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Проаналізовано сучасні загрози та виклики системі європейської безпеки та їхній вплив на розвиток міжнародно-правового співробітництва держав-членів Європейського Союзу у оборонній сфері. З'ясовано роль Європейського Союзу в архітектурі європейської безпеки. Акцентовано увагу на поступових кроках Європейського Союзу в напрямку переходу з позиції «споживача» безпеки на позицію, досягти якої прагне європейська спільнота – «творця» безпеки. Досліджено основні міжнародно-правові механізми співробітництва держав-членів Європейського Союзу в сфері оборони. Розглянуто перспективи подальшого посилення співпраці в оборонній сфері на рівні ЄС. ; Анализируются современные угрозы и вызовы системе европейской безопасности и их влияние на развитие международно-правового сотрудничества государств-членов Европейского Союза в сфере обороны. Определяется роль Европейского Союза в архитектуре европейской безопасности. Акцентируется внимание на постепенных шагах Европейского Союза в направлении перехода с позиции «потребителя» безопасности на позицию, достичь которой стремится европейское сообщество – «творца» безопасности. Исследованы основные международно-правовые механизмы сотрудничества государств-членов Европейского Союза в сфере обороны. Рассмотрены перспективы дальнейшего усиления сотрудничества в оборонной сфере на уровне ЕС. ; Nowadays the European Union part in the process of formation of international legal mechanism of cooperation in the sphere of security and defence has considerably grown and continues to grown. With the appearance of a series of new challenges and threats the question of counteraction them has increased.The international-legal mechanisms of European Union country-members cooperation in the sphere of defence, investigated in the article are the legal basis for the further development of the European security system. The investigation of the EU country-members cooperation in the sphere of defence gives the opportunity to make clear the EU part in the general architecture of the European and global security and to predict the possibilities of the further strengthening of EU cooperation in the sphere of defence.It is necessary emphasize that the achievement of the high level of European security can be provided only by effort integration of EU bodies and structures, the activity of which is to be directed the constant improvement of international legal mechanisms of cooperation in the sphere of security and defence.It must be stressed that none of such threats can't be liquidated with military means exclusively. It is necessary to use a certain set of instruments to counteract each of such threats which the EU has, they are: common operations on disarmament; humanitarian and rescuing operations, granting of military advice and help, prevention of conflicts and peace support and others. Besides, though the regional conflicts first of all need political decisions, the necessity in military means can appear at any stage of the conflict. It must be mentioned, that the EU has different instruments on its disposal, to react at such many-sided situations. This day a system of bodies has been formed, to support the EU defence policy realization. Besides, the constant structural cooperation within the Union has been settled for the EU member-states whose military potential satisfies the highest criteria, and who have close obligations in this sphere concerning each other (PESKO).At the same time, the systems analysis of the current state of security system legal control in the context of global challenges and threats nowadays, and the real ability to resist them in dependently, gives the opportunity to confirm that the European Union, as an independent player in the European security architecture, is on its phase of formation today.

Nowadays the European Union part in the process of formation of international legal mechanism of cooperation in the sphere of security and defence has considerably grown and continues to grown. With the appearance of a series of new challenges and threats the question of counteraction them has increased.The international-legal mechanisms of European Union country-members cooperation in the sphere of defence, investigated in the article are the legal basis for the further development of the European security system. The investigation of the EU country-members cooperation in the sphere of defence gives the opportunity to make clear the EU part in the general architecture of the European and global security and to predict the possibilities of the further strengthening of EU cooperation in the sphere of defence.It is necessary emphasize that the achievement of the high level of European security can be provided only by effort integration of EU bodies and structures, the activity of which is to be directed the constant improvement of international legal mechanisms of cooperation in the sphere of security and defence.It must be stressed that none of such threats can't be liquidated with military means exclusively. It is necessary to use a certain set of instruments to counteract each of such threats which the EU has, they are: common operations on disarmament; humanitarian and rescuing operations, granting of military advice and help, prevention of conflicts and peace support and others. Besides, though the regional conflicts first of all need political decisions, the necessity in military means can appear at any stage of the conflict. It must be mentioned, that the EU has different instruments on its disposal, to react at such many-sided situations. This day a system of bodies has been formed, to support the EU defence policy realization. Besides, the constant structural cooperation within the Union has been settled for the EU member-states whose military potential satisfies the highest criteria, and who have close obligations in this sphere concerning each other (PESKO).At the same time, the systems analysis of the current state of security system legal control in the context of global challenges and threats nowadays, and the real ability to resist them in dependently, gives the opportunity to confirm that the European Union, as an independent player in the European security architecture, is on its phase of formation today. ; Анализируются современные угрозы и вызовы системе европейской безопасности и их влияние на развитие международно-правового сотрудничества государств-членов Европейского Союза в сфере обороны. Определяется роль Европейского Союза в архитектуре европейской безопасности. Акцентируется внимание на постепенных шагах Европейского Союза в направлении перехода с позиции «потребителя» безопасности на позицию, достичь которой стремится европейское сообщество – «творца» безопасности. Исследованы основные международно-правовые механизмы сотрудничества государств-членов Европейского Союза в сфере обороны. Рассмотрены перспективы дальнейшего усиления сотрудничества в оборонной сфере на уровне ЕС. ; Проаналізовано сучасні загрози та виклики системі європейської безпеки та їхній вплив на розвиток міжнародно-правового співробітництва держав-членів Європейського Союзу у оборонній сфері. З'ясовано роль Європейського Союзу в архітектурі європейської безпеки. Акцентовано увагу на поступових кроках Європейського Союзу в напрямку переходу з позиції «споживача» безпеки на позицію, досягти якої прагне європейська спільнота – «творця» безпеки. Досліджено основні міжнародно-правові механізми співробітництва держав-членів Європейського Союзу в сфері оборони. Розглянуто перспективи подальшого посилення співпраці в оборонній сфері на рівні ЄС.

