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Background: Preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant catch-up growth seem associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases in later life, but individual studies showed conflicting results. Objectives: We performed an individual participant data meta-analysis for 147,252 children of 31 birth cohort studies to determine the associations of birth and infant growth characteristics with the risks of preschool wheezing (1-4 years) and school-age asthma (5-10 years). Methods: First, we performed an adjusted 1-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the combined associations of gestational age, birth weight, and infant weight gain with childhood asthma. Second, we performed an adjusted 2-stage random-effect meta-analysis to assess the associations of preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) with childhood asthma outcomes. Results: Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were independently associated with higher risks of preschool wheezing and school-age asthma (P < .05). The inverse associations of birth weight with childhood asthma were explained by gestational age at birth. Compared with term-born children with normal infant weight gain, we observed the highest risks of school-age asthma in children born preterm with high infant weight gain (odds ratio [OR], 4.47; 95% CI, 2.58-7.76). Preterm birth was positively associated with an increased risk of preschool wheezing (pooled odds ratio [pOR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.18-1.67) independent of birth weight. Weaker effect estimates were observed for the associations of low birth weight adjusted for gestational age at birth with preschool wheezing (pOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21) and school-age asthma (pOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27). Conclusion: Younger gestational age at birth and higher infant weight gain were associated with childhood asthma outcomes. The associations of lower birth weight with childhood asthma were largely explained by gestational age at birth. ; Per cohort. ABIS: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by JDRF-Wallenberg foundations (K 98-99D-12813-01A), the Swedish Medical Research Council (MFR; Vetenskapsrådet; K99-72X-11242-05A), the Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (Barndiabetesfonden), and the Swedish Diabetes Association, Medical Research Council of South East Sweden (FORSS), Novo Nordisk Foundation, Prevention of Diabetes, and its Complications Strategic Area-LiU. ALSPAC: We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in the study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionist, and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant reference 092731) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. BILD: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Swiss National Science Foundation; the European Respiratory Society (ERS); the Austrian, German and Swiss Paediatric respiratory Society; and the Swiss Governmental Anti-Tobacco Fund. CONER: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Italian ministry of health. COPSAC: COPSAC is funded by private and public research funds listed on www.copsac.com. The Lundbeck Foundation, the Danish Strategic Research Council, the Pharmacy Foundation of 1991, the Augustinus Foundation, the Danish Medical Research Council, and the Danish Pediatric Asthma Centre provided the core support for the COPSAC research center. No pharmaceutical company was involved in the study. The funding agencies did not have any role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, and interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. CZECH: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic (SP/1b3/8/08). DNBC: The Danish National Research Foundation has established the Danish Epidemiology Science Centre that initiated and created the Danish National Birth Cohort. The cohort is furthermore a result of a major grant from this foundation. Additional support for the Danish National Birth Cohort is obtained from the Pharmacy Foundation, the Egmont Foundation, the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, and the Augustinus Foundation. EDEN: We acknowledge all the funding sources for the EDEN study: Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), the French Ministry of Research: IFR program, the INSERM Nutrition Research program, the French Ministry of Health Perinatality Program, the French Agency for Environment security (AFFSET), the French National Institute for Population Health Surveillance (INVS), Paris-Sud University, the French National Institute for Health Education (INPES), Nestlé, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale {MGEN), the French-speaking Association for the Study of Diabetes and Metabolism (Alfediam), and the National Agency for Research (ANR). GASPII: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Italian Ministry of Health, 2001. GECKO Drenthe: The GECKO Drenthe cohort is supported and funded by an unrestricted grant from Hutchison Whampoa, the University of Groningen, and Well Baby Clinic Foundation Icare. GENERATION R: The Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; the Erasmus University Rotterdam; and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development. The researchers are independent from the funders. The study sponsors had no role in study design, data analysis, interpretation of data, or writing of this report. Additional support was available from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (VIDI) and the Dutch Asthma Foundation. GENERATION XXI: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Programa Operacional de Saúde–Saúde XXI, Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III (FEDER), the Northern Regional Administration of Health, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/SAUESA/105033/2008), and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. HUMIS: The research leading to these results has received funding from the Norwegian Research Council under grant agreement 213148 (MILPAAHEL) and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), project Early Nutrition under grant agreement number 289346, and project OBELIX under grant agreement number 22739. INMA: Gipuzkoa/Sabadell/Valencia/Menorca Data used for this research were provided by the INMA–Environment and Childhood Project (www.proyectoinma.org), which is supported in part by funds. This study was funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176 and CB06/02/0041), the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS- PI041436, PI042018, PI06/0867 PI07/0252, PI081151, and PI09/02311,and FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, and 