"This interdisciplinary edited collection brings together scholars, activists, and policy makers to build consensus around what a connected society means for Canada. The collection offers insight on the state of citizenship in a digital context in Canada and proposes a research and policy agenda for the way forward. Part I examines the current landscape of digital civic participation and highlights some of the missing voices required to ensure an inclusive digital society. Part II explores the relationship between citizens and their political and democratic institutions, from government service delivery to academic and citizen engagement in policy making. Part III addresses key legal frameworks that need to be discussed and redesigned to allow for the building and strengthening of an inclusive society and democratic institutions. This is a foundational resource for policy makers, students, and researchers interested in understanding citizenship in a digital context in Canada."--
AbstractThis paper contributes to the debate on cosmopolitanism by examining the spread of the Bahá'í Faith in Singapore and Malaya (1950–1975). The Bahá'í Faith is a significant case as its followers came to span the globe in 150 years. This paper probes into the relationship between the faith's transnational spread and its religious cosmopolitanism in three parts. First, I outline the inseparability of 'world citizenship' from Bahá'í teachings. Second, I trace its spread in Singapore and Malaya – a process that initially relied on serendipitous encounters between travellers and migrants, one that I call 'cosmopolitan convergences'. Third, I explore the expansion of the Bahá'í Faith among Malaya's Semai tribe. Here, Bahá'í world citizenship became grounded in collective cultural practices, facilitating what I call 'situated religious cosmopolitanism'. The connection between the contrasting populations discussed in this paper demonstrates the potential of grounding religious networks within normative cosmopolitan ideals and practices.
AbstractBrexit opened the way for the 'restoration' of British sovereignty and, if an EEA model (or an EEA‐like model) is not chosen following the activation of Article 50 TEU, EU citizens settled in the UK will be requested to apply for either UK nationality or permanent leave to remain. The same applies to UK nationals residing in other Member States who will lose their EU citizenship status. Unexpectedly, 3.9 million EU citizens have been transformed into 'guests' or 'foreigners' in communities they call 'their own'. Although naturalization in the state of residence might be seen to furnish a secure and fully recognized status for EU citizens, I argue that it is not an adequate policy option. The conceptual differences between national and EU citizenships are immense. In this article I explore the advantages and disadvantages of possible citizenship templates and propose an 'EU protected citizen' status for EU citizens.
The PARRISE (Promoting Attainment of Responsible Research & Innovation in Science Education) project aims at introducing the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation in primary and secondary education. It does so by combining inquiry-based learning and citizenship education with socio-scientific issues in science education. This approach is called socio-scientific inquiry-based learning (SSIBL) which is implemented in teacher professional development courses across Europe. Based on practical experiences the approach is laid down in a new educational framework, and learning tools and materials for in/pre-service training courses are developed. The PARRISE educational methodology seeks to promote democratic citizenship through the integration of social issues and related scientific knowledge. Drawing from recently acquired IBSE insights and individual partner expertise, the PARRISE partners collectively develop a community of learners, who will bring together selected good practices examined from a Research and Responsible Innovation perspective.
AbstractThis article explores how precarious legal status circumscribes differential inclusion in the agricultural labor market and affects workers' lives through a comparative study of workplace health and safety among temporary migrant guest workers and immigrants in Canada. Original, multimethod research with South Asian immigrant and Mexican migrant farmworkers examines employment practices, working conditions, and health‐care access. We find that both groups engage in precarious work, with consequences for their health and safety, including immigrant workers with citizenship. Nevertheless, migrant guest workers are subject to more coercive forms of labor discipline and a narrower range of social protection than immigrants. We argue that while formal citizenship can mitigate some dimensions of precariousness for farmworkers racialized as non‐white, achieving a more just, safer food system will require broader policies to improve employer compliance and address legislative shortcomings that only weakly protect agricultural labor.
This paper focuses on three South African girls' scouting movements that began during the segregationist regime of the early Union of South Africa (1910-1948) and survived the apartheid era (1948-1994): Girl Guides, Wayfarers, and Voortrekkers. All sought to teach girls Scouting, a citizenship-training program that Robert Baden-Powell had invented for British boys and girls during the first decade of the twentieth century. Though these three girls' scouting movements originally offered very similar programs, during the thirties and forties, Girl Guides, Wayfarers, and Voortrekkers developed unique programs that conceptualized citizenship differently; each promoted a different imagined community that their members would belong to as future citizens. The scouting experiences of Afrikaner and African girls between the 1920s and 1990s in South Africa show how youth movements reflect larger social and political processes and events.
This article investigates change and continuity in anxieties about shopping during the first half of the twentieth century in Egypt to argue that department stores and their salesclerks became critical sites for enacting and challenging new notions of sexuality and citizenship. Retail innovations, such as commission pay, display, free entry, and large commercial staffs, became understood as sexual and moral problems because department stores blurred the boundaries between classes and were public spaces where unrelated men and women could mix. These concerns about sexuality in the 1920s were recycled and amplified in the late 1940s and early 1950s when salesclerks again came under scrutiny during debates over citizenship and ethnicity. I argue that the particular way this latter debate was barnacled by the concerns of the 1920s helped to delineate the broader society's reaction to the challenges of defining Egyptian nationality.
