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Spain and Portugal's entrance into the EEC in 1986 propelled their bilateral relations. This landmark event fostered contact among territorial collectivities on both sides of the Spanish-Portuguese border, which for the last decades had acted as an insurmountable barrier. In the context of a full integration in Europe, and due to the cooperation policies promoted within the communitarian frame, the meaning of the border varied from dislike and closure to openness and contact (i.e., from barrier to bridge). New ways of communication are opened between Iberian actors; such is the case in the so-called Galicia-North of Portugal Euroregion. This contribution seeks to make a balance of the strengthening of relations in economic, political, social and institutional terms in this cross-border region. The border as a territorial and touristic resource will be emphasized as an element that contributes to Euroregional integration. ; La entrada de España y Portugal en la CEE en 1986 supuso un relanzamiento de las relaciones bilaterales. Asimismo, promovió el contacto entre colectividades territoriales a ambos lados de una frontera, la hispano-portuguesa, que había funcionado como una verdadera barrera en las últimas décadas. Integrados plenamente en Europa, y gracias a las políticas de cooperación auspiciadas en el seno del marco comunitario, la frontera pasa de ser un motivo de repulsión y cierre a otro de apertura y contacto (de barrera a puente). Así, se abren nuevas vías de comunicación entre actores ibéricos, como ha ocurrido en el contexto de la denominada Eurorregión Galicia-Norte de Portugal. En esta aportación, se repasará brevemente el fortalecimiento de las relaciones a nivel económico, político, social e institucional en dicho espacio. Se incidirá de manera especial en la frontera como recurso territorial y turístico, elemento que coadyuva a la integración eurorregional. ; A entrada da Espanha e de Portugal na CEE em 1986 contribuiu na reativação das relações bilaterais. Promoveu também o contato entre coletividades territoriais em ambos os lados de uma fronteira, a hispanoportuguesa, que havia funcionado nas décadas anteriores como uma autêntica barreira. Integrados plenamente na Europa e nas políticas de cooperação fomentadas no marco comunitário, a fronteira deixa de ser um motivo de repulsa e bloqueio para funcionar como fonte de abertura e contato, ou seja, passa de barreira a ponte. Desse modo, abrem-se novas vias de comunicação entre atores ibéricos, como tem ocorrido na denominada Euro-região Galícia-Norte de Portugal. Após discutir essas questões, se apresentarão brevemente neste artigo o fortalecimento das relações nos domínios econômico, político, social e institucional em dito espaço. Uma ênfase especial será dada à fronteira como recurso territorial e turístico, elemento que contribuir para a integração euro-regional.

The 'Europe 2020 Strategy' was issued in 2010 by the European Commission. This document constitutes a growth scheme for the decade 2010-2020 that aims to help the European Union to emerge from the current crisis through the so-called smart, sustainable and inclusive dimensions of growth. In this context, the basic aim of the SIESTA ("Spatial Indicators for a 'Europe 2020 Strategy' Territorial Analysis") Project has been to illustrate the territorial dimension of the 'Europe 2020 Strategy'. In other words, to show how this document acts territorially, particularly at the regional scale, but, when possible, also at the urban level. The SIESTA Project has been funded by ESPON ("European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion"), a European Commission Programme whose mission is to support policy development in relation to the aim of territorial cohesion and a harmonious development of the European territory. This book includes most of the main findings and conclusions obtained through research of the SIESTA Project. The contents were presented and discussed as keynote addresses or communications at the SIESTA Final Conference held in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, on 4-5 April 2013.