09/02647), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, the Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana, the Department of Health of the Basque Government (2005111093 and 2009111069), the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/004 and DFG08/001), Obra Social Cajastur, Universidad de Oviedo, the EU Commission (QLK4-1999-01422, QLK4-2002-00603 and CONTAMED FP7-ENV-212502), Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (grant number 183/07), and Fundació Roger Torné. ISLE OF WIGHT: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the National Institute of Health, the British Medical Association, and David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre Trustees. KOALA: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from the Netherlands Asthma Foundation (grant nos. 3.2.03.48 and 3.2.07.022). LEICESTER 1990/1998: Data used for this research were provided by the Leicester Cohort Studies, which are supported by funds from Asthma UK (grant no. 07/048), the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 32003B-144068), the Wellcome Trust, and many others. LIFEWAYS: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of the Health Research Board, Republic of Ireland. MAS: Data for this research question were obtained by the study centre of the cohort study. The Multicentre Allergy Study (1990) was supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under reference numbers 07015633, 07 ALE 27, 01EE9405/5, and 01EE9406.NINFEA: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of Compagnia di SanPaolo Foundation, Piedmont Region, and the Italian Ministry of University and Research. PCB: Data used for this research was provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from National Institutes of Health grant R01-CA096525 and EU project OBELIX (no. 227391). PIAMA: The PIAMA study has been funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development; the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; the Netherlands Asthma Fund; the Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment; and the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. REPRO PL: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from the National Center for Research and Development, Poland (grant no. PBZ-MEiN-/8/2//2006; contract no. K140/P01/2007/1.3.1.1.) and grant PNRF-218-AI-1/07 from Norway through the Norwegian Financial Mechanism within the Polish-Norwegian Research Fund. RHEA: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds of European Commission. SEATON: Data used for this research were provided by the university, which is supported in part by funds from Asthma UK and the Medical Research Council. SWS: The Southampton Women's Survey is supported by grants from the Medical Research Council, the British Heart Foundation, the Food Standards Agency, the British Lung Foundation, Arthritis Research UK, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, the University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, and the Commission of the European Community, specific RTD Programme "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources," within the 7th Framework Programme, research grant no. FP7/2007-13 (Early Nutrition Project). This manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views of the funders and in no way anticipates the future policy in this area. WHISTLER: Data used for this research were provided by the Cohort Study, which is supported in part by funds from the Netherlands Organization for health Research and Development (ZON-MW), the University Medical Center Utrecht, and an unrestricted research grant from GlaxoSmithKline, The Netherlands

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jaminan perlindungan perempuan dengan melihat pengaturan pada Pasal 365 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana serta implementasi atau penerapan hukum dan menganalisis sebab-sebab terjadinya suatu tindak pidana pencurian dengan kekerasan khususnya terhadap korban perempuan. Studi ini menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum empiris yang merupakan suatu penelitian hukum dengan melihat data-data di lapangan yang berarti melihat secara nyata dan meneliti bagaimana suatu hukum bekerja di dalam masyarakat. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan fakta (the fact approach) dan pendekatan perundang-undangan (the statute approach). Pencurian dengan kekerasan diatur pada Pasal 365 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Hasil studi menunjukan bahwa pelaku pencurian dengan kekerasan lebih mengincar korban perempuan dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Hal tersebut dikarenakan perempuan sangat jarang melakukan perlawanan, yang berarti penakut dan lemah. Dalam kondisi tersebut membuat rasa takut perempuan terhadap kejahatan (fear of crime) jauh lebih tinggi apabila dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Ini dikarenakan penderitaan yang dialami oleh perempuan jauh baik saat terjadinya suatu kekerasan maupun sudah terjadinya suatu kekerasan memberikan dampak traumatis. Adapun sebab-sebab terjadinya pencurian dengan kekerasan yaitu, faktor ekonomi, pendidikan, pengangguran, kelalaian korban, pergaulan, urbanisasi, keinginan untuk menguasai barang yang dicuri, lifestyle, serta faktor penegak hukum. Dengan demikian, perlu suatu tindakan atau upaya penanggulangan dari pihak berwajib atau pemerintah terhadap maraknya tindak pidana pencurian dengan kekerasan tersebut. The purpose of this study was to determine the guarantee of women's protection by looking at the arrangements in Article 365 of the Criminal Code as well as the application or application of the law and to analyze the causes of the occurrence of a criminal act of theft with violence, especially against female victims. This study uses a type of empirical legal research which is a legal research by looking at the data in the field which means seeing the real and examining how a law works in society. This study use a fact approach and a law approach. Theft with violence is regulated in Article 365 of the Criminal Code. The results of the study show that the perpetrators of theft by pursuing more target female victims than male victims. This is because women rarely fight back, which means they are timid and weak. Under these conditions, the fear of crime is much higher than that of men. This is because the suffering experienced by women is far from the time of violence or violence that has a traumatic impact. The causes of violent theft are economic factors, education, mistakes, victim negligence, association, urbanization, desire to control the stolen goods, lifestyle, law enforcement factors. Thus, it is necessary to take an action or countermeasure from the authorities or the government against the rampant crime of theft with violence.

