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El concepto de justicia viene siendo discutido hace siglos, por diversas áreas del cono- cimiento, sin concluirse una unidad en la signi cación. Ocurre que, en nombre de la justicia social, se implementó un proceso de paci cación en el Complejo del Alemán (Complexo do Alemão) y en otras favelas de Rio de Janeiro, teniendo como instrumen- tos las Unidades de Policía Pacificadora ('UPPs'), donde son registrados una serie de atentados a la dignidad de la persona humana. El presente trabajo está basado en datos producidos en la investigación realizada en el Complejo del Alemán, con especial atención en el objeto empírico, cualquiera que sea, la cohabitación de una unidad de educación y el aparato de seguridad UPP. Se analiza el objeto y se argumenta a quien atiende el discurso de justicia que legitima acciones gubernamentales de esta naturaleza. ; The concept of justice has been discussed for centuries, by several areas of knowled- ge, with no conclusion being reached about a uni ed meaning. In the name of social justice, a process of paci cation was implemented at Complexo do Alemão and other favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro, using as instrument the Unidades de Polícia Paci ca- dora (Pacifying Police Units -upps, for its initials in Portuguese), with the registry of several attempts against human dignity. is work is based on data produced through a research conducted at Complexo do Alemão, with its main focus on the empirical object, the cohabitation of an education unit and the safety apparatus upp. is work analyzes the object and discusses who bene ts from the narrative of justice that legiti- mates governmental actions of this nature. ; O conceito de Justiça vem sendo discutido há séculos, por diversas áreas de conheci- mento, não se concluindo pela unicidade de signi cação. Ocorre que, em nome da jus- tiça social, implementou-se um processo de paci cação no Complexo do Alemão e em outras favelas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, tendo como instrumento as Unidades de Polícia Paci cadora ('UPPs'), em que são registradas uma série de atentados à dignida- de humana. O presente trabalho é baseado em dados produzidos em pesquisa realizada no Complexo do Alemão, com destaque para o objeto empírico, qual seja, a cohabita- ção de uma unidade de educação e o aparelho de segurança UPP. Analisa-se o objeto e argumenta-se a quem atende o discurso de justiça que legitima ações governamentais desta natureza."

El presente trabajo se enmarca en la relación que se establece entre la Responsabilidad Social de las empresas (RSE) y relaciones públicas en las organizaciones, visto desde el enfoque de la Teoría de la Legitimación (Lindblom, 1994). Se plantea determinar si los clubes profesionales del fútbol español apuestan por la RSE como estrategia para legitimar su rol de ciudadano corporativo en la sociedad. Como objetivos específicos se pretende (1) conocer cuál es la situación de la RSE en los clubes; (2) determinar las políticas de RSE más habituales y, (3) identificar los principales canales de relación y diálogo con los stakeholders. La metodología empleada, con un carácter descriptivo-interpretativo, se focalizará en el estudio de los 42 clubes que componen la Liga de Fútbol Profesional (temporada 2017/2018), de primera y segunda división. Para ello se analizan las memorias anuales, las webs corporativas y las fundaciones de los clubes, por constituirse éstas como instrumentos para implementar políticas de RSE. Los resultados arrojan un escaso compromiso con la RSE, donde se enfatiza la acción social, las acciones destinadas a los socios y el cumplimento con la Ley de Transparencia. La conclusión principal demuestra que los clubes profesionales se limitan a cumplir con la legislación y no tienen un compromiso real con la transparencia y la RSE. El concepto de RSE no es aplicable al sector del fútbol profesional en España.//This research explores the relation existing between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Public Relations (PR) through the legitimization theory (Lindblom, 1994). With this project we aim to determine if soccer clubs are implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs to legitimate their role in society as corporate citizens. The specific objectives are (1) to know how CSR programs are being introduced in Spanish soccer clubs; (2) to determine their main CSR polices and (3) to identify dialogue channels with stakeholders. The methodology is based on the interpretative and descriptive analysis of 42 professional soccer clubs in the Spanish League (2016/2017), including those in the first and second division. In particular, we will analyze annual reports, their corporate websites and finally, the foundations of these clubs as instruments to develop CSR policies. The results show little commitment to CSR, which emphasizes charity, actions aimed at the members and compliance with Transparency Laws. The main conclusion is that professional clubs are limited to comply with the legislation and do not have a real commitment to transparency and CSR. The concept of CSR is not applicable to the professional soccer sector in Spain.