En el presente artículo se hace una aproximación al estado de la cuestión de la ordenación del territorio en Galicia. Se comienza con un repaso de las investigaciones habidas hasta la fecha sobre esta temática. A continuación se realiza un análisis pormenorizado de los retos actuales en materia de planificación territorial en Galicia, que debieran tener como referencia un marco normativo que, según la Lei de Ordenación do Territorio de Galicia, tendría que partir de unas Directrices de ámbito regional que, finalmente, serán aprobadas con un gran retraso y sin consenso en el año en curso. Ello contrasta con una desaforada producción legislativa en urbanismo, con sucesivas leyes del suelo, que lejos de suponer una asentada jurisprudencia, sólo indican la carencia de un acuerdo político mínimo en las cuestiones que afectan de modo directo al territorio. Se finalizará el trabajo con una serie de reflexiones sobre cuál debiera ser el camino a seguir en el futuro en materia de ordenamiento territorial en Galicia ; This article looks at the current state of affairs in the sphere of spatial planning in Galicia. An initial overview of the literature published to date on this topic is followed by a detailed analysis of the present-day challenges facing spatial planning in Galicia, which should in theory be seen in the light of a regulatory framework which, according to the Lei de Ordenación do Territorio de Galicia (Galician Spatial Planning Act), would stem from a series of regional Guidelines that after much delay, and with no political consensus having been reached, are finally set to be approved this year. This contrasts sharply with the proliferation of town planning legislation, in the form of a succession of land laws which, far from producing a firmly-grounded jurisprudence, only point to the lack of a minimum level of political agreement in matters with a direct effect on the territory. The study concludes with a series of reflections on what should constitute the way forward regarding spatial planning in Galicia ...

La crisis económica y social que afecta al conjunto de Europa coincide en España con una crisis institucional y política de gran calado que pone en cuestión las bases mismas del sistema político vigente. Uno de los aspectos más destacados de esta crisis es la extensión de las reivindicaciones independentistas, que han tomado particular relevancia en Cataluña.Las cuestiones espaciales -la distribución territorial de los recursos, el trazado de las infraestructuras, los ámbitos lingüísticos, la articulación del mapa administrativo- se encuentran en el mismo centro de este debate. Por ello, la reflexión geográfica resulta especialmente relevante a la hora de aportar argumentos y claridad en las discusiones en curso

Il contributo propone un approccio analitico allo studio del fenomeno del film-induced pilgrimage tourism lungo uno dei più storici e rilevanti itinerari culturali europei: il Cammino di San Giacomo di Compostella. Lo studio combina una revisione del cinema giacobeo con le statistiche relative ai pellegrini giunti a San Giacomo di Compostella nell'ultimo decennio. Tale esercizio persegue come obiettivo analizzare le ripercussioni del cinema giacobeo come fattore d'attrazione del Cammino di San Giacomo in qualità di meta turistica. Prendendo in considerazione il ruolo dei produttori, si propone una riflessione sulle azioni e politiche di marketing adottate dalla Comunità Autonoma della Regione Galizia finalizzate alla promozione del Cammino di pellegrinaggio, la Cattedrale e la città di San Giacomo di Compostella. Sino ad oggi, il cinema ha svolto un ruolo marginale con rispetto alle guide turistiche e alla letteratura giacobea, ma ultimamente il suo impatto nel mercato internazionale sta crescendo. Di recente, il film statunitense The Way può essere considerato il primo promotore del film-induced tourism, poiché l'arrivo di pellegrini dagli Stati Uniti è aumentato dopo la proiezione dello stesso nel 2010 ; This research paper proposes an analytical approach to the study of the phenomenon of the film-induced pilgrimage tourism, along one of the most historical and relevant European cultural route: the Way of St. James or Camino de Santiago. In the present study, and in order to point out the relation between film broadcast and film-induced tourism, we combine the review of the Jacobean cinema with the statistical analysis of the pilgrims arrived to Santiago de Compostela during the last decade. So, our main aim is to analyse the repercussion of the Jacobean Cinema in the attractiveness of the Way of St. James as tourism destination. We take into consideration the role of the film producers and we also ponder on the marketing policies of the Autonomous Community, which are aimed at promoting the pilgrim's routes, ...

"This handbook presents the great contemporary challenges facing cities and urban spaces in Latin America and the Caribbean. The content of the multidisciplinary book is organized into four large sections focusing on the histories and trajectories of urban spatial development, inequality and displacement of urban populations, contemporary debates on urban policies, and the future of the city in this region. Scholars of diverse origins and specializations analyze Latin American and Caribbean cities showing that, despite their diversity, they share many characteristics and challenges, and that there is value in systematizing this knowledge to both understand and explain them better and to promote increasing equity and sustainability. The contributions in this handbook enhance the theoretical, empirical and methodological study of urbanization processes and urban policies of Latin America and the Caribbean in a global context, making it an important reference for scholars across the world. The book is designed to meet the interdisciplinary study and consultation needs of undergraduate and graduate students of architecture, urban design, urban planning, sociology, anthropology, political science, public administration, and more"--