Nowadays the European Union part in the process of formation of international legal mechanism of cooperation in the sphere of security and defence has considerably grown and continues to grown. With the appearance of a series of new challenges and threats the question of counteraction them has increased.The international-legal mechanisms of European Union country-members cooperation in the sphere of defence, investigated in the article are the legal basis for the further development of the European security system. The investigation of the EU country-members cooperation in the sphere of defence gives the opportunity to make clear the EU part in the general architecture of the European and global security and to predict the possibilities of the further strengthening of EU cooperation in the sphere of defence.It is necessary emphasize that the achievement of the high level of European security can be provided only by effort integration of EU bodies and structures, the activity of which is to be directed the constant improvement of international legal mechanisms of cooperation in the sphere of security and defence.It must be stressed that none of such threats can't be liquidated with military means exclusively. It is necessary to use a certain set of instruments to counteract each of such threats which the EU has, they are: common operations on disarmament; humanitarian and rescuing operations, granting of military advice and help, prevention of conflicts and peace support and others. Besides, though the regional conflicts first of all need political decisions, the necessity in military means can appear at any stage of the conflict. It must be mentioned, that the EU has different instruments on its disposal, to react at such many-sided situations. This day a system of bodies has been formed, to support the EU defence policy realization. Besides, the constant structural cooperation within the Union has been settled for the EU member-states whose military potential satisfies the highest criteria, and who have close obligations in this sphere concerning each other (PESKO).At the same time, the systems analysis of the current state of security system legal control in the context of global challenges and threats nowadays, and the real ability to resist them in dependently, gives the opportunity to confirm that the European Union, as an independent player in the European security architecture, is on its phase of formation today. ; Анализируются современные угрозы и вызовы системе европейской безопасности и их влияние на развитие международно-правового сотрудничества государств-членов Европейского Союза в сфере обороны. Определяется роль Европейского Союза в архитектуре европейской безопасности. Акцентируется внимание на постепенных шагах Европейского Союза в направлении перехода с позиции «потребителя» безопасности на позицию, достичь которой стремится европейское сообщество – «творца» безопасности. Исследованы основные международно-правовые механизмы сотрудничества государств-членов Европейского Союза в сфере обороны. Рассмотрены перспективы дальнейшего усиления сотрудничества в оборонной сфере на уровне ЕС. ; Проаналізовано сучасні загрози та виклики системі європейської безпеки та їхній вплив на розвиток міжнародно-правового співробітництва держав-членів Європейського Союзу у оборонній сфері. З'ясовано роль Європейського Союзу в архітектурі європейської безпеки. Акцентовано увагу на поступових кроках Європейського Союзу в напрямку переходу з позиції «споживача» безпеки на позицію, досягти якої прагне європейська спільнота – «творця» безпеки. Досліджено основні міжнародно-правові механізми співробітництва держав-членів Європейського Союзу в сфері оборони. Розглянуто перспективи подальшого посилення співпраці в оборонній сфері на рівні ЄС.

Front Cover; Economics and Artificial Intelligence; Copyright Page; PREFACE; Table of Contents; CHAPTER 1. TRENDS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. STAGE TWO: THE COGNITIVIST HYPOTHESIS; 3. STAGE THREE: THE SELF-ORGANIZATION ALTERNATIVE; 4. STAGE FOUR: THE ENACTIVE ALTERNATIVE; 5. CONCLUSIONS; Acknowledgments; CHAPTER 2. PROVIDING STATISTICAL EXPERTISE FOR ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ANALYSIS; ABSTRACT; 1. Why Apply Artificial Intelligence in Statistics?; 2. Computing Challenges for Statistical Expertise; 3. REX: A Feasibility Demonstration.