Il rapporto tra genere e pensionamento in Italia è ambiguo. Anche se il tasso di occupazione femminile tra i 50 e i 64 anni è aumentato (tenendo però in considerazione le differenze tra il livello di istruzione e il divario nord/sud) le donne in pensione hanno trascorso meno anni nel mercato del lavoro, guadagnato di meno e cambiato diverse occupazioni rispetto agli uomini della stessa età. Questa tesi presenta una panoramica sul divario tra i generi esistente nel sistema pensionistico italiano, concentrandosi sulle problematiche familiari e lavorative delle donne. Le ricerche precedenti hanno spesso ignorato il gap di genere, mentre studi più recenti hanno esaminato come i ruoli di genere interagiscono con i cambiamenti delle politiche pensionistiche. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di migliorare la comprensione delle tendenze e dei fattori che influenzano le decisioni di pensionamento delle donne in Italia, considerando come il contesto istituzionale, le caratteristiche individuali e familiari influenzano tali decisioni. I dati provengono dai moduli "Transizione dal lavoro al pensionamento" del 2006 e del 2012 nell'ambito dell'indagine europea della forza lavoro. L'analisi dei dati è volta ad analizzare il legame tra le decisioni di pensionamento e le caratteristiche individuali, e familiari dei soggetti intervistati. La prima parte del documento descrive brevemente gli approcci e i risultati della revisione della letteratura e la seconda parte presenta l'analisi delle determinanti del pensionamento. I risultati, interpretati alla luce del contesto socio-economico italiano, indicano che sussistono delle differenze di genere nella transizione verso la pensione, a discapito delle donne. ; The relationship between gender and retirement in Italy is ambiguous. Although the female employment rate between the ages of 50 and 64 increased, (even counting with big differences between education level and with a persistent strong North/South divide), retired women spent a small numbers of years in the labour market, earned less over their lifetimes, and worked in different jobs than men of the same age. This thesis presents an Italian overview of pension gender gap, focusing on family and work-life issues. Previous researches ignored gender bias, while more recent studies have scarcely investigated how gender roles interact with the changes in pension policies. The aim of this paper is to improve the knowledge regarding trends and factors influencing women's retirement decisions in Italy, considering the institutional context, the individual and family characteristics influencing retirement decisions. Data comes from "transition from work into retirement" module within the 2006 and 2012 European Labour Force Survey. Regression analysis was used to analyse the link between individual as well as family and pension system characteristics and retirement age of women in Italy. Results, which are interpreted in light of the national socio-economic Italian context, point to gender differences in retirement transitions. For women the incidence of involuntary retirement is higher compared to man, reflecting an institutional context where women are subjected to more difficulties.

