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"The current study aims to analyze certain trends in reporting about the European Monetary Union (EMU) in the press of four EU countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It examines the profile that the new currency has acquired when it was launched and particularly, the extent to which the currency is profiled in press reporting as a matter of national versus transnational as well as economic versus political significance. The purpose of this type of analysis is to examine the 'framing' of EMU. This study follows a well-established tradition in which media output is analyzed to examine how cumulative reporting of an issue (or a series of linked issues) results in a more or less coherent profile of the issue in question." (author's abstract)

Intro -- Contents -- Cover -- Title -- Foreword -- CONTRIBUTORS xv -- 1. Overview 1 -- 2. Public Policies and Economic Geography 19 -- 3. Regional Policies and EU Enlargement 33 -- 4. Discussion of "Regional Policies and EU Enlargement" by Boldrin and Canova, and "Public Policies and Economic Geography" by Martin 95 -- 5. Issues and Constraints of Regional Convergence 107 -- 6. European Integration, Regional Policy, and the Nonintervention "Handsoff" Approach: Some Comments on the Boldrin and Canova Study 119 -- 7.Regional Policy Experience in Southern Italy129 -- 8. European Union Regional Aid and Irish Economic Development135 -- 9. Does Cohesion Policy Work? Some General Considerations and Evidence from Spain153 -- 10. Do Structural Actions Contribute to Reduced Regional Disparities in the European Union?167 -- 11. Impact of Regional Aid on Catalonia177 -- 12. Real Convergence in the Slovak Republic and European Union Regional Funds183 -- 13. The Role of EU Regional Aid in Economic Convergence in Slovenia 195 -- 14. Managing European Union Funds in the Candidate Countries: Administrative Organization and Resource Distribution 201 -- 15. Managing European Union Regional Aid in Central and Eastern European Countries: Do the Countries Need Development Aid? 219 -- 16. Managing Regional Aid in Latvia 225 -- 17. Discussion Notes 227 -- 18. What Future for EU Regional Policy? 231 -- 19. Discussion Notes 241 -- 20. Conclusions of the Conference 249 -- INDEX 255 -- BOX -- TABLES -- FIGURES -- MAPS.

The turn of the century was full of dynamic and multi-dimensional changes in the global economy. The most spectacular phenomena may include financial crises. They exerted influence not only on the economy, in which they appeared, but as a result of deepening of globalization, spread "infecting" others. The purpose of this article was an attempt to find similarities in the dynamics of changes in production and global demand that characterized the economy of the selected European Union countries. The starting point was to show the dynamics of gross domestic product (GDP) in selected countries and to find similarities between them. In the next section, attention was focused on the changes in the two components of aggregate demand: consumption and investment, particularly on their correlation with the rate of change of GDP. For analysis and comparisons, the following economies were selected: the economy of the European Union (represented by the euro zone) and the economy of Central and Eastern Europe.

The turn of the century was full of dynamic and multi-dimensional changes in the global economy. The most spectacular phenomena may include financial crises. They exerted influence not only on the economy, in which they appeared, but as a result of deepening of globalization, spread "infecting" others. The purpose of this article was an attempt to find similarities in the dynamics of changes in production and global demand that characterized the economy of the selected European Union countries. The starting point was to show the dynamics of gross domestic product (GDP) in selected countries and to find similarities between them. In the next section, attention was focused on the changes in the two components of aggregate demand: consumption and investment, particularly on their correlation with the rate of change of GDP. For analysis and comparisons, the following economies were selected: the economy of the European Union (represented by the euro zone) and the economy of Central and Eastern Europe.

In Europe, the last decade has been shaped by euro crisis, migration crisis and corona crisis. Studies have analyzed how citizens react to crises in their voting behavior. This political economy analysis examines the research gap to what extent repeated crisis exposure within a short period of time can deepen existing Euroskepticism. It is defined as an index consisting of the individual identification as European, the view on the EU and on own country's benefits of EU membership. Survey results of the Eurobarometer of all 28 EU member states, including the United Kingdom, in combination with macroeconomic data are analyzed using modern econometric methods. Bootstrapping and entropy balancing ensure conservative estimates. We find that a single crisis exposure increases existing Euroskepticism, but that the temporal distance between the crises matters. The impact of a crisis on the current situation marginalizes with its temporal distance. Furthermore, a hysteresis-like effect occurs: After the crisis ends, the Euroskepticism level does not go back to its pre-crisis level. Especially today, when (Western) democracy is under attack from many sides, this work extends the understanding of the influence of crises on political behavior aiming to derive recommendations how to act in the future.

