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No abstract is available for this article.

Abstract
How to discriminate the two Chinese terms for "public benefit" (gong-yi) and "charity" (ci-shan) has been an oft-discussed topic on which academic circles are yet to reach consensus. This paper sorts out systematically the existing literature comparing and analyzing gong-yi ("public benefit") and ci-shan ("charity"), reviews it in light of their origins, their roots in cultural and intellectual history, their meanings and their associations, and summarizes views the academic circles generally hold, hoping to provide reference for further academic discussions.

The intellectual movement to interpret fascism, Nazism, and Stalinism as "political religions" has generated lively debates and an intensive publication program for over a decade. The scholarly trend has been closely associated with a revival of the concept of totalitarianism, reconfigured to account for the popular appeal and violent fervor of twentieth-century mass movements of the extreme right and left. As theoreticians of political religion have been preoccupied with arguments about the definition of religion and the problems of comparison, two stumbling blocks have become increasingly apparent. First, historians of Soviet communism, who since the early 1990s have empirically and conceptually transformed the study of Stalinism and Soviet history, have either exhibited "utter neglect" of the political-religion concept or have shunned it due to the scientism and official atheism of the regime. As a result, comparisons in the political-religion mode have generally been carried out by scholars not expert in Soviet history. Second, and closely related to this, even sympathetic critics have found secular religion too blunt a tool and too generic a concept to probe the "novel, supranational, but historically specific . . . sense of mission" produced by radical interwar regimes. Soviet communism as a project, more than fascism, was deeply invested in viewing its own ideology as genuinely scientific.

Contents -- Introduction -- PART I: Scientific and Public Policy Perspectives -- CHAPTER 1: The Present and Future of Stem Cell Research -- CHAPTER 2: Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research -- CHAPTER 3: Stem Cell Research and Religious Freedom -- CHAPTER 4: Umbilical Cord Blood, Stem Cells, and Bone Marrow Transplantation -- CHAPTER 5: Stem Cell Plasticity -- PART II: Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research -- CHAPTER 6: Stem Cell Ethics -- CHAPTER 7: Levels of Moral Complicity in the Act of Human Embryo Destruction -- CHAPTER 8: Stem Cells and Social Ethics

"By examining the published works of Boas on the Inuit and the Arctic from 1883 to 1894, Ludger Müller-Wille has restored a profoundly important chapter of Boas' life and allows Boas to speak again through his German-language publications." Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt, coauthor, Franz Boas and W. E. B. Du Bois at Atlanta University, 1906, and Ritual Medical Lore of Sephardic Women.