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Classical critical discourse analyses were used to examine processes of polarization in parliamentary debates on enfranchisement of foreign residents in the Netherlands & Belgium during the 1980s, revealing problems in crossnational comparisons of racism/ethnocentrism. It is noted that nonnational residents in the Netherlands were allowed to vote in municipal elections in 1985, but not until 1998 in Belgium. The dominant ideology thesis; Yasemin Soysal's (1994) theoretical framework on postnational membership; & Rogers Brubaker's (1992) theory of cultural idioms/national styles of thought were used to assess the importance of ethnocentrism in the debates & outcomes. The dominant ideology theory did not allow for variations at the level of theory & both Soysal & Brubaker rely on the assumption that unambiguous debate is directly translated into policy outcomes. It is contended that the local enfranchisement debate is not controlled by a single discourse or ideology, & is best studied as a struggle between different political discourses/ideological narratives. In particular, the impact of colonial history on conceptions of national identity is pivotal for understanding differences between Belgium & the Netherlands. 38 References. J. Lindroth

With increasing growth and development of E-commerce and a rapid increase in the number of Internet Users, government assessment of current protections granted to consumers in their states is encouraged. The author's purpose is to examine national legislation on e-commerce regulation and its limits, to resolve jurisdictional conflict of laws associated with e-commerce, and to propose possible solutions to these emerging problems. This article covers market functions between business and consumer transactions. First, government should not ignore consumer e-commerce since e-commerce trade is significant on both national and international levels. Secondly, the author pushes for an extensive effort to unify legislative measures relating to business transactions. This article examines whether international laws governing the jurisdiction of States could be applied to international e-commerce. Secondly, the author explains how principles in concurrent jurisdictions should be prioritized. Thirdly, an attempt to establish how principles in a concurrent jurisdiction should be prioritized is analyzed. This article ends with a discussion of possible solutions to how legislative jurisdiction should be developed and followed in international e-commerce.

Classical critical discourse analyses were used to examine processes of polarization in parliamentary debates on enfranchisement of foreign residents in the Netherlands & Belgium during the 1980s, revealing problems in crossnational comparisons of racism/ethnocentrism. It is noted that nonnational residents in the Netherlands were allowed to vote in municipal elections in 1985, but not until 1998 in Belgium. The dominant ideology thesis; Yasemin Soysal's (1994) theoretical framework on postnational membership; & Rogers Brubaker's (1992) theory of cultural idioms/national styles of thought were used to assess the importance of ethnocentrism in the debates & outcomes. The dominant ideology theory did not allow for variations at the level of theory & both Soysal & Brubaker rely on the assumption that unambiguous debate is directly translated into policy outcomes. It is contended that the local enfranchisement debate is not controlled by a single discourse or ideology, & is best studied as a struggle between different political discourses/ideological narratives. In particular, the impact of colonial history on conceptions of national identity is pivotal for understanding differences between Belgium & the Netherlands. 38 References. J. Lindroth

The author discusses the problems faced by the fishermen of Riveira (Galicia), as they deal with the fishing regulations of Galicia's autonomous government. These regulations hinder with red tape the strategies of small, skillful fishermen and put the profitability of their work at risk. He concludes by pointing out that, for fishermen, legitimate regulations are only those fishermen help to draft and enforce. In their view, any successful fishing system depends on shared, responsible management. ; A partir del contexto pesquero de la población de Riveira (Galicia), el autor plantea la problemática generada entre los pescadores por las normativas dictadas por la administración autonómica en materia de alternancia de artes, en tanto que suponen un bloqueo administrativo que incide sobre las estrategias económicas de los productores menores y artesanales, poniendo en peligro la rentabilidad de sus unidades productivas. Asimismo concluye que tanto en la elaboración como en la aplicación y control de estas regulaciones la participación de los pescadores es decisiva para que éstos las perciban como legítimas, pues sólo la gestión compartida y responsable garantiza el éxito del sistema de gestión de los recursos pesqueros.

Three sets of problems are set forth in detail. These sets outline the most significant totalitarian features of today's Croatian political & social life. The first set is the ideological project of national sovereignty, defined by the platform of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). The second set relates to the systemic position of the HDZ's president as head of state. The third deals with the HDZ's policy toward the neighboring state of Bosnia & Herzegovina. This analysis shows that the central problem of Croatian political circumstances lies in the inability of the HDZ to structure the public & political space as a state, & social field as a civil society. Thus, the HDZ generates totalitarian tendencies in today's Croatian state. However, these are not the dominant features of Croatian political & social regime, since the HDZ is not ideologically & politically powerful enough to shape the Croatian state & society on its own. The second Croatian republic has not become a totalitarian community, but an authoritarian state with marked totalitarian features, but also with an increasingly more pronounced democratic & liberal potential. Adapted from the source document.