This research project was developed following the program determined in its initial proposal, i.e., the research activities were undertaken as it was planned. In general terms they consisted in what is described below. This project questioned the degree the settlement process could constitute a condition that furthers farmworkers' citizenship practices, framing opportunities for participation in rural community's political and civil institutions. In order to address this main question I initiated my research pursuing the following objectives: to identify political and civil institutions, as well as public arenas by which people, in this case farmworkers, make claims to community membership, forcing the inclusion of their agendas and concerns; to assess the extent and scope to which local political and civil institutions include farmworker agendas and concerns. to determine how the settlement of farmworkers affects notions of local membership and defines the limits of citizenship practices.
The author proposes a paradigmatic approach to the construction of fatherless, abandoned, and/or motherless children as social issues needing some policy responses: within the different historical Western configurations of the repertoire of potential responses, major organizing paradigms draw the line between those responses that are rejected as belonging to the supreme evil sphere and others that can be considered as lesser evils. Within the framework of a paradigm, dilemmas exist and debates go on as to which lesser evils should be preferred and how the policies should be implemented. Policies deriving from different paradigms give rise to intractable controversies since the disagreements concern not only the means but also the ends. Four paradigms can be extracted from the historical data with regard to illegitimacy and single motherhood: Christian angelism, Malthusian angelism, healthy citizenship, and proper citizenship.
During the last decade, there have been signs of increased democratization in the Middle East. Yet women's political rights remain limited. In this article we focus on Kuwait, a country representative of how citizenship rights have been gendered in the Middle East. Some Kuwaiti women's groups support expanding women's political rights. This article seeks to determine if they have potential allies in the general population. Using survey data from 1500 Kuwaiti citizens in 1994, we identify potential advocates for extending women's rights by examining social status, social networks, religious identity and Gulf War experiences. We found that organized women's groups have potential allies in Sunni young people and men who belong to voluntary organizations, and Shia young men, older women and those who backed Islamic movements abroad. These groups form a basis for developing a broad base of popular support for expanding the citizenship rights of women.
Many foreign-born US service members have taken advantage of expedited naturalization provisions for them to obtain US citizenship through military service. However, while citizenship was almost automatic for veterans in centuries past, today this is more difficult to achieve, and some veterans may even be at risk of deportation because they did not or were not able to naturalize. This scoping study synthesizes academic articles and grey literature, focusing on data, naturalization laws, and executive orders that have an impact on foreign-born veterans and foreign-born service members alike. This group has sacrificed much like their native-born veteran counterparts, yet do not always receive the same honor as them. Findings indicate a need for more research to drive policy that would address the country's significant debt to its foreign-born veterans.
AbstractImmigration and citizenship laws that discriminate by race, ethnicity, and national origins are increasingly illegitimate in contemporary democracies, yet laws that grant privileged access and membership to immigrants who share natives' ethnicity persist. This enduring positive selection rests upon the assumption that co‐ethnicity fosters integration. Countering this logic, this article centers on co‐ethnics' insertion into local labour markets. It draws from a case study of Aguaviva, Spain, a depopulating village in which both co‐ethnic Argentines and Romanian immigrants reside. The analysis qualifies the trend of deracialization in immigration and citizenship policy and shows that positive preferences do not uniformly foster integration. In dual labour market systems, co‐ethnics struggle because they are not different enough for secondary sector jobs reserved for immigrant "others," yet in the primary sector they enter into direct competition with natives.
The social studies in elementary schools emerged during World War II as a curriculum field of prominence. During the war years, social studies enjoyed important activity and utility as it likely never had before. The practices reported symbolically and rhetorically argued for attention to the war in schools. Attention to geography, history, and citizenship education, heightened in the prewar years, increased in scope from 1941-1945. Victory and defense savings campaigns, initiated by the United states government but often implemented by social studies teachers, were overwhelmingly successful. Social studies pupils were energized with information previously unknown before the air Geography and history received benefits of added interest in war locations and causes for the conflict. Called into service to collect scrap, sell bonds and stamps, conserve resources, and maintain good citizenship traits and high morale, social studies pupils and their teachers activated for victory.
