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Studies of lobbying try to determine the influence and power of non-governmental actors on public policy. Although influence is very difficult to measure empirically, many continue to push for better research design to solve the problem. Through case studies of business-government relations in the United States and the European Union, this article argues that the difficulties with power and influence concern not only their operationalisation, but they also reflect conceptual confusions. Trying to determine the 'winners' and 'losers' of a policy issue can be misleading, since power also structures apparently harmonious exchange relationships. The perceived success of business lobbying in the cases studied depended on the governments' receptiveness to their demands, which in turn depended on strategic advantages they saw for themselves in international negotiations. Even when business appears to lead the dance, it is more promising to look at resource distribution and the interdependence of both sides, instead of assuming the domination of business power over policy outcomes.

The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of CSR program distribution in developing productive economy in Semarang City. The study uses a mixed method approach that targets companies that distribute CSR and SMES beneficiary. The SMES sample was taken using the Purposive cluster random sampling technique in each kelurahan, including Culinary business, Agriculture business, Service business, and crafts. Research focuses include: type of company; type of activity ; and the effectiveness of CSR programs with indicators of targeting accuracy, objectives, and benefits. The results showed that 10 companies outside the BUMD that had channeled their CSR funds received a good category with an average value of 79.13 on the Community Development Index. With the highest score in the aspect of suitability of the needs of the community of 83.38 with a good category and the lowest score on the aspect of community involvement was 73.25 with a less good category. Research recommends: first, a pentahelix approach is needed in realizing CSR programs, both between academics as innovators, companies as donors, beneficiary communities and the government as regulators through program integration so that activities are useful; secondly, Bappeda should make a published map of public needs so that academic research and CSR programs are right on target and right on benefits; third, business actors are required to assist business licensing and product marketing through student engagement in KKN programs and promotions by the government both at national and international levels

With heightened awareness of our environment and the importance of recycling, the pump is primed for a young entrepreneur to make some serious cash while helping the planet. Each section focuses on a different aspect of running a recycling business from start to finish, including brainstorming your idea, making a business plan, and putting that plan into action. Tips and a checklist at the back make sure young people are set up for success

Presenting a broad literature review of scholarly work in the area of Business Model Innovation, this new book analyses 50 management theories in the context of BMI to yield valuable new insights. Research on BMI is still in its infancy and has so far proved to be more than just a sub-discipline of strategy or innovation research. Exploring the field of Business Innovation demonstrates the importance of the discipline as a more specialized management research field and offers new understandings of this important subject. It presents 'grand theories' that will help researchers approach BMI through a different angle and describes business models as phenomena, enabling readers to understand their patterns and mechanisms. Reviewing the most important academic work on the subject over the last 15 years, the authors aim to open up the debate and inspire researchers to look at this phenomenon from new and different angles. Oliver Gassmann is a Senior Professor at the University of St. Gallen Switzerland, where he is also Director of the Institute of Technology Management. Karolin Frankenberger is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and head of the BMI-lab. Roman Sauer is a Research Associate at the Institute of Technology Management, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, where he works as a consultant for the BMI lab.

This 1989 book is the sequel to Multinational Enterprise in Historical Perspective (1986), in which the same editorial team continues the historical exploration of a vital but often misconstrued commercial phenomenon. The contributory essays, each written by an authority in the field, raise further questions on the idea of the firm, on periodisation and on research and development, and examine the international financial operations of worldwide corporate business. With the aid of trans-industrial and transnational comparisons, the range of policies pursued by business and government is fully discussed. Above all, this discussion is extended to include the production of mass-consumer goods and the areas of China, Japan and Latin America. All the contributions are based on original historical research undertaken in national and private bank and business archives in Europe, the USA and Japan. In their critical assessments and interpretations the authors are also able to combine economic theory with history

Although most Arab countries remain authoritarian, many have undergone a restructuring of state-society relations. Lower- and middle-class interest groups have lost ground, while big business has benefited in terms of its integration into policy-making and the opening-up of economic sectors that used to be state-dominated. Arab businesses have also started taking on aspects of public service provision in health, media and education that used to be the domain of the state, while also becoming increasingly active in philanthropy. Among the topics addressed by the contributing authors are: the role of business in recent regime change; the political outlook of businessmen; the consequences of economic liberalisation on the composition of business elites in the Middle East; the role of the private sector in orienting government policies; lobbying of government by business interests; and the mechanisms by which governments seek to keep businesses dependent upon them. The Arab Spring is likely to lead to a more pluralistic political order in the Middle East and this makes it all the more important to understand business interests in the region. They are a segment of society that have often been close to the ancien regime, but will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in a future social contract