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Cities are investing in data-driven smart technologies to improve performance and efficiency and to generate a vast amount of data. Finding the opportunities to innovatively use this data help governments and authorities to forecast, respond, and plan for future scenarios. Access to real-time data and information can provide effective services that improve productivity, resulting in environmental, social, and economic benefits. It also assists in the decision-making process and provides opportunities for community engagement and participation by improving digital literacy and culture. This paper aims to review and analyze current practices of data-driven smart applications that contribute to the smooth functioning of urban city systems and the problems they face. The research methodology is qualitative: a systematic and extensive literature review carried out by PRISMA method. Data and information from different case studies carried out globally assisted in the inductive approach. Content analysis identified smart city indicators and related criteria in the case study examples. The study concluded that smart people, smart living, and smart governance methods that have come into practice at a later stage are as important as smart mobility, smart environments, and smart economy measures that were implemented early on, and cities are opening up to new, transparent participatory governance approaches where citizens play a key role. It also illustrates that the current new wave of smart cities with real time data are promoting citizen participation focusing on human, social capital as an essential component in future cities.

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSIC ; Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M ; In the movement towards building greener and more sustainable cities, real estate developers are increasingly embracing not only green building construction but broader strategies and action related to urban greening. To date, their motivations and role in this broader urban greening dynamic remains underexplored, yet essential to dissect how greening is sustained and real estate development legitimized in revitalizing neighborhoods. With an eye to better understand green urban capitalist development processes underway amidst financialized nature and urban growth, and the equity impacts they entail, we explore residential real estate developers urban greening discourses and practices. Through a novel dataset of 42 interviews with private and non-profit residential real estate developers in 15 mid-sized American, Western European and Canadian cities, we uncover three differentiated but interconnected discourses around (i) financial benefits, (ii) consumer- or investor-driven demand and (iii) social dimensions behind developers' interest in urban greening. We argue that developers embark on urban green grabbing through "green" discursive and material value appropriation and rent extraction strategies. Urban green grabbing is conceptually useful in depicting who benefits and how/when developers extract additional rent, surplus value, social capital and/or prestige from locating new residential projects adjacent to new or up-and-coming green amenities. Our work contributes to debates about urban greening's perceived position as a value-producing and rent-extracting good from both a political economy and political ecology perspective

Cities are investing in data-driven smart technologies to improve performance and efficiency and to generate a vast amount of data. Finding the opportunities to innovatively use this data help governments and authorities to forecast, respond, and plan for future scenarios. Access to real-time data and information can provide effective services that improve productivity, resulting in environmental, social, and economic benefits. It also assists in the decision-making process and provides opportunities for community engagement and participation by improving digital literacy and culture. This paper aims to review and analyze current practices of data-driven smart applications that contribute to the smooth functioning of urban city systems and the problems they face. The research methodology is qualitative: a systematic and extensive literature review carried out by PRISMA method. Data and information from different case studies carried out globally assisted in the inductive approach. Content analysis identified smart city indicators and related criteria in the case study examples. The study concluded that smart people, smart living, and smart governance methods that have come into practice at a later stage are as important as smart mobility, smart environments, and smart economy measures that were implemented early on, and cities are opening up to new, transparent participatory governance approaches where citizens play a key role. It also illustrates that the current new wave of smart cities with real time data are promoting citizen participation focusing on human, social capital as an essential component in future cities.

AbstractThe objective of this article is to systematically assess and identify factors affecting risk disparity due to infrastructure service disruptions in extreme weather events. We propose a household service gap model that characterizes societal risks at the household level by examining service disruptions as threats, level of tolerance of households to disruptions as susceptibility, and experienced hardship as an indicator for the realized impacts of risk. The concept of "zone of tolerance" for the service disruptions was encapsulated to account for different capabilities of the households to endure the adverse impacts. The model was tested and validated in the context of power outages through survey data from the residents of Harris County in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017. The results show that households' need for utility service, preparedness level, the existence of substitutes, possession of social capital, previous experience with disasters, and risk communication affect the zone of tolerance within which households cope with service outages. In addition, sociodemographic characteristics, such as race and residence type, are shown to influence the zone of tolerance, and hence the level of hardship experienced by the affected households. The results reveal that population subgroups show variations in the tolerance level of service disruptions. The findings highlight the importance of integrating social dimensions into the resilience planning of infrastructure systems. The proposed model and results enable human‐centric hazards mitigation and resilience planning to effectively reduce the risk disparity of vulnerable populations to service disruptions in disasters.