As a product of the North African region, Maghrebian literary phenomenon combines specific features of three cultures – Arab, Berber and French and today has a special place in the world literature. The purpose of the proposed article is to demonstrate how the colonization of the Maghreb, the expansion of the French culture, the policy of assimilation and acculturation, a resistance movement of the colonized peoples led to the literary bilingualism of Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco that intensified the literary process in the region in a specific way. The novelty of the article consists in the fact that it reflects the deep connection between the Maghreb Francophone literature and the historical and cultural context. The Maghrebian francophone literature was constituted as early as in the 50s of the last century, but only in the 60s, thanks to the works of A. Memmi and A. Katibi was recognized as a separate area in the world literature. Research methods are a complex of comparative and historical- literary approaches, The fundamental relationship between the Maghrebian francophone literature and historical and cultural context distinguishes it from the mass of the so-called colonial literature. Conclusions. The Maghrebian francophone writers covering the issues of identity and nationality, revival of identity and rebellion, loss of identity and exile, as well as women's emancipation, determine the specificity of this literary movement. The most famous representatives of the Maghrebian francophone literature are A. Djebar, M. Dib, A. Memmi, M. Feraun, K. Yasin etc. The creative work of these writers identified a new type of literature: d'expression franзaise, nationally specific to each of these countries. This article researches the migrants' problems and the search for identity in the context of Franco-Maghrebian literary phenomenon of the works of two French-speaking Algerian writers and A.Djebar and L.Sebbar.

This research examines the impact of grassroots organizing at the community level in Chiapas, Mexico, to address problems associated with human rights advocacy & implementation. Traditionally, the nation-state has had the primary responsibility to address issues pertaining to human rights violations & the enforcement of international human rights principles & treaties. Local political struggles & acts of resistance by disenfranchised groups in Mexico offer insight to understand the impact of indigenous & other social movements in furthering human rights. Indigenous populations in the state of Chiapas use local community dispute resolution to contest the inadequacy of the state in responding to the problems that give rise to poverty, lack of human dignity, educational access, racial & ethnic discrimination, lack of political participation in government & the right to equality in economic, social, & political sectors. Drawing from research based on participant observations in Chiapas, Mexico, there is some evidence to suggest that since the 1994 EZLN (Zapatista National Liberation Army) uprising several micro-level political & social movements have contested the power of the state through symbolic & pragmatic organizing efforts. These groups include, but are not limited to, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), women's groups, & indigenous groups. After the Zapatista uprising, these groups were instrumental in making claims against the state through numerous activities: protests to end the war, the development of NGOs to observe human rights violations, civilian-based Zapatista support groups (base de apoyo), peace camps, & open dialogue with the EZLN. I argue that collective mobilization in local communities serves both symbolic & pragmatic efforts in helping disenfranchised groups empower themselves to address economic, social, & political inequality. Local-level activism has fueled a sense of self-empowerment to change state institutional responses & to involve sectors of civil society domestically & internationally to initiate a proper resolution of issues that are fundamentally related to human rights. 57 References. Adapted from the source document.

How could one understand and interpret the phenomenon of information technology, is the overall research question of this licentiate dissertation. The point of departure is the way some official texts in Sweden define the concept of information technology. It is possible to identify two dominating discourses; the technical and the social. In the first paper, empirical material from the Women Writing on the Net-project is mirrored against these dominating discourses. In the second paper, the focus is on how the dominating discourses are translated into librarians´ work practices and how librarians shape and transform information technology. How could one understand librarians´ ways of talking about information technology where the two separate discourses of information technology identified in the official texts do not seem to be identified as pure and separable phenomena? Feminist theories, feminist technoscientific studies and ´actor-network theory´ offer epistemological and analytical frames and screens necessary to understand information technology as a hybrid involving numerous heterogeneous elements. Introduction to the Papers Paper One, Discourses and Cracks - A Case Study of Information Technology and Writing Women in a Regional Context, is the first paper where empirical material from a local IT project is used and discussed and where it is mirrored against the dominating discourses of information technology. The first part of this paper discusses information technology as a political and practical discourse which is in part shaped by the repetition of an exalted rhetoric. This repetitive discursive model can be distinguished in global, regional and local contexts and reflects an optimistic belief in technology as an independent power that automatically furthers democratic development. Is it really this simple? The analysis includes a discussion of the concept of ´universal citizenship´ in a context of women's experiences in Sweden. The second part of the paper presents empirical material and experiences from the Women Writing on the Net-project (this is