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Award date: 1990 ; Supervisor: A. Cassese ; First made available online 3 September 2015

Rezensiertes Werk: International humanitarian law and human rights law : towards a new merger in international law / edited by Roberta Arnold and Noëlle Quénivet Nijhoff. - Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2008. - 596 S. ISBN 978-90-04-16317-1

Why an Introduction to International Marine Mammal Law? -- Marine Mammals - Some Basics -- Marine Mammals and Humans -- The Global Framework for the Environment and Marine Mammals -- The International Legal Framework for Whales -- The International Legal Framework for Seals -- The International Legal Framework for Polar Bears -- The Characteristics of International Marine Mammal Law -- The Future of International Marine Mammal Law.

This book explores the extent to which contemporary international law expects states to take into account the interests of others - namely third states or their citizens - when they form and implement their policies, negotiate agreements, and generally conduct their relations with other states. It systematically considers the various manifestations of what has been described as 'community interests' in many areas regulated by international law and observes how the law has evolved from a legal system based on more or less specific consent and aimed at promoting particular interests of states, to one that is more generally oriented towards collectively protecting common interests and values. Through essays by experts in the field, this book explores topics such as the sources of international law and the institutional aspects of developing the law and covers a range of areas within the law.

We examine why international actors—including states, firms, and activists—seek different types of legalized arrangements to solve political and substantive problems. We show how particular forms of legalization provide superior institutional solutions in different circumstances. We begin by examining the baseline advantages of "hard" legalization (that is, precise, legally binding obligations with appropriate third-party delegation). We emphasize, however, that actors often prefer softer forms of legalization (that is, various combinations of reduced precision, less stringent obligation, and weaker delegation). Soft legalization has a number of significant advantages, including that it is easier to achieve, provides strategies for dealing with uncertainty, infringes less on sovereignty, and facilitates compromise among differentiated actors.Although our approach is largely interest-based, we explicitly incorporate the normative elements that are central in law and in recent international relations theorizing. We also consider the important role of nonstate actors who, along with states, are central participants in contemporary international legalization. We illustrate the advantages of various forms of international legal arrangements with examples drawn from articles in this special issue and elsewhere.

Treaties — Form — Agreement in simplified form — Exchange of Notes — Effect in municipal law — Conclusion and operation — National procedures for conclusion and implementation of treaties — Effects in municipal law — Whether agreement taking priority over national legislationRelationship of international and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Enforcement — The law of Belgium

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