Abstract
This article aims to conduct a preliminary comparative study on different models of citizens' participation in Chinese societies. In examining citizen policing in Chinese societies, this article covers the major geographical locations in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. By using thematic analysis, this article has identified three main themes to assess volunteer policing in three Chinese societies, which all connect to the concepts of institutions and social capital: institutional development, institutional impact, and Guanxi as a common socio-cultural challenge. The role of citizens in law enforcement work is contextualized in the different forms of governments in these three societies. In China, there is a lack of legislature at the central level to regulate auxiliary police forces. The local governments developed various forms of auxiliary police systems monitored by public security authorities. Hong Kong, due to its former status as a British colony, has developed a well-established model of the modern auxiliary police system. In Taiwan, the auxiliary police system was influenced by both Chinese institutional development and the Japanese colony; however, a lack of detailed legislature at the local level is found, which has impacted the implementation of volunteer policing. Despite the difference, three of them all have faced the common challenges affected by Guanxi, which is the rudimentary dynamic in personalized social networks of power and is a crucial system of beliefs in Chinese culture. The author concludes that the institutional factors and Guanxi are important determinants of successful implementation of volunteer policing in three Chinese societies.

Climate change affects the functioning of all the components of food systems, often in ways that exacerbate existing predicaments and inequalities between regions of the world and groups in society. At the same time, food systems are a major cause for climate change, accounting for a third of all greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, food systems can and should play a much bigger role in climate policies. This policy brief highlights nine actions points for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the food systems. The policy brief shows that numerous practices, technologies, knowledge and social capital already exist for climate action in the food systems, with multiple synergies with other important goals such as the conservation of biodiversity, safeguarding of ecosystem services, sustainable land management and reducing social and gender inequalities. Many of these solutions are presently being applied at local scales around the world, even if not at sufficient levels. Hence, the major effort for unleashing their potential would involve overcoming various technical, political- economic and structural barriers for their much wider application. Some other solutions require research and development investments now but focus on helping us meet the longer-term challenges of climate change on food systems in the second half of this century when most existing food production practices will face unprecedented challenges. In the short term, these pro- poor policy changes and support systems can create a range of positive changes well beyond food systems without delay. In the long-term, investments in research will help ensure food security and ecosystem integrity for coming generations.

Purpose: Communism, being one of the most repressive systems, influences the whole spec-trum of behaviors of individuals, groups, and society. Countries that changed their politi-cal system start a journey of external (economic, social) and internal (personal, interper-sonal, group) changes. The post-communist burden determines human behavior, and man-agers and leaders should pay attention to these consequences. The research deals with the perception of creative identities (a creator, artist, manager, entrepreneur, and leader) by the society of post-communist countries compared to countries without communist history. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitive research (n = 160) among people from a dozen nations; chi-square test of independence used; qualitative analysis of feature differences. Findings: There are no statistical differences in the perception of the creative identities of a creator, artist, manager, entrepreneur, and leader between citizens of post-communist and non-communist countries. Practical implications: The study in perception of the particular creative identities might have practical implications for managers and leaders of groups, and business organiza-tions dominated or not by creative individuals. These differences are shown in detail, and links between this research results and the literature are built. Originality value: The originality of the research lies in the conclusion that societies that finished their intercourse with communism more than one generation ago (ca. 30 years) should be perceived similarly to non-communist societies. Perception of the creative indi-viduals' social capital by these societies does not show essential discrepancies. ; peer-reviewed

Under conditions of limited time, resources, and attention, appraisal of responses to threats of industrial pollution presents formidable challenges for governance and disaster preparedness. A community's social dynamics could very well explain how the responses to such perturbations are made and what inherent traits of the household community make them adaptive to disasters. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches in research this study looked at the collective action and adaptive capacity communities affected by an oil spill. Questionnaire was fielded out to elicit data on communities' quantitative level of adaptive capacity and focus group discussion, in- depth interviews, observations, and narrative analysis were employed for qualitative data. The oil spill experience reveals three forms of collectivity: actions through formal organizations, informal organizations and spontaneous actions-all anchored on residents' varying motives, and intentions. Collective action when harnessed by personal agency results into desired trajectories thus strengthening communities' adaptive capacity. A household adaptive capacity index (HACI) consisting of demographic structure, economic well-being interconnecttivity to higher level processes, and dependence on a resource- as indicator of measuring adaptive capacity was devised and employed in selective communities affected by oil spill in Guimaras, Philippines. Ten percent or 88 households were randomly selected as survey respondents. In the outcome, the communities were fairly adaptable (with HACI of 55.43) to the perturbations. It was concluded that a strong social capital, high economic well-being, and less dependence on a single resource for livelihood made the household highly adaptable to environmental stresses.