[EN] Nowadays, production chains may cross the borders of several continents in search of greater profitability. In order to more accurately calculate countries¿ foreign demand, value-added exports should be used rather than gross exports. This study takes the value-added exports calculated for European Union countries and uses extended gravity models to analyze the determinants of this trade, differentiating between countries according to the main destinations for their value-added, USA, Russia and China. The results reveal certain changes according to the economic period analyzed and the destination of the goods, with respect to key variables such as the wealth of the exporting country, the level of logistics performance and distance. In 2014, China registered an improvement in its position compared to Russia. ; Martí Selva, ML.; Puertas Medina, RM. (2020). Emerging Countries as the Main Destinations for European Value-Added Exports. Emerging Markets Journal. 10(2):26-35. https://doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2020.205 ; S ; 26 ; 35 ; 10 ; 2

The second part of the third ordinary session of the Assembly of Western European Union (WEU) was opened by its president, Sir James Hutchison (United Kingdom, Conservative) on October 10, 1957, and was closed on October 14. The Assembly first discussed a report introduced by Mr. J. J. Fens (the Netherlands, Popular Catholic) on behalf of the Committee on Defense Questions and Armaments on the state of European security and on October 12, adopted a draft recommendation by 44 votes to 2. The proposal provided that the Assembly recommended to the Council to examine the conclusion to be drawn from Soviet progress in general technology and modern weapons, to consider further steps to achieve the fullest possible exchange of information and cooperation in the production and development of guided missiles and countermeasures and to bring these steps to the notice of the Committee on Defense Questions and Armaments, and to establish directives concerning the utilization of strategic nuclear weapons in the possession of member countries. The application of these directives, according to the resolution, were in the event of emergency to be the responsibility of the member states in possession of these weapons.

Defence date: 29 February 2016 ; Examining Board: Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute; Professor Bruno De Witte, European University Institute; Professor Giuseppe Martinico, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna - Pisa; Professor Laurent Pech, Middlesex University London. ; The dissertation aims at studying the historical institutional evolution of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the judicial arm of the supranational European community. The Court has been largely analysed, in the multidisciplinary field of European studies, particularly because of its central role in the process of continental integration, for the role played for the evolution of the European Union legal order. The perspective I would like to suggest and to develop in this work tries to differentiate itself by taking a somehow reverse standpoint. First, I will focus on the evolution of the Court itself, more than on the impressive evolution of the EU legal order and its judge-made nature. Naturally, this last aspect will be the background of my analysis. In this respect, I will not be much concerned with the evolution of case law, jurisprudence or the interpretative activity of the European Court but more on the structure and the organization of the Court itself, taken as an institution. Finally, I will try to develop this approach by making use of the precious insights provided by the comparative analysis of law. I will select some specific yet central aspects of the structural, organizational, institutional development of the Court in the decades since its foundation and will do this with a purpose. My aim is to show, through a comparative analysis, how the development and institutional evolution of the Court of Justice of the European Union can be considered mimetic - able to engage and somehow internalize the solicitations which came from EU Member States influences of different legal traditions (with increasing strain as the EU grew dimensionally) and responding to global challenges in relation to the increasing role of the international forms of judicial review and of the international judicial review bodies. This proved decisive, I argue, for strengthening the authority of the Court of Justice in its federal judicial architecture.

This comparative study looks into the proposed "vaccine passport" initiative from various human rights aspects. It was undertaken by the Global Digital Human Rights Network, an action started under the EU's Cooperation in Science and Technology programme. The network currently unites more than 80 scholars and practitioners from 40 countries. The findings are based on responses to questions put to the network members by the authors of this study in February 2021 (questions attached in Annex I). We acknowledge individual contributions from colleagues (listed in the table of contributors above), whose views are sometimes presented in a generalised fashion. The study concentrated on the availability of a legal framework for the proposed "vaccine passport", whether such a "passport" would create binding obligations in the public and private sectors or, alternatively, what would be the scope of discretion allowed to public and private entities to make their decisions affecting rights holders' access to various services. The attitudes prevalent in different states and in the media were also analysed, along with the aspects that need to be considered to avoid potential human rights violations. There has been no thorough analysis in most countries as to whether a normative national basis exists to restrict fundamental rights through the requirement of having a "vaccine passport" to access certain locations or services. Compatibility of the proposed passport with European and/or international human rights rules and principles is a marginal issue in public discourse. Conceptualisation about such compatibility remains general and theoretical, and has not reached the level of practicality and effectiveness. Most countries have not enacted concrete legislative acts or provisions to deal with a pandemic of this scale and magnitude. [Excerpt from Introduction and Synopsis] ; peer-reviewed