included in the framework of the DIALOGUE project, which was partly funded by ISPO/EU). The aim was to create a virtual space for women on the Internet and to explore the writing process in terms of aim, tool and method. The method of approach incorporated reflections and discussions about empowerment, democracy and representation of women. This created a more complex understanding of the values of the predominant IT discourses, and revealed the "cracks" in, and possibilities of feminist redefinitions of these values. In Paper Two, Translating and Negotiating Information Technology: Discourses and Practices, I continue exploration of my overall research question "What is information technology?" I study the dominating discourses of information technology; these I call "the technical suit" and the "social suit." In my empirical field studies among librarians in southeast Sweden I explore how the two faces of information technology - the technical and the social - are translated into librarians´ work practices. I study a project which was defined by the librarians themselves as an information technology project. I investigate how this project complies with the social/societal definitions of information technology, and how it complies with the technical definitions of information technology. In my second empirical study, I use two case studies with librarians involved in constructing web sites on the Internet. The Internet and the web are often seen in part as an open and undefined landscape in which new actors can move freely and build new partnerships, and partly as a shadow landscape of existing structures and relationships which can close up new openings. In the concluding discussion, I state that information technology seems to be both an amoeba and a chameleon. One minute it is a very pure and complicated technical story told by technicians. The next minute, it changes and turns into a financial story told by business people. It subsequently turns out to be an educational story told by teachers. It is also, however, a household story told by computer people. I suggest that information technology is impure. It is a hybrid. Inspired by Donna Haraways´s technoscientific metaphor of cyborg I claim that information technology is a cyborg in itself. In the third paper, From Networks to Fluids and Fires - A Prelude to Actor-Network Theory, I discuss a method of analysis I have tried to apply to my empirical material. I explore the notions of Actor-Network Theory (ANT), and Actor-Network Theory and After (ANTA). My point of departure is the way some official texts in Sweden define the concept of information technology by stressing the technical aspects of IT; at the same time they present information technology as a motor and a driving force for many sectors of society. In my research, I have discussed with librarians how they shape and transform information technology in their own work practices. The problems of analysing this empirical material started when the librarians started to talk about people, machines and money all in one breath. How could one understand their way of talking about information technology where the two separate lines of information technology identified in the official texts did not seem to be identified as pure and separable phenomena? How was it possible to understand the concept of information technology as it was used by the librarians, who seemed to involve all kinds of different heterogeneous elements which at first sight were very far away from information technology? It was when asking these questions that I discovered ANT and ANTA. In this paper, I present some basic ideas about these two research approaches by reading and analysing articles published between 1980 and the year 2000. In addition to the ANT and ANTA perspectives, I also introduce my own research questions: story telling and epistemological problematisations closely connected with feminist theories are, for example, closely intertwined in this paper. ; Informationsteknik är en aktiv och energisk deltagare i våra liv. Bokstavskombinationen IT förekommer överallt. Men vad är egentligen denna informationsteknik? I denna licentiatuppsats söker författaren svar på frågan med hjälp av svenska offentliga texter. Dessa texter beskriver informationsteknik främst som ett komplicerat tekniskt fenomen vilken ställer krav på infrastruktur och teknisk expertis. Samtidigt beskriver samma dokument informationsteknik som en pådrivare i samhällsutvecklingen. Man kan således konstatera att informationsteknik verkar ha två sidor; en teknisk och en samhällelig. Ett annat sätt att leta efter svar är att studera hur informationsteknik formas i vardagens praktiker. I denna licentiatuppsats undersöker författaren projektet ´Kvinnor skriver på nätet´ som bland annat hade som ambition att förverkliga de demokratiska tankegångar som de formuleras i svenska IT-politiska dokument. Som en ytterligare ingång till vardagens informationsteknik studerar författaren hur bibliotekarier formar informationsteknik genom att delta i IT-projekt och skapa webbplatser till sina organisationer. Författaren kommer fram till att det inte finns en enda och entydig definition av fenomenet informationsteknik. IT är både teknik och samhällsutveckling. IT är både storslagen politisk retorik och vardagens kreativitet med dess tröttsamma rutiner. Författaren kommer också fram till att informationsteknik inte endast är en angelägenhet för makthavare och tekniska experter. Informationsteknik är en levande process, vilket förutsätter att den ständigt måste utvecklas och formas i vardagen. Om vi utgår från en bred definition av informationsteknik får detta intressanta konsekvenser. Författaren vill visa att informationsteknik är ett fält där det finns plats för många olika kompetenser och erfarenheter. Informationsteknik är en möjlighet men den måste anpassas i de existerande organisationer där människor i samarbete med andra människor, datorer, nätverk och programvara förverkligar och formar informationsteknik. Detta perspektiv påminner också om att ansvaret av informationsteknikens utveckling och tillämpningar inte bara hör hemma i stora IT-företag utan att informationsteknik förverkligas och skapas i arbetslivet på olika nivåer.