This article examines how COVID-19 Pandemic to be a moment for Islamist group in radicalizing the communities. In many studies have explained that Islam Defend Movement 212 as the biggest moment for Islamism arising. Post 212 movement there was no significance issue to trigger the society. Therefore COVID 19 Pandemic to be islamism consolidation that actually has been fragmented. This reserach used netnography method where the researcher make digital world to be a field of research. Data was collected by observing communities in Facebook groups managed and commented on by the Jambi community. Data was also obtained by collecting online news in Jambi Province. In addition, to add data, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 10 informants. Then the reseracher interpreted the symbols, images, and communication patterns that took place in the Facebook group and online media. Furthermore, the data is displayed, analyzed and concluded with the stages carried out in netnographic research. Research findings that COVID 19 Pandemic was capitalised for "anti China" issues and to be a tool to criticise Joko Widodo government because his policy about social distancing has been limited Muslim rituals out of home. The research analysis that COVID 19 Pandemic has been a significance momentum to nurture and to consolidate Islamist group who have experienced at least the issues and the stage for taking action and preserving the views of Islamism. This article discusses that the COVID-19 Pandemic as a curriculum for internalizing Islamism will become a social capital to realize the ideological agendas of radical groups.

Collaborative governance and social capital can help to form a resilient community in the wake of a disaster, such as the eruptions of Mount Merapi in Indonesia. This study examines the successfulness of the handling of disasters in Indonesia, with particular focus on eruptions of Mount Merapi. Disasters foster a close relationship between the government and the community in response to the emergency. This study uses a mixed method to analyse social networks in evaluating the structure of disaster networks in Indonesia and their implications for disaster management. Data were collected via a survey of 100 respondents from 28 institutions representing, for practical purposes, each population identified by each institution (government, non-governmental organisations and volunteers) that participated in handling the Merapi eruption disaster. The findings revealed that considerable miscommunication between institutions reduced the effectiveness of disaster management so that close discussion about conflict resolution was needed to develop more mature and systematic planning. Inter-agency trust is also felt to be necessary in disaster management. Trust between agency members and other institutions strongly supports the success of systematic disaster management. Meanwhile, every institution must foster open leadership by giving individuals with precise knowledge of the situation and the condition of the disaster area a mandate to lead directly in the field. Disaster governance is carried out through the agreement of each institution formed in the Disaster Emergency Planning (Rencana Penanggulangan Kedaruratan Bencana – RPKB) guidelines. These guidelines expect the Government and the community to coordinate with each other in a structured and systematic manner in the process of disaster management.

Air sebagai kebutuhan utama kehidupan, seharusnya dapat terpenuhi secara kuantitas, kualitas, terjangkau, dan kontinu. Namun masih banyak masyarakat yang belum mendapatkan air bersih yang layak, terutama masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah di perdesaan dan pinggiran kota. Program PAMSIMAS adalah salah satu program andalan Pemerintah di dalam penyediaan air bersih dan sanitasi bagi masyarakat perdesaan dan pinggiran kota melalui pendekatan berbasis masyarakat. Kekuatan pembangunan air minum dan sanitasi perdesaan sangat bertumpu pada modal social yang dimiliki masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah. Program PAMSIMAS memberikan dukungan besar untuk mendorong terwujudnya keberlanjutan system penyediaan air minum dan sanitasi agar masyarakat dan pemerintah desa dapat mengarusutamakan pendekatan PAMSIMAS dalam kebijakan desanya dan agar mampu meneruskan/memelihara keberlanjutan pengelolaan Program PAMSIMAS. ; Water as the main necessity of life should be fulfilled in quantity, quality, affordability, and continuously. However, there are many people still do not get proper clean water, especially in rural and suburban areas. The PAMSIMAS program is one of the mainstay programs of the Government that provides clean water and sanitation for rural and suburban communities through a community-based approach. The strength of developing drinking water and rural sanitation is very dependent on the social capital of community and local government. The PAMSIMAS program provides great support to encourage the realization of the sustainability of the water supply and sanitation system so that the community and village government can be focus in the PAMSIMAS approach in their village policies and to be able to maintain the sustainability of the PAMSIMAS program management.