This paper provides a European perspective on how agricultural policies have developed in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). The goal is to dispel the myth that exists in some places in the US, particularly inside the beltway in Washington, DC, that the EU and the US are diametrically opposed in their approaches to agriculture. The EU and US do in fact share a common attitude towards farming and, as a result, their policies are converging very rapidly. In addition, all is well for successful negotiations to take place in Geneva on further liberalization of world trade in farm products. This liberalization of markets is already underway and will be to the mutual benefit of both the EU and the US. This paper also addresses the current problems encountered in the trade of agricultural products, such as hormone treated beef and genetically modified (GM) crops; how these products relate to the concerns of European citizens about food safety; and how the EU is trying to resolve these concerns in the interest of greater trade across the Atlantic. ; Includes bibliographical references

Our goal is to extend the research on the political importance of social networks by investigating the role of networks in shaping citizen responses to changes in the law. We emphasize the development of special-purpose social networks to cope with changing legal requirements & analyze these networks from a problem-solving perspective. The empirical focus of the work is taxpayers' adaptation to the 1986 Tax Reform Act. The results from a panel survey of 475 taxpayers demonstrate that specialized, weak-tie networks play a critical role in shaping responses to legal change. More important problems (ie, tax increases) stimulate search among broader networks. Broader networks, in turn, lead to greater knowledge about the 1986 Tax Reform Act. Both taxpayer attitudes & motivation bias network search: taxpayers seek like-minded discussants, & bigger tax increases lead to more noncompliant weak-tie discussants. Finally, the attitudes of weak-tie discussants produce changes in taxpayers' attitudes about compliance, confirming the important role of networks in shaping compliance behavior. 5 Tables, 1 Appendix, 38 References. Adapted from the source document.

The notion social class attains a well-defined theoretical content in the works of the classical political economists, who defined classes on the basis of die specific income form that each category of people (class) obtains. This approach to class constitutes a first form of a "friendly merger" between political economy and sociology. When combined with the classical labor value theory, it has led to a theory of class exploitation of the laboring class by the capitalist class. As economic theory became increasingly apologetic after the "Marginalist Revolution" (setting itself the aim of justifying capitalism), the theory of class has been totally banished from the corpus of "modern (neoclassical) economic science." This paper claims that the scientific elements inherent in classical political economy's class theory were preserved by the Marxist class theory, which further revolutionized the classical approach, creating a new, purely non-economistic and non-mechanistic "relationist" class theory, and forming thus a vivid economic-sociological approach to social classes. On the basis of the Marxist approach, complex problems concerning the class structure of contemporary societies can be tackled.

Scholars and policymakers generally assume that multilateral cooperation is a necessary condition for economic sanctions to be of any use. However, previous statistical tests of this assumption have shown that sanctions are more successful with lower levels of cooperation. This puzzle calls into question established theories of economic statecraft as well as theories of international cooperation. In this article I test possible explanations for the ineffectiveness of multilateral cooperation on sanctions events using James Fearon's (1998) breakdown of cooperation into bargaining and enforcement phases as a framework for discussion The empirical results show that when multilateral economic sanctions fail, their failure is due to enforcement, not bargaining problems Without the support of an international organization, cooperating states backslide from promises of cooperation Backsliding occurs because of domestic political pressures and uncertainty about the intentions of the other sanctioning countries; backsliding causes an initial burst of cooperative behavior to decay over time. Without institutional support, cooperation is worse than useless—it is counterproductive. This result suggests that international cooperation is a more fragile equilibrium than previously thought but undercuts realist arguments that international organizations are unimportant.

Ethnie Discrimination in the Recruitment of Youth : a Psychosocial Analysis.
Mohammed Rebzani.
Research into racism in employment in France is frequently carried out by sociologists. It has cast light on several points : proof of discriminatory behaviour in the professional environment ; difficulties in assessing the problem due to inadequate statistics and labour control - different forms of discrimination: illegal and legal such as is found in the French civil service ; different forms of rejection - code used by recruitors to interpret in temporary job agencies, rejection by colleagues and co-workers, graffiti and bad humours — position of trade unions when faced with racism in employment ; etc.
However, some elements of analysis are left in the dark. It concerns notably employers' System of representation - an important factor which influences ethnie discrimination in the recruitment - and the reaction of the young people discriminated against. We have examinated these aspects through psychosocial processes which are at the heart of this phenomenon. Also, we must indicate the importance of these aspects when improving a System to make people more aware of the problems encountered in the working environment.