Since the last decades of the 20th century, the narrative of a world without borders, where territorial relations are no longer determined by States, has been gaining strength among academics and decision-makers. Transnational cooperation projects such as the European Union (EU) seem to demonstrate that borders no longer represent economic, political and social discontinuities. These new scenarios have opened a new phase in the relations between the territories of Spain and Portugal and overcome the historical separation. This is a rapprochement reflected in the creation of cross-border cooperation structures and in the decades of constantly growing economic relations between both countries, although the process was slowed by the economic crisis beginning in 2008. In this paper, the focus is the evolution of these relationships and also an analysis of the effectiveness of cooperation as an adequate means for overcoming the effects of the crisis. Since the crisis ended, cross-border relations between Portugal and Spain have regained their vigour, especially at the local and regional levels. Thus, thanks to cultural, social and economic complementarities, cooperation can overcome the limits of States and be conceived as an effective instrument for territorial development. ; En las últimas décadas del siglo XX, los discursos sobre un mundo sin fronteras, donde las relaciones territoriales ya no son determinadas por los Estados, ganaron fuerza entre académicos y decisores políticos. Los proyectos de cooperación transnacional, como los que están en la base de la Unión Europea, parecían demostrar que las fronteras dejaban de significar discontinuidades económicas, políticas y sociales. Estos nuevos escenarios permitieron abrir una nueva fase en las relaciones entre territorios de España y Portugal y superar su separación histórica. Este acercamiento se refleja en la creación de estructuras de cooperación transfronteriza y décadas de constante crecimiento de las relaciones económicas entre ambos países. Este proceso ...

Researchers, planners, and decision makers admit the need to take into account the social conflicts inherent to invasive species management in order to minimize controversy. These conflicts are mainly based on differences in values systems, thus causing antithetical policies in environmental management. On the topic of Eucalyptus plantations, this paper studies two cases in Galicia, a region under an emerging social fight between advocates and opponents: firstly, we analyze a local community that is progressively eradicating Eucalyptus through the principles of ecological restoration; and secondly, a planning initiative led by a local government with a common goal. In order to set the spatial and social dimensions of the conflict, the methodological approach is based on the components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perception theory. The results are discussed with the purpose of examining to what extent the case studies imply a new model of rural governance, and in this respect, are transferrable to other situations. We conclude that institutional non-interference in Eucalyptus management facilitates the emergence of diverse new governance practices in the local scale but endures the conflict in its regional dimension ; This research is supported by the PhD scholarship "Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral" provided by the Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria) to D.C. (grant number ED481A-2018/263) and the research grant "Consolidación e estruturación. 2016 GRC GI-1871 Análise territorial" provided by the Xunta de Galicia (Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenamento Universitario) to the ANTE Research Group, directed by R.-C.L.-G. (grant number ED431CR-2016/010). ; SI

The functional diversification of coastal fishing communities has been a central objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) since the early stages of its implementation. A large part of the initiatives financed throughout Europe have been linked to the creation of synergies between the fishing sector and tourism. This paper analyses the opportunities for the development of fishing tourism at the regional level, considering the investments of European and regional funds on the development of fishing tourism in Galicia. Special attention is given to the incorporation of the territorial perspective and Community-Led Local Development (CLLD) for the sustainable development of fishing areas. The results show limitations of this form of tourism in terms of employment and income, especially those developed by fishermen, despite the significant support of the regional government for this activity. This situation allows a critical reflection on the opportunity to convert fishermen into tourist guides, based on the need to diversify the economy and income of fishing communities ; SI

Urbanization in Spain has advanced rapidly in the last twenty years or so. The phenomenon was particularly pronounced in the period spanning 1990-2007, when the construction of housing on a mass scale was a clear indicator of the second circuit of capital accumulation, with space playing a key role through the work of David Harvey. This led to a property bubble - one of the defining features of the economic and financial crisis in Spain between 2008 and 2013. In this contribution to the subject, we analyse the factors that triggered unchecked speculative urban growth in the context of the financialization of land. In tandem, our conclusions present the new resulting urban and metropolitan map of Spain, which is now characterized by uneven levels of occupancy among regions.

