation beginning before entry into force of Covenant and Optional Protocol thereto — Continuing violation — United Nations Human Rights Committee
The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Allegations of torture and ill-treatment — Right to trial within a reasonable time — Trial by military court — Right to prepare defence and choose defence counsel — Forced confession — Exhaustion of local remedies — Whether accused required to exhaust remedies of an extraordinary nature — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

29The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Persecution for trade union activities — Detention without trial — Abduction — Arbitrary arrest and detention — Detention incommunicado — Allegations of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment — Forced confessions — Delay of trial — Proper legal representation — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Findings of facts in absence of evidence from State party — Whether derogations from Covenant justifiable — Allegations of violations on territory of another State — Whether considerations by Committee barred — Whether violations within scope of application of Covenant

The individual in international law — In general — Before international tribunals — United Nations Human Rights Committee International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 Optional Protocol — Whether provisions of Protocol applicable only to States — Procedural standing of individual complainantInternational organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Individual petition — Jurisdiction — Procedure — Communication under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and Optional Protocol183The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without trial — Solitary confinement — Right to fair trial — Trial by military court — Trial not held in public — Right to trial without undue delay — Accused not properly represented or informed of charges — Allegations of torture — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Right of individual petition directly to Committee — Whether Covenant and Protocol applicable only to States — Evidence — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Absence of evidence of effective remedies — U.N. Human Rights CommitteeTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Entry into force — Inter — national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Alleged violation beginning before entry into force of Covenant — Continuing violation — Whether complaint admissible — U.N. Human Rights CommitteeThe individual in International law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without access to lawyer or family — Habeas corpus not available — Harsh conditions of detention — Allegations of torture — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Date of entry into force — Date of alleged violations — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Right of individual petition — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Evidence — Burden of proof

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Inter — national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Proceedings before U.N. Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Effectiveness of remedies before a military court — Whether victim of alleged violation of Covenant required to exhaust remedies of an exceptional nature — Whether State party entitled to raise question of domestic remedies after communicationhas been declared admissibleThe individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention incommunicado — Inhuman and degrading treatment — Habeas corpus not available — Trial held in closed session — Accused not properly represented — Retroactive application of penal laws — Punishment of accused for political opinions — Deprivation of political rights — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Effectiveness of remedies before military courts — Whether accused required to exhaust remedies of an extraordinary nature — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party — Whether State party entitled to raise question of domestic remedies after communication has been declared admissible

444The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Torture — Detention without trial — Failure to provide adequate machinery for challenging legality of arrest — Exhaustion of local remedies — U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Right of individual petition — Burden of proof