Citizen competences as a transversal axis in education in Colombia have had a characteristic development within the pedagogical practices in the different educational levels. The purpose of the research was to understand the pedagogical practices and the social representations that emerge in the classroom and outside of it by teachers and university students belonging to the Inga tribe, around the development of Citizen Competencies. The research is part of the qualitative approach based on the hermeneutical ethnographic method, a valid tool for understanding the meanings given in a historical moment. Emerging categories are framed within the scope of the Citizen Competencies standards,coexistence and peace; participation and democratic responsibility and plurality, identity and assessment of differences, likewise, categories emerge in housing, roles in communication, work. Conclusion: education for life, the preservation of health and nature, is an emerging family associated with coexistence, communication, the transfer of knowledge and society in interaction with students of the Inga tribe. ; La integración social e inclusión como eje transversal en la educación en Colombia han tenido un desarrollo característico dentro de las prácticas pedagógicas en los distintos niveles educativos. La investigación tuvo como propósito llegar a la comprensión de las prácticas pedagógicas y las representaciones sociales que emergen en el aula y fuera de ella por docentes y estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a la tribu Inga, en torno al desarrollo de las Competencias Ciudadanas. La investigación se enmarca en el enfoque cualitativo sustentada en el método etnográfico hermenéutico, herramienta válida para la comprensión de los significados dados en un momento histórico. Categorías emergentes se enmarcan en convivencia y paz; participación y responsabilidad democrática y pluralidad, identidad y valoración de las diferencias, así mismo emergen categorías en vivienda, roles en la comunicación, trabajo. Conclusión: educación para la vida, la preservación de la salud y la naturaleza, es familia emergente asociada a la convivencia, comunicación, la transferencia de conocimiento y de la sociedad en la interacción con estudiantes de tribu Inga. ; As competências cidadãs como eixo transversal da educação na Colômbia tiveram um desenvolvimento característico dentro das práticas pedagógicas nos diferentes níveis educacionais. O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender as práticas pedagógicas e representações sociais que emergem em sala de aula e fora dela por professores e estudantes universitários pertencentes à tribo Inga, em torno do desenvolvimento de Competências Cidadãs. A pesquisa faz parte da abordagem qualitativa baseada no método etnográfico hermenêutico, uma ferramenta válida para a compreensão dos significados dados em um momento histórico. As categorias emergentes são enquadradas no âmbito das normas de Competências Cidadãs formuladas pelo Ministério da Educação Nacional, coexistência e paz; participação e responsabilidade democrática e pluralidade, identidade e avaliação das diferenças, da mesma forma, categorias emergem na habitação, papéis na comunicação, trabalho. Conclusão: a educação para a vida, a preservação da saúde e da natureza, é uma família emergente associada à convivência, comunicação, transferência de conhecimento e sociedade em interação com os alunos da etnia Inga

Es bien sabido que un mantra de los partidos independentistas catalanes es que hay que ampliar la base de votantes independentistas para alcanzar una mayoría clara en las sucesivas contiendas electorales que permitan legitimar más el proceso de secesión, sobre todo ante las instancias internacionales. Los dos referéndums/consultas realizados en 2014 y 2017 fueron boicoteados por los partidos unionistas/constitucionalistas y aunque dieron como resultado una mayoría aplastante en favor de un estado independiente, los votos favorables sobre el total del censo no alcanzaron el 50%. En lo que respecta a la segunda, la del 1 de octubre de 2017, las amenazas represivas restaron participación, pero aún así un 50% no es una cifra suficiente. Aunque fuera ganada con una resistencia ante la represión policial que fue admirada en muchos lugares del mundo.

The concept of justice has been discussed for centuries, by several areas of knowled- ge, with no conclusion being reached about a uni ed meaning. In the name of social justice, a process of paci cation was implemented at Complexo do Alemão and other favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro, using as instrument the Unidades de Polícia Paci ca- dora (Pacifying Police Units —upps, for its initials in Portuguese), with the registry of several attempts against human dignity. is work is based on data produced through a research conducted at Complexo do Alemão, with its main focus on the empirical object, the cohabitation of an education unit and the safety apparatus upp. is work analyzes the object and discusses who bene ts from the narrative of justice that legiti- mates governmental actions of this nature. ; El concepto de justicia viene siendo discutido hace siglos, por diversas áreas del cono- cimiento, sin concluirse una unidad en la signi cación. