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Public procurement concentrates large public sector's purchasing power, and has a significant impact on each country's economic development. The purpose of public procurement procedure is transparency, non-discrimination and accordance to the principles of fair competition in acquisition of goods, services and works necessary for the smooth functioning of the public administration. Besides, public procurement can be one of the most important instruments for sustainable development and other purposes useful to the whole society and the economy of the country. This article briefly discusses the concept of sustainable public procurement, reveals its main ideas and applications. One of them, the social sphere, was chosen the main object of the research. The possibility to decrease unemployment, to increase an integration of socially vulnerable group, and to achieve other socially-oriented goals through an effective implementation of the social aspect of sustainable public procurement has been illustrated. Thus, the article analyses the concept of social procurement, assesses the current situation in Lithuania, overviews the good practice of other countries and provides recommendations for measures to extend the application of socially oriented procurement.

Public procurement concentrates large public sector's purchasing power, and has a significant impact on each country's economic development. The purpose of public procurement procedure is transparency, non-discrimination and accordance to the principles of fair competition in acquisition of goods, services and works necessary for the smooth functioning of the public administration. Besides, public procurement can be one of the most important instruments for sustainable development and other purposes useful to the whole society and the economy of the country. This article briefly discusses the concept of sustainable public procurement, reveals its main ideas and applications. One of them, the social sphere, was chosen the main object of the research. The possibility to decrease unemployment, to increase an integration of socially vulnerable group, and to achieve other socially-oriented goals through an effective implementation of the social aspect of sustainable public procurement has been illustrated. Thus, the article analyses the concept of social procurement, assesses the current situation in Lithuania, overviews the good practice of other countries and provides recommendations for measures to extend the application of socially oriented procurement.

The case for a flat tax has been around for over two decades. In the early 1980s, Robert Hall and Alvin Rabush-ka of the Hoover Institution developed a tax system that is based on a single rate of taxation for all sources of income, as close as possible to the source. All income is classified as either business income or wages and taxed at one rate, except for a personal allowance exempting lower income individuals and families from taxation (this makes the Hall-Rabushka proposal to some extent progressive). There are no other exemptions, no deductions, no loopholes. The other essential aspect of the flat tax system developed by Hall-Rabushka is radical simplification of the tax system, by removing any deductions or reliefs, and by eliminating double taxation. This proposal repre-sents a fundamental change in the way governments would collect tax revenue. Flat tax is believed to help reduce red tape and associated difficulties and confusion. With tax form down to size of postcard the flat tax system makes tax filling much simpler and more efficient; achieve simplicity, economic efficiency and fairness (same rate for all) – three principle of effective/sound taxation; reduce tax evasion and cheating, by lowering opportunity cost of avoiding taxes. Flat tax systems means elimination of relief, allowances and thus eliminates loopholes in the sys-tem and provide incentives to work, save and invest that trigger an economic boom.

Despite typical physiological risks of regular physical activity such as injuries or overtraining, particularly excessive exercise can have psychological side effects and become obsessive. This obsessiveness is often associated with symptoms of addiction (i.e., reduction of other activities, lack of control, withdrawal symptoms). However, the underlying process of developing an exercise addiction is not yet fully understood. Besides the physiological approach, there are several psychological and socio-theoretical models focusing on personal and situational factors. The aim of this research was to explore the role of psycho-social aspects and their influence on symptoms of exercise addiction. 501 participants were asked to record their current sport regarding type, intensity, frequency, and competitive activity. Furthermore, the participants were asked about the motives to exercise as well as their inspiration to start with their current sport. Addictive symptoms were assessed using the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS). It was expected, that inspiration, competitive activity, as well as the motives achievement striving and catharsis have an influence on the EDS score. The results showed that athletes rating the motives achievement striving, catharsis and enjoyment of movement as important or very important showed significantly higher scores in the EDS. No significant differences were found for inspiration, but competitive activity. The findings suggest an important role of intrinsic motivation on the development of exercise addition, particularly the motive enjoyment of movement. However, the interaction of personal and situational factors needs to be explored further. Keywords: achievement striving, catharsis, competitive athletes, exercise dependence scale, inspiration, physical activity.