Las distintas relaciones políticas, sociales, institucionales y económicas que pueden establecerse entre dos ciudades fronterizas han suscitado un interesante debate teórico acerca de cómo denominar esta particular forma de cooperación. En este artículo, elaboramos una revisión de la literatura académica, para optar por un término que nos parece operativo para el análisis de casos concretos: ciudades que cruzan la frontera. Este concepto conecta con un marco teórico propuesto para el estudio de proyectos de cooperación en entornos urbanos fronterizos, asentado en cuatro elementos: territorio de acción común, marco institucional, actividades e iniciativas, simbología y comunicación. Teniendo en cuenta de manera preferente el contexto europeo, hemos optado por el estudio de caso de la denominada Eurocidade Chaves-Verín, pionera en el marco peninsular. El análisis se estructura en torno a los factores identificados en el marco teórico, empleando una metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa (consulta de información oficial, trabajo de campo y entrevistas semi-estructuradas). El resultado final de la investigación invita a afirmar que estamos ante un caso de ciudades que cruzan la frontera, si bien aún quedan retos para mejorar la cooperación transfronteriza. ; The different political, social, institutional and economic relations that may be established between two border cities have raised an interesting theoretical debate on how to name this particular cooperation. In this contribution we will elaborate a literature review on the subject, and choose one specific concept we believe is useful for the analysis of specific cases: border-crossing cities. This concept is linked to a theoretical model proposed to study cooperation projects in border urban areas, based on four elements: common territory, institutional framework, activities, symbols and communication. Looking specifically to the European context, we have chosen the so-called Eurocidade Chaves-Verín, one of the first experiences in the Iberian Peninsula. The ...

El Noroeste de la Península Ibérica es un espacio geográfico complejo. A lo largo de los siglos, la rígida frontera entre España y Portugal fragmentó el espacio y frenó los intercambios de todo tipo (económicos, sociales, culturales). Sin embargo, el ingreso de los dos países ibéricos en la Unión Europea definió un nuevo escenario, en el que Galicia, Castilla y León y el Norte de Portugal interactúan entre sí, si bien lo hacen de manera desigual. En este trabajo se analizan las dinámicas territoriales que se establacen entre la Eurorregión Galicia-Nortede Portugal y Castilla y León, en un espacio geográfico caracterizado por su diversidad y su falta de homogeneidad.The Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula is a complex geographic space. Throughout the centuries, the rigid border between Spain and Portugal fragmented the space and stopped the trading of all kinds (economic, social, cultural). However, the entrance of the two Iberian countries in the European Union set a new scenario, in which Galicia, Castile and Leon and the north of Portugal interact with each other, although they do so unevenly. In this paper we analyze the territorial dynamics between Galicia-North Portugal and Castile and Leon, in a geographical area characterized by its diversity and lack of homogeneity.

Since 1950, the countryside of Western Europe has been affected by profound socio-spatial changes. Due to net migration and the nuclearisation of families, the urbanisation process has led to demographic growth in rural areas relatively close to big cities. This has led to an increase in mobility and the development of a lifestyle that centres around the suburban model, which has contributed to the depreciation of older buildings. After three decades of policies to aid the construction of new buildings, numerous vacant older houses can be found in Western Europe. At a time when the suburban model is being called into question by politicians, vacant housing is at the heart of the demographic, economic and political issues of rural areas. Housing is said to be vacant when it is not being used for all or part of the year, neither as a primary residence nor as a secondary residence or for short stays. The Spanish countryside, especially Galicia, has numerous vacant houses. In the small towns of Galicia, the area studied, vacancy is generally over 20%, broadly higher than the "normal" rate (for property speculation) of between 6% and 8%. This vacancy rate includes both older, abandoned housing and new construction. Subsequently, the increase in empty homes in Galicia is the result of two processes. First of all, the abandonment of rural space and the disappearance of its family units. Secondly, the overvaluation of new constructions and urban spaces, which accentuate the depopulation of many traditional nuclei. ; Desde 1950, o espaço rural da Europa Ocidental tem sido afetado por profundas alterações socio-espaciais. Devido à migração líquida e à nuclearização das famílias, o processo de urbanização levou ao crescimento demográfico nas áreas rurais relativamente próximas às grandes cidades. Isto provocou um aumento da mobilidade e do desenvolvimento de um estilo de vida baseado no modelo suburbano, que contribuiu para que os edifícios mais antigos fossem menosprezados. Após três décadas de políticas de apoio à ...