Nicknaming his city "Dear Old Lady Thrift,"Milwaukee Journalwriter Richard Davis chastised city leaders for failing to build a "great city." His unflattering portrait pictured post–World War II Milwaukee as a "plump and smiling city . … [sitting] in complacent shabbiness on the west shore of Lake Michigan like a wealthy old lady in black alpaca taking her ease on the beach." He continued, "All her slips are showing, but she doesn't mind a bit" (Davis 1947: 189, 191). Reprinted in theMilwaukee Journaltwo weeks before voters went to the polls to decide if the city would reverse its debt-free policy to finance postwar development, Davis's depiction warned that Milwaukee was a chaotic andin efficient metropolis in danger of falling behind("Not So Fair Is America's Fair City"Milwaukee Journal[hereafterMJ], 16 March 1947). Her thriftiness bordered on stinginess, her complacency slipped into indolence, and her neglected femininity bespoke disorder. City leaders' frugality, rooted in a tradition of cautious municipal fiscal policies, big city problems mismatched with small town attitudes, and public "indifference," Davis contended, threatened the postwar city.

Balance theories were an important research program in social psychology and sociology. Initiated by the Austrian psychologist Fritz Heider a number of theories with a different degree of complexity and a varying domain of applications was developed. Beyond their theoretical and empirical insights balance theories played a decisive role in the methodological discussions between the fifties and seventies. In this paper a reconstruction of two balance-theory-elements is given: the original theory by Heider, that deals with cognitive entities, and an advanced theory proposed by (Holland, Leinhardt 1971), that deals with interpersonal relations. On the basis of these reconstructions, the problems surrounding the empirical applications of balance theories are analyzed. Starting with the core application some balance theorists suggested to enlarge the domain of intended applications. A short excerpt of some central arguments demonstrates that the intended systems of the balance theory were controversial. In this case the 'method of autodetermination' should be applied: the theory's formalism itself is left with the
responsibility of deciding what its applications are to be. This example demonstrates again, that the domain of applications is independent of the theory's core.

Einstellungen zu aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Fragen.

Themen: wichtigstes nationales Problem; wichtigstes internationales
Problem; Länder im Konflikt mit der BRD; Hauptprobleme und Differenzen
zwischen BRD und USA; Hauptprobleme zwischen BRD und anderen Ländern;
Meinung über Frankreich, Großbritannien, USA, UdSSR, Rot-China; Gründe
für negative und positive Einstellung zu den Ländern USA, UdSSR und
China; Vertrauen in die USA und die UdSSR bei der Behandlung von
Weltproblemen; Gründe für geringes Vertrauen in die USA und UdSSR;
Bemühen der USA und der UdSSR um den Weltfrieden; Verhältnis der USA zur
UdSSR; stärkste derzeitige Atommacht; Stärkste Atommacht in 5 Jahren;
gewünschte stärkste Atommacht; Gründe für Wunsch nach ausgeglichenem
Nuklearpotential zwischen USA und UdSSR; Kenntnis der
SALT-Verhandlungen; Teilnehmerstaaten der SALT-Verhandlungen; Zweck und
Erfolgschancen der SALT-Verhandlungen; Nutznießer eines Abkommens
zwischen USA und UdSSR; Verlaß auf USA bei Verhandlungen;
Sicherheitskonferenz; Bedrohung der nationalen Sicherheit Deutschlands;
Beistand für BRD im Konfliktfall; Kenntnis internationaler
Organisationen; Zweck der NATO; Mitgliedschaft in der NATO; Gründe für
gewünschte Mitgliedschaft; Vertrauen in Verteidigungsfähigkeit der NATO;
Truppenstationierungen in Westeuropa; Reduktion der US-Truppenstärke in
Europa; Notwendigkeit der USA für die Sicherheit Westeuropas;
Verteidigungsbudget der BRD; Marinestreitkräfte im Mittelmeer; stärkste
Seemacht im Mittelmeer; Verhältnis Israel und arabische Staaten;
Unterstützung der BRD für Israel; Bedeutung des Ausganges des
Nahostkonfliktes für die BRD; Friedensprozess im Nahen Osten;
europäischer Einigungsprozess; Kompetenzen einer europäischen Regierung;
Haltung der USA zur europäischen Integration; Lösung des Problems der
Umweltverschmutzung durch internationale Organisationen;
Wirtschaftshilfe für andere Staaten.

Demographie: Alter; Familienstand; Bildung; Beruf; Einkommen;
Konfession; Kirchgang; Geschlecht; Ortsgröße; Bundesland.

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Schwierigkeit; Endzeit; Interviewdatum; Interviewer-Nummer.