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The subject of the study is an essence and sources of the concept of hybrid war, signs of hybridity. Topicality. In recent years, the Russian Federation has been waging a hybrid war against Ukraine. The source of hybrid wars is hybrid politics and hybrid economics. The study of the phenomenon of hybrid warfare, gives the opportunity to determine their essence, allows you to develop the correct trade and economic policy of the state. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is to define the essence of the concept of hybrid war and to reveal the sources, causes, signs of this phenomenon, the policy and strategy of counteraction in the hybrid war. Methodology. The methodical approach of analysis and classification of types of hybrid wars is used in the article, the modern vision of economic war as a component of hybrid war is systematized. The method of generalization used allowed to establish the properties of hybrid wars and the characteristics of hybrid economy. Results. The concept of «hybrid economy», «hybrid policy», «hybrid war» and their relationship are discussed. The classification of wars by forms and directions is suggested. The definition of hybrid war as a combination of «cold» «hot» is given. Area of application. The results of the study of the features and mechanisms of hybrid wars will help to develop recommendations for the development of a national strategy for economic development in the context of hybrid warfare and counteraction to the aggressor country.

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Political communication as a site of academic study -- The emergence and consolidation of political communication as a field of academic study -- Politics as a subject of study -- Media technology as a site of study -- Media or politics: Which came first? -- Mass communication as a site of study -- The temporal, social and cultural as a site of study: Implicit political communication? -- Summary -- 1 What is Political about Political Communication? -- Introduction -- Contemporary political communication -- What is political? -- What is communication? -- What is the site in which politics is communicated? -- Towards a politics of political communication -- Summary -- 2 Why does Political Communication Matter? -- Introduction -- Political literacy, political knowledge -- Language and literacy -- What is the political and ideological context for our literacy? -- Codes and messages -- Reading mediated political discourse -- What is not being communicated? -- Summary -- 3 Who are the Audience(s)? -- Introduction -- What is an audience? -- Why do audiences matter? -- The general public and public opinion -- Advertisers and the construction of audiences -- Advertising constructing audiences as consumers? -- Elites as audiences -- Who is not an audience? -- Summary -- 4 How do Governments and Politicians Communicate? -- Introduction -- A brief history of 'spin' -- Propaganda -- Contemporary marketing and advertising by politicians -- Communicating election campaigns -- What is and is not being communicated? -- Summary -- 5 How is News Communicated Politically? -- Introduction -- What is news? -- Relations between news organizations and the state -- The changing nature of news and journalism: The technological context -- The gendering of news -- The discursive context -- Summary.

Sammlung von 15 Aufsätzen, die den Mythos vom terroristischen Staat Libyen, bzw. von Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi als Terrorismus-Unterstützer, die Entstehungsursachen und Mechanismen des Mythos, seine Verbreitung in den Medien untersuchen; im 1. Teil werden Aufsätze zum US-amerikanischen Plan der Destabilisierung Libyens zusammengestellt, im 2. Teil Studien zur libyschen Außenpolitik, Theorie und Praxis der Dritten Universalen Theorie geboten. (DÜI-Faa)

Can use of the word difference help communication scholars to rethink communication with equity central, with the politics of difference at its center, or, in other words, where a deviation from an assumed norm is embraced as an intrinsic and valued part of the process of change making? Does adopting the words difference and equity in lieu of tolerance, diversity, and multiculturalism help bring us to a place where racialized minorities are not just window dressing, the tokens that stave off allegations of racism? In this essay, I briefly trace various discourses surrounding tolerance, multiculturalism, and diversity, before moving to difference to think to equity. Linguistic change coincides with and can foment historical and political change, yet we do not need more or different words: We need more equitable universities. Interrogating the language around this potentially change-making word uncovers, in the words of Herman Gray, a politics of difference that is unutterable without demands for equity.

Abstract
The author wants to talk about a new reality surrounds us, a new atmosphere, a new condition of life in the post-globalization era at the pandemic time of the coronavirus COVID-19. The pandemic, it is said, started from communist China with a centralized and at the same time globalized economy, but today the centre of all the global problems. This it is intended to be a first analysis where economics, politics and communication intertwine and interact with the health problem which has highlighted the weaknesses of a society which has been too busy for a long time to regulate GDP.

Despite the fact that 96 percent of all political contests in the United States are for local offices, citizens are far more likely to participate in national elections and forgo exercising their voice in local politics. And, although academic literature has focused extensively on citizen participation at the national level, local-level democracy has often been neglected. This neglect may be caused by a lack of interaction between constituencies and city mayors and managers. Without effective communication between both groups, citizens will be unaware of opportunities to affect social and fiscal policies in their communities. Scholars know little about the perceptions of local government officials concerning citizen participation and the media. By analyzing survey data from 221 local municipalities in the South, this study focuses on understanding Southern city mayors' and managers' views on media reporting about government and citizen interest in local politics. This study finds that a majority of Southern city mayors and managers do not put emphasis on increasing citizen engagement in their cities and do not see a connection between the media and citizen participation.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of the emergence of the Internet on Malaysian politics and how it has played a pivotal role in influencing the country's political climate. It lays out the background of Malaysia's political history and media environment, and addresses the ramifications of media-ization on the political process, including political public relations, advertising and online campaigns. The book examines the Internet's transformative role and effect on Malaysian democracy, as well as its consequences on political actors and citizenry, such as the development of cyber-warfare, and the materialisation of propaganda or "fake" news in the online domain. The book also investigates the interplay between traditional and new media on the progress of politics in Malaysia, especially as a watchdog on accountability and transparency, and contributes to current discourse on the climate of Malaysian politics as a result of the evolution of new media in the country. This book is particularly timely in the wake of the 2018 Malaysian elections, and will be of interest to students and researchers in communications, politics, new media and cultural studies