Der Anteil der Personen in Deutschland, die das Internet nutzen, nimmt stetig zu, vor allem durch eine häufigere Internetnutzung bei den Älteren. Immerhin jede/r Siebte ab 14 Jahren ist jedoch "offline", darunter vor allem ältere Personen, und damit einhergehend Personen mit geringer formaler Bildung und mehr Frauen als Männer. Zudem lassen sich räumliche Unterschiede in der Internetnutzung erkennen, z. B. nach Gemeindegröße und Bundesländern. Die Gründe für die Nicht-Nutzung bestehen weitergehend aus einer Wechselwirkung von geografischer Lage und demografisch-struktureller Komposition der Bevölkerung, denn in dünn besiedelten Räumen mit geringen Anschlussraten leben überdurchschnittlich viele ältere Menschen, die mangelndes Interesse, fehlenden Nutzen sowie mangelnde Kompetenzen bekunden. Eine Nicht- Nutzung bzw. Wenig-Nutzung erschwert die Teilhabe am öffentlichen Leben, das zunehmend digitaler wird, und führt zu einer digitalen Spaltung der Gesellschaft.

Since 1951, UNESCO has been working to promote the sci'fic study of the soc aspects of industrialization in the Middle East, South America, Southern Asia, & Africa. Several works on the subject have been published. The main portion of this document is composed of a synthesis of reports on the soc effects of econ developments in certain Ru areas in Africa. 3 basic concepts are developed in the reports: the Ru milieu, industrialization, & the Ur milieu. The individual reports are those of Merran McCulloch on British East & Central Africa; A. Hauser on French West Africa & French Equatorial Africa, &, B. M. Niculescu on the Gold Coast. The reports were synthesized by A. Chica-Deluz. The developments that can be ascribed to industrialization are: (1) diversified agri, (2) mechanized singlecrop agri, (3) processing industries connected with agri, (4) extractive bush industries, (5) Ur industries, (6) construction of lines of communication, & (7) metropolitan industries. The industrialization of Ru areas has had both + & - effects. Some examples of - effects are the increase in soc inequality, increase in marriage instability, & an inadequate flow of secondary investments. Some examples of + effects are the rise in levels of living, the increase in goods & services, the improvement in housing, & the creation of markets. In many cases industrialization in Africa is only beginning. B. J. Keeley.

Security is one of the most basic needs of a society. The concept of security in general means protection from all kinds of dangers and accidents. On the other hand, the concept of security is broken down into more specific, clearer and more understandable components. The issue of security has been a subject to be examined by many sciences, especially sociology. Security, as a subject of study, in sociology has many different definitions, dimensions and elements. The sociology of security is still very young. Due to the lack of scientific wealth on this subject, some believe that security can be the subject of political sociology or the sociology of war. In sociological discussions, security is a subject to be examined at the level of society, in the relations between people (in the context of political and social relations). In this respect, security is based on social factors. Therefore, in this study, we will try to answer questions like "What is Security Sociology" and "What elements is it based on?".

Социально-экологические проблемы современности ; Равенство между мужчинами и женщинами в сфере экономики, доступа к образованию, услугам здравоохранения, сфере обеспечения политических прав и свобод является одним из важнейших в мире индикаторов уровня демократизации общества. Содействие гендерному равенству способствует устойчивому развитию экономических и социальных систем. Тем не менее, ни у одной страны мира не получилось добиться полного равноправия между мужчинам и женщинами = Equality between men and women in the field of economy, education, health and politics is the most important indicator of the level of democratization of society. Promotion of gender equality contributes to the sustainable development of economic and social system. But not country in the world, could not achieve this

Beginning in the mid-1960s, Mexico encouraged the development of industrial assembly plants known as maquiladoras along its northern border and in selected areas of the interior. Although it began as a stopgap measure to employ men returning from the U.S. bracero worker program, the Border Industrialization Program soon became Mexico's principal development initiative for the border region. Since then, numerous scholars have evaluated the success of the plants by examining their impacts on the economy, the environment, and labor. This study adds to this research literature by assessing the impact of the maquiladora program from the perspective of the assembly line workers. It describes and analyzes the activities of a grassroots, participatory development effort to organize maquiladora workers for more than 20 years. Participatory approaches to development are defined and described in terms of the problems and challenges that animate this field of research. The findings demonstrate how participatory efforts at organizing constitute one of the few avenues available to workers to resist factory exploitation and improve their general well-being. The study confirms some of the shortcomings of participatory development theory, such as its conceptual ambiguity, significant time commitment, and general cumbersomeness, but it provides justifications for its continuance.