Examines whether rich non-Western countries should offer equal rights & citizenship opportunities to deprived workers from foreign lands, as liberal democratic theory would presumably demand. The cases of Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong & Singapore illustrate how offering citizenship could worsen their overall situation politically; dramatically cut the number of new workers permitted into those countries; create a climate where illegal immigrants received lower wages & reduced rights; &, therefore, substantially reduce family remittances back to the Philippines. It is proposed that unequal rights between citizens & foreign resident workers could be considered acceptable when the following conditions are met: (1) Foreign workers choose the situation as beneficial to their circumstances. (2) The situation is an opportunity for impoverished workers to improve their lives. (3) No better options are available. L. A. Hoffman
REPO transaction is an agreement by which one party (the seller) undertakes to sell financial instruments or cash to the other party (the buyer), and the latter shall pay the purchase price, and thus it is agreed that the seller undertakes to repurchase from the buyer the same or equivalent financial instruments or the same amount of money for the repurchase price at the scheduled future date. This transaction determines relatively complex legal relations, and the investor 's risk to suffer monetary losses depends not only on the instability of the market price of the financial instruments, but also on genuine fulfillment of contractual obligations by the parties of the transaction. As in all contractual relations, in case of REPO transaction, there are situations where the parties violate the terms of the transaction and the disputes have to be solved in court. Although the Lithuanian case law is rather unified when solving disputes between the parties of the transaction where the investor does not comply with the obligation of the transaction to pay margin, sometimes non-compliance with this obligation is not the only reason for the resulting losses. The law, in cases where the investor violates the obligation to pay margin, grants the right to the financial intermediary to dispose of financial instruments, however giving the right, but not the obligation the law does not impose strict imperatives for the deadline of realization of financial instruments, for this reason in practice there are cases where the latter are in no hurry to implement their rights to realize the financial instruments, what increases the losses even more. In such cases the biggest problem is the legal qualification of the delay of financial intermediary to realize the financial instruments and the connection with the obligations applicable to the latter and influence of failure to comply with these obligations to the size of the loss. In such cases the question is whether if there is proof that the financial intermediary delayed realization of financial instruments, the losses of the REFO transactions still have to be covered by the investor who failed to fulfill their obligation to pay margin? Whether the losses shall be distributed in proportion to the two parties and whether such distribution of the losses for both parties is legally possible and reasonable in general? The aim of this thesis is to establish any contractual or statutory provisions that forbid the financial intermediary to delay realization of financial instruments, when the latter acquires such a right. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from the delay in the realization of the financial instruments transferred to the intermediary during the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay margin (i.e. or one party, a financial intermediary, is responsible for the losses incurred because of his fault, as a result of the delay in realization of financial instruments transferred based on REPO transaction when such right incurred due to the fact that another party, investor, breaches his obligations (did not pay margin), and to determine the recovery mechanism of damages caused because of the fault of both parties that concluded transaction. In order to achieve these objectives, the paper has analyzed both the Lithuanian and the European Union law acts regulating investment services and protection of investors' rights, the thesis has also examined the Lithuanian case law and the various scientific sources. The hypothesis of the paper that a financial intermediary is responsible for the losses resulting from a delay in the realization of financial instruments transferred to him based on the REPO transaction where the investor does not pay the margin has been proven. The paper has found out that in cases where the investor does not pay the margin, the conditions under REPO transaction allow the financial intermediaries to realize the transferred financial instruments. In some cases REPO contracts shall provide the deadline of such right from the moment when the investor does not pay the margin, but this condition is not mandatory and is not always included in repurchase agreements. Actually, even in cases where such a term is provided for in the contract it does not require a financial intermediary to fulfill this right as soon as it occurs, the financial intermediary is free to determine how soon after the emergence of the right to realize the financial instruments he shall implement the latter. In cases where in the REPO transaction there is a dispute on realization of financial instruments in terms of timeliness of the financial intermediary in respect of realization of financial instruments, the provisions provided for in the Act of Markets of Financial Instruments in the Republic of Lithuania and in the Civil Code are applicable, such provisions establish the principles of care, diligence and fairness, and oblige the financial intermediary to operate for the best conditions and interests of the customer. Given the fact that this work has established that the obligations to the parties arising based on REPO transaction end only when both parties have fulfilled their obligations, the obligations arising based on the mentioned transaction, including the care, diligence and integrity requirements are to be applied even when the investor breaches his obligations, as in such case the obligations of the parties still can not be considered to be expired. Therefore, in cases where it is determined that the financial intermediary with the right to realize financial instruments, even in cases where this obligations occurred due to the fact that the investor has failed to fulfill his obligation according to REPO transaction to pay margin, delayed to implement it, such behavior is to be regarded as the breach of duty of care, diligence and fairness and the obligation to act for the best conditions for the customer. This thesis has also showed that during the settlement of disputes between an investor and a financial intermediary in court, in addition to special legal norms regulating the investment services, the contractual civil liability provisions are also applicable, which, in cases where both REPO counterparties violate the contractual obligations according to this transaction, allow the use of mixed fault institute, based on which when analyzing the causality of resulting losses and actions of each party two types of solutions are accepted: the debtor's liability is reduced in proportion to the creditor's fault, i.e. the court in determining the fault of each party for the occurred losses and reducing the borrower's responsibility by eliminating the creditor's liability or with the full exemption of the debtor's liability, having established that the damage was caused mainly due to the creditor's action. Thus, in cases where the investor violates the contractual obligation to pay margin and the financial intermediary delays to realize financial instruments, the influence of failure to comply with each of the obligations is assessed in respect of the losses, and when the influence is determined the losses are respectively distributed to both parties involved.
