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This article presents the newly developed 'Aid for Peace' approach. This approach facilitates the planning & evaluation of peacebuilding, development & humanitarian policies & programmes, in latent or manifest violent conflict or in the aftermath of a violent conflict or war. The 'Aid for Peace' framework consists of four parts that focus on the needs for peacebuilding in a given country or area. It tailors the intervention's objectives & activities towards these needs through identifying its peacebuilding relevance, & develops or evaluates peace & conflict results chains & indicators for understanding its effects on conflict & peacebuilding. Based on the same methodological framework, the approach provides separate guides for planning & evaluating peace & aid policies & programmes. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The 'socioenvironmental state' conceptualisation probes how contested, shifting, emergent boundaries of the state contain the possibilities for transformative change in the Anthropocene. The paper outlines a research programme capable of addressing the questions: who becomes authorised to govern change, who is required to make changes on the ground, and what subjectivities and pathways emerge in the context of rapid rate change? The conceptualisation unpacks three boundaries: state– society, its socionatural emergence, and the relationships between boundary-making and belonging to address these questions and better account for the successes and failures of attempts at governing an uncertain, rapidly changing world. In this analysis, 'environmental change' arises as a stochastic, relational becoming – ecologies and resources are emergent with the social-politics of governing them – suggesting that more analytical attention is required on how 'environmental challenges' and their 'drivers of change' are conceived and delimited. Together, these theoretical insights help reveal the way that the micro-politics of local resource use and the contradictory acceptance and refusals of authority and subjection are not only products of, but also productive of, larger scale political economies, socionatures, governance, and political struggles. The aim is to contribute towards a reimagination of political authority that begins to capture the complex interplay between our attempts at governing a changing world and the inadvertent authorisations, inclusions, and exclusions that we produce in those efforts. The paper partially illustrates the conceptual ideas with an account of forestry and climate change in Nepal. In a context wherein programmes to govern resources have become of global concern, probing the implications of these points is crucial. It is not only that states govern resources with particular consequences for 'environmental change' or 'sustainability', but also that the act of governing resources (re)produces the socioenvironmental boundaries of the state with profound implications for how future transformations can unfold.

En el presente artículo se aportará en el conocimiento de ese complejo e histórico conflicto entre los dos brazos del islam y se demostrará que dicha confrontación no es únicamente, una cuestión religiosa. La historia, la visión del mundo, las diferencias sociales los separan también.

African state property regimes – embedded in a racialized structure of land ownership that stretches back centuries – are at the center of contemporary land struggles. At present, the Zambian government is appropriating 'traditional land', controlled by chiefs and headmen molded through colonial rule, in an effort to bring it into the fold of 'modernity'. On paper this process appears as a powerful state-building project. Yet on the ground it is riddled with legal contingency, with land survey beacons appearing unexpectedly on people's doorsteps, and chiefs finding themselves torn between asserting their sovereignty and maintaining recognition by the state This thesis examines the material and conceptual remaking of chiefly lands as constitutive of new forms of exclusion and political authority. Yet, instead of focusing on the 'achievements' of state power, analytical attention is placed on the creative ways state governance is subverted by chiefly obstruction, insubordinate peoples and unruly nature. Drawing on long-term fieldwork and archival research, the thesis argues that the process of 'state making' and its effects are inseparable from the myriad material practices that thwart state power. A conceptualization of 'boundaries' is developed to capture how relations of stately and chiefly power operate on an unstable political landscape. The analysis knits together insights from legal pluralism, political ecology, critical geography, anthropology and postcolonial theory in a grounded reading of everyday forms of state formation that captures how colonial histories and spatialities intertwine with present-day politics. Building on this analytical foundation, the thesis links up four case studies of 'state making': (I) the colonial racialization and sedentarization of African bodies, and their refusals to conform to colonial territoriality, (II) the government enclosure of a forest repeatedly reoccupied by chiefly authority (III) the emplacement of survey beacons on village land, and their demolition by local inhabitants, and (IV) the promotion of statesanctioned title deeds on customary land, and their reinvention as implements of chiefly control. Each case makes visible the fissures of state power and how creative people exploit indeterminacies to resist eviction and reassert their claims to home and land. Through a recognition of 'ordinary people' as political protagonists, fully capable of contestation and critique, the thesis shows how marginalized people continuously test the limits of state governance, and how such practices are not 'irregularities' to otherwise effective performances of governance, but crucial political enactments that constitute new forms of property, territory and an uneven and variable state.