The processes of globalization, manifestations of external military, political, economic aggression against Ukraine have led to the formation and strengthening of the destructive impact of hybrid threats, which led to the deployment of a negative chain reaction of aggravation of imbalances in the economic system. Under such conditions, the problem of developing strategic and tactical principles became relevant for the formation and implementation of public policy to combat hybrid threats to ensure the economic security of the state. The purpose of the study is to determine the strategic imperatives of the public policy to combat hybrid threats and ensure the economic security of Ukraine. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the spread of hybrid threats are generalized, its level and directions in the economy of Ukraine are determined, priority spheres, tasks and tools of the state policy of counteraction to hybrid threats and ensuring its economic security are substantiated. The directions of distribution and the set of hybrid threats to economic security at the present stage of socio-economic development of Ukraine are identified. The basic provisions of the Concept of counteraction to hybrid threats to the economic security of Ukraine are developed. It is concluded that the problem of hybrid threats became especially relevant for Ukraine after choosing the pro-European direction of development to which Russian Federation responded with the annexation of Crimea, military, and then political and economic aggression in the Donbas. Ukraine's economy continues to be significantly affected in the form of hybrid threats, which lead to the deployment of a negative reaction to the imbalance of political and socio-economic systems. Growing processes of global integration require the application of new approaches to the formation of high-quality and effective public policy to combat hybrid threats.

The study of the experience of legal regulation of city authorities in the Russian Empire is one of the most interesting issues of historical and legal science today. Filling our historical vision of the development of local governance will allow further reform of local governance at the present stage of development. The author paid special attention to the issue of legal regulation and organizational design of the system of local governments according to the City Regulation of 1870. The article considers the competence of city institutions, conducted a short analysis of the interaction of state authorities with city authorities.

The purpose of the study was to gain information about smallholders in Nimba County, placing emphasis on labour requirements and socio-economic data in order to faciliate further decision taking in project planning. It should also create a basis, in the form of indicators, for the monitoring and evaluation unit to measure the impact of project activities

Minimal discussion of foreign policy during the US presidential campaign has left President-elect Joe Biden pinned to very few specific foreign policy positions and given him great flexibility in carrying out his program. He would probably prefer to avoid confrontation with Turkey; in fact, he will likely explore areas of potential US‑Turkish cooperation, especially against Russia. However, Biden's core positions on human rights and rule of law, his long-time focus on Aegean and Eastern Mediter­ranean issues, and his seeming inclination to continue to fight ISIS in cooperation with the Syrian-Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) militia - deemed "terrorists" by Ankara - probably augur deepening difficulties in US-Turkish ties. Down the line, a make-or-break decision on the future of US-Turkish ties will likely hinge on the Biden Administration's assessment of Turkish-Russian relations. Europe may have an important say on Biden's Turkish policy; a senior Biden adviser has said the new president will coordinate his approach to Turkey with the European Union. (author's abstract)

In stark contrast to Germany's Bundestag elections in 2017, Turkey has hardly been mentioned in this year's election campaign. Nevertheless, today's relatively relaxed atmosphere between Berlin and Ankara and the lack of prominence ascribed to their relationship in the German election campaign do not mean that shaping future foreign policy on Turkey will be an easy undertaking. Ankara is making a number of demands on the European Union (EU). Cooperation on refugee matters and efforts to deepen the customs union with the EU are to continue. The Turkish government also wants to be involved in European consultations. It is now up to Germany's new federal government to make its position known on these matters. However, Turkey is no easy partner to deal with and in order to achieve rules-based cooperation, Berlin and Brussels must, for their part, formulate clear conditions, for example, when it comes to cooperation on migration and defence. They also need to decide how to shape Turkey's future relationship with Europe. (author's abstract)

On 7 June 2018, for the first time, a Committee of the United Nations Security Council placed individuals on a sanctions list for human trafficking. As part of the Libya sanc­tions regime, travel bans and asset freezes have been imposed on six individuals iden­tified as the main perpetrators of illegal activities relating to human trafficking and the smuggling of migrants. The European Union and the US have already implemented these UN sanctions. This response is an expression of the UN Security Council's in­creased attention on transnational organized crime (TOC). For years, the number of resolutions relating to TOC, whether linked to drug or arms trafficking, piracy, kid­nappings or illegal trade in natural resources, has increased substantially. And the Security Council has repeatedly dealt with human trafficking in conflict situations since the end of 2015. The relevant decisions show what role the Security Council can play in addressing organized crime, but also where pitfalls lurk. As a non-permanent member of the Security Council in 2019/2020, Germany should advocate a systematic advancement of the agenda. (author's abstract)

India has been exploring the response to China's growing influence and its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for long. The contours to find viable alternatives to this challenge are now becoming visible. India is slowly transitioning to increased - and previously unthinkable - cooperation with other states in South Asia. Within its extended neighbourhood, India has developed new formats of cooperation with Japan, the USA and Australia that are directly or indirectly positioned against China. For Germany and Europe, this shift in Indian foreign policy opens new avenues for cooperation. (author's abstract)