Air sebagai kebutuhan utama kehidupan, seharusnya dapat terpenuhi secara kuantitas, kualitas, terjangkau, dan kontinu. Namun masih banyak masyarakat yang belum mendapatkan air bersih yang layak, terutama masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah di perdesaan dan pinggiran kota. Program PAMSIMAS adalah salah satu program andalan Pemerintah di dalam penyediaan air bersih dan sanitasi bagi masyarakat perdesaan dan pinggiran kota melalui pendekatan berbasis masyarakat. Kekuatan pembangunan air minum dan sanitasi perdesaan sangat bertumpu pada modal social yang dimiliki masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah. Program PAMSIMAS memberikan dukungan besar untuk mendorong terwujudnya keberlanjutan system penyediaan air minum dan sanitasi agar masyarakat dan pemerintah desa dapat mengarusutamakan pendekatan PAMSIMAS dalam kebijakan desanya dan agar mampu meneruskan/memelihara keberlanjutan pengelolaan Program PAMSIMAS. ; Water as the main necessity of life should be fulfilled in quantity, quality, affordability, and continuously. However, there are many people still do not get proper clean water, especially in rural and suburban areas. The PAMSIMAS program is one of the mainstay programs of the Government that provides clean water and sanitation for rural and suburban communities through a community-based approach. The strength of developing drinking water and rural sanitation is very dependent on the social capital of community and local government. The PAMSIMAS program provides great support to encourage the realization of the sustainability of the water supply and sanitation system so that the community and village government can be focus in the PAMSIMAS approach in their village policies and to be able to maintain the sustainability of the PAMSIMAS program management.

Natural laboratories (NLs) have received growing attention as sites of competitive advantage for scientific and technological development afforded by their unique geographic characteristics. Emerging economies are increasingly seeking to capitalize on the scientific potential of NLs and the technological and economic spillovers they may create, frequently by collaborating with international expert communities. This study explores the policy strategies to harness NLs for technological learning and institutional capacity building with a particular focus on international collaboration. We draw upon an in-depth case study of one of the world's most prominent NLs, the astronomic observatory cluster in the Atacama Desert in Chile, slated to concentrate more than 70% of the world's astronomical infrastructure by 2025. We develop a conceptual framework for spillover generation associated with NLs to capture the processes by which institutional, knowledge, infrastructure, economic, and social capital spillovers were generated or missed. We find that spillover generation is a complex systemic phenomenon with links between different spillover types, including trade-offs between positive and negative spillovers. Our findings suggest that host countries can—and arguably should—design custom-tailored policy strategies and collaborative frameworks in ways that strengthen local opportunities early on (e.g., through formalized participation strategies or regular renegotiations) to avoid NLs becoming enclaves dominated by international partners. Governments should pursue inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable policy strategies to harness the long-term scientific, social, and economic benefits of NLs. Without such strategies, NLs risk reinforcing patterns of dependency and inequality, both nationally and internationally.

Muslims in Karangasem are relatively homogeneous since they originate from the Sasak tribe, Lombok. The story of the conquest of the kingdom in Lombok by the Kingdom of Karangasem turned out to be the beginning of the Sasak tribe Muslims occupying 25 of the 26 Islamic villages, except the Saren Javanese Islamic Village from Demak, Java. The pattern of settlement through the Islamic Village further spreads around the Kingdom of Karangasem. Sasak tribe Muslims were then currently placed in the catu land which belonged to the kingdom. One of the numerous fascinating Muslim villages is Segara Katon. Some of its residents are still of Balinese origin as the result of the marriage of converted Gamongan people to Segara Katon women. Another uniqueness is the existence of the bale banjar which even though it has been acknowledged as a form of acculturation between Hinduism and Islam in the past, yet, it has been left standing although its function has presently begun to shift along with the establishment of the Nurul Jihad Mosque. The long history and traditions that they experienced in a relatively long time were made a fabulous social capital to survive in the midst of various changes, including being active and creative in strengthening peaceful relations with Hindus through multiple local wisdom. To be able to explore data and analyze how Balinese Muslim people in Segara Katon see themselves and their social world, field research was carried out through interviews, observation, and document studies.

Theories of social capital, government performance, Islamic values, and globalization are among the most important tools that can be used to help explain individuals' political attitudes. The present research attempts to address the effects of the abovementioned factors on the political attitude of Arab citizens using the Arab Barometer Wave IV data. The results showed that only 23.2% of citizens disagreed with a democratic political system, while 70.3% and 60.1% expressed their opposition to authoritarian and Shari'ah-based systems. Results of the final model of research indicated that memberships in social associations, on the one hand, increased the tendency of individuals to support authoritarian and law-based political systems and, on the other hand, did not have any significant effect on the tendency toward supporting a democratic political system. It was concluded that improving economic performance not only affected the promotion of the Shari'ah-based political system, but that Political Performance also reduced the inclinations toward Shari'ah and authoritarianism. Furthermore, Political Performance increased the tendency of individuals to favor a democratic system. In addition, although individuals' support for a Shari'ah-based political system had increased, Islamic values did not act as a barrier that would keep individuals away from favoring a democratic political system. Among the variables of globalization, the expansion of communication reduced people's tendencies toward Shari'ah and authoritative political systems, along with a positive effect on strengthening support for democratic systems. Ultimately, Westernization only affected the shrinking support of some Shari'ah-based political systems.