Search results

A protracted conventional knowledge within mainstream International Relations (IR) has been that African agents (states, organizations, and diplomats) are consumers of international norms and practices designed in the affluent countries of the Global North. Papers in this special issue present a challenge to this view; they discuss the active role and the influence of African actors in international politics and renew a call for the development of IR theories, concepts, and methods that reflect Global Southern and African experiences, ideas, institutions, actors and processes.

The study of identity offers a possibility to theorize on the human collectives of world politics, to give them an ontological status, and to discuss how they are constituted and maintain themselves. The first part discusses social theorizing of collective identity along the ethnographic, the psychological, the Continental philosophical, and particularly, the `Eastern excursion' of theorizing; Bakhtin, Levinas and Kristeva are lauded for jettisoning a dialectical mode of analysis in favour of a dialogical one which respects difference. The second part discusses how Der Derian, Shapiro, Campbell, the `Copenhagen coterie' and Wendt have brought this theorizing into IR, and assesses their work in terms of that discussed in the first part. The study of identity formation should do away with psychologizing conjecture and focus on the drawing on social boundaries and the role played by groups who are ambiguously poised between the self and the others. Collective identities are overlapping and multifaceted phenomena which must not be reified and studied in isolation from one another.

Aus dem verstärkten Interesse vor allem der Wachstums- und Entwicklungstheorie an langfristigen Prozessen erhebt der Autor lange Realeinkommensreihen. Ohne diese Informationen sind wachstumstheoretische Annahmen nicht überprüfbar. Hinsichtlich eines Index der Reallöhne in Deutschland, der weit in die Zeit vor 1870 zurückreicht, liegen bislang nur die Ergebnisse der umfangreichen Untersuchungen von Jürgen Kuczynski vor (vgl. Kyczynski, J.: Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus, Teil I: Die Geschichte der Arbeiter in Deutschland von 1789 bis zur Gegenwart, Band 1 bis Band 4. Berlin 1961, 1962, 1962, 1967). Eine kritische Überprüfung der zugrunde liegenden Reihen der Nominallöhne und Lebenshaltungskosten sieht der Autor als Anlass für eine unabhängige Neuberechnung.
Das Einkommen wird als Summe aus Stunden-, Tage-, Wochen- und/oder Monatslöhne innerhalb eines Jahres verstanden. Das Nominaleinkommen wird absolut in Mark erfasst, ein Index des Nominaleinkommens wird auf der Basis von 1913 berechnet. Darüber hinaus wird für den Zeitraum von 1810-1914 der Index für die Lebenshaltungskosten erfasst sowie ein Index des Realeinkommens auf der Basis von 1913 berechnet.

Variablen:
- Nominaleinkommen absolut in Mark (Gömmel,(1979))
- Nominaleinkommen Index (1913 = 100)(Gömmel,(1979))
- Lebenshaltungskosten Index (1913 = 100)(Gömmel,(1979))
- Realeinkommen Index (1913 = 100)(Berechnung von Gömmel,(1979))
- Realeinkommen Index nach Kuczynski (1913 = 100)
- Nominaleinkommen Index nach Kuczynski (1913=100)
- Reallohn Index nach Grumbach/König (1913 = 100)
- Nominallohn Index nach Grumbach/König (1913 = 100)
- Reallöhne Orsagh-Index (1913 = 100)

Tabelle in der ZA-Datenbank HISTAT:
- Einkommen und Lebenshaltungskosten in Deutschland

Through this paper, I do not aim to reflect and explain everything as it is more widespread than what it is thought, but what I want to convey is terrorism as a criminal act of the highest form and barbarism, once and for all should be identified so it can be combated. The fight against crime, undoubtedly constitutes one of the greatest challenges faced by today's society. Terrorism is a form of equally young and old crime manifested in different forms which today poses a threat to global security. The phenomenon of terrorism has become a major concern of the international community and countries around the world. Terrorism flies and stems like waves, at some point collides brutally with our lives and then withdraws by hiding as if nothing had ever existed, to strengthen and then hit again. Conflicts and wars have followed humanity from antiquity to the present day. One of the global challenges in the present time is international terrorism. Currently there are many social and forensic sciences who study terrorism as criminology, penology, global sociology, conflict sociology, religious sociology, political science etc. After Sept. 11, international terrorism became the central theme in the context of security and world peace. Border control was increased. The Americans experienced the feeling that everything they had been building for years was destroyed overnight. More and more today, we hear about terrorist acts. It is impossible to browse the newspaper and not find something that has no content for terrorism. These are modest reasons and incentives to explore and reflect on international terrorism as a real tendency to resist. However, it appears that international terrorism has reached multidimensional dimensions, it includes terrorist behaviors, causes and reasons for the occurrence of terrorist acts, the social context in which they may arise, research methodology of terrorism recognition, how to prevent and control terrorist acts, etc. Despite the commitment that I have indicated, I am aware that I have not been able to touch all the nuances of international terrorism, so all suggestions are welcome.

With the unrelenting unrest in places such as Iraq, Afghanistan and the Sudan, the plight of refugees has become an increasingly discussed topic in international relations. Why do we have refugees? When did the refugee 'problem' emerge? How can the refugee ever be reconciled with an international system that rests on sovereignty? Looking at three key periods - the inter-war period, the Cold War and the present day - Emma Haddad demonstrates how a specific image has defined the refugee since the international states system arose in its modern form and that refugees have thus been qualitatively the same over the course of history. This historical and normative approach suggests new ways to understand refugees and to formulate responses to them. By examining the issue from an international society perspective, this book highlights how refugees are an inevitable, if unanticipated, result of erecting political borders

This handbook brings together many of the key scholars and leading practitioners in international arbitration, to present and examine cutting-edge knowledge in the field. Innovative in its breadth of coverage, chapter - topics range from the practicalities of how arbitration works, to big picture discussions of the actors involved and the values that underpin it. The book includes critical analysis of some of international arbitrations most controversial aspects, whilst providing a nuanced account overall that allows readers to draw their own informed conclusions.