Este trabajo de investigación reconstruye y comenta la trayectoria artística de Silvia Gubern, Àngels Ribé y Eulàlia (Grau Donada), principalmente en la etapa de las llamadas "prácticas conceptuales", a partir de fuentes primeras y documentales e introduciendo la voz y el relato de las artistas. Estas tres monografías incorporan también la recepción crítica y la valoración de la prensa especializada. La autora propone lecturas y reflexiones de estas prácticas artísticas y de la concepción de la creatividad de las artistas, vinculándolas a partir de las orientaciones que asume como guías teóricas del pensamiento de la diferencia sexual sobre la libertad de las mujeres en los 60 y 70. Mas allá de los marcos interpretativos "neutrales" que se ha utilizado para clasificar a estas artistas como conceptuales en la historia "modernista" del arte catalán y español, este trabajo de investigación pone las bases para leerlas a partir de genealogías de la creación y la creatividad orientadas por la sexuación del conocimiento en femenino. ; This research builds and discusses the artistic career of Silvia Gubern, Àngels Ribé and Eulàlia (Grau), mainly in the stage called "conceptual practices" from documentary sources and introducing the voice of the artists and biographic facts. These three monographs also incorporate critical reception and evaluation of the press and the art critics. The author points out the importance of reading those careers taking into account the perspective of the Italian and Spanish feminism of sexual difference. Beyond the "neutral" interpretive framework that has been used to classify them as conceptual artists in the modernist history of catalan avantgarde art, this thesis lays the foundation for reading women genealogies of creativity oriented by the female sexuation of knowledge and to explore women's freedom in history. Thus, conceptualism would not be a single framework to assess their contribution to the history of art. It is defined as a living moment in a much longer and complex creative ...

In May 2004, after bringing their legislation into accordance with EU regulations, ten more countries joined the European Union. The contributors to this volume assess the impact of this historical development on gender relations in the new and old EU member states. Instead of focusing on either western or eastern Europe, this book investigates the similarities and differences in diverse parts of Europe. Although initially limited, gender equality was part of the original framework of the European Union, an organization often more open than national governments to feminist demands, as this vol

Ausgangspunkt des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist der Rückgang der Geburten und Eheschließungen in den neuen Bundesländern, der mit dem Zusammenbruch der DDR und den derzeitigen Transformationsproblemen in Zusammenhang steht. Zunächst wird versucht, die Bedeutung von Familie und Familiengründung in der DDR zu bestimmen. Danach soll der eruptive Wandel der Bevölkerungsweise in den neuen Bundesländern aufgezeigt und ansatzweise erklärt werden. Eine pointierte Ausgangsfrage lautet, ob der gegenwärtige Rückgang der Geburten Ausdruck des Verzichts oder des Aufschubs von Fertilitätsprozessen darstellt. Es wird also untersucht, ob die Familiengründung lediglich verschoben wird oder ob sich die neuen Bundesländer in einer Art von demographischem Notstand befinden. Dem Thema der Familiengründung nähert sich der Autor auf Struktur- und auf Individualebene, damit erkennbar wird, in welchem Spannungsfeld familiales und generatives Verhalten stattfindet. Als weiterer Punkt wird das Verhältnis von Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und Familienbildung diskutiert. (SH2)

Die Bedeutung von Arbeitsmarktbedingungen für den Wirkungsgrad sozialer Sicherung verweist der Autorin zufolge auf das Konstruktionsprinzip der Koppelung des Beschäftigungssystems an das System sozialer Sicherung. Im Verlauf von Wirtschaftskrise und anhaltender Massenarbeitslosigkeit wird zudem deutlich, dass das deutsche System der sozialen Sicherung nachhaltig unter fiskalischen Druck gerät. Das Thema der Podiumsdiskussion verweist vor diesem Hintergrund auf einen Zusammenhang, der in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung zunehmendes Interesse findet, nämlich auf die Folgen des technischen Wandels für das Ausbildungs- und Beschäftigungssystem und das daran gekoppelte System sozialer Sicherung. Generell stellt sich hier die Frage, welche Rolle dem technischen Wandel in diesem Zusammenhang zukommt, ob durch den technischen Wandel lediglich kurz- bis mittelfristig zu lösende Probleme für den Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt und die soziale Sicherung der Individuen auftreten oder ob sich hier Strukturprobleme bzw. -veränderungen zeigen, die eine dauerhafte Ausgrenzung bestimmter Arbeitskräftegruppen, insbesondere Frauen, aus der Erwerbsarbeit und damit aus der sozialen Sicherung zur Folge haben. (ICI2)

Mention Très honorable avec les félicitations du jury à l'unanimité ; This PhD dissertation is about women's relations to politics, viewed from the perspective of the popular background's local participation. During the Chavez's governments in Venezuela, the State's will to favour local participation and fight against gender's inequalities allows ordinary actors'dynamics and individual paths to meet and in the meantime, to make them visible. These actors occur to be mostly women. The Bolivarian participation politics is performed from the daily experience and interpersonnal relationship. The local State institutions - that are the Local Committees for Public Planning and the City Committees - intertwine public and private space. In this matrifocal country, this territorialized politics allows women from popular background to convert their power into a political ressource that has been acknowledged and institutionnalized. This process changes the relationships to oneself, to the family and the community but to the institutionnalized power as well, going as far as to transform relationships between the ruling classes and the ones who are ruled by them.Based on a a seven years research and a two years fieldwork, this PhD dissertation associates sociological studies'classic techniques and new tools revealing the importance of the affective turn brought by the participative experience in the interviewees's life. ; Cette thèse porte sur le rapport des femmes au politique, étudié à travers le prisme de la participation locale des classes populaires. Au Venezuela, sous les gouvernements Chávez, la volonté étatique de favoriser la participation locale et de lutter contre les inégalités de genre, croise et rend visible des dynamiques et des trajectoires individuelles d'acteurs ordinaires, qui sont en majorité des femmes. La politique bolivarienne de la participation se réalise à partir de l'expérience quotidienne et des relations interpersonnelles. Les structures étatiques locales que sont les Conseils Locaux de Planification Publique et les Conseils Communaux articulent ainsi espace public et espace privé. Dans ce pays matrifocal, la pratique de cette politique territorialisée permet aux femmes des classes populaires de transformer leur autorité en une ressource politique qui est désormais reconnue et institutionnalisée. Ce processus modifie le rapport à soi, à la famille, à la communauté, mais aussi au pouvoir institué, allant jusqu'à transformer les rapports gouvernants-gouvernés. Fruit de sept années de recherche et de près de deux ans de terrain, cette thèse allie les techniques classiques de l'enquête sociologique et de nouveaux outils révélant l'importance du tournant affectif induit par l'expérience participative dans la vie des enquêtées.

The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. OHF is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Terho Lehtimäki (TL) is employed by Fimlab Ltd. Ozren Polašek (OP) is employed by Gen‐info Ltd. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. All the other authors have declared no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. ; International audience ...

The authors have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Bruce M. Psaty (BMP) serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by Zoll Lifecor and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson. Barbara V. Howard (BVH) has a contract from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (BWJHP) has received research funding (non-related to the work reported here) from Jansen Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. Mike A. Nalls (MAN) is supported by a consulting contract between Data Tecnica International LLC and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. MAN also consults for Illumina Inc., the Michael J. Fox Foundation, and the University of California Healthcare. MAN also has commercial affiliation with Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA. Mark J. Caulfield (MJC) has commercial affiliation and is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. OHF is supported by grants from Metagenics (on women's health and epigenetics) and from Nestlé (on child health). Peter S. Sever (PSS) is financial supported from several pharmaceutical companies which manufacture either blood pressure lowering or lipid lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. Paul W. Franks (PWF) has been a paid consultant in the design of a personalized nutrition trial (PREDICT) as part of a private-public partnership at Kings College London, UK, and has received research support from several pharmaceutical companies as part of European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) projects. Terho Lehtimäki (TL) is employed by Fimlab Ltd. Ozren Polašek (OP) is employed by Gen‐info Ltd. There are no patents, products in development, or marked products to declare. All the other authors have declared no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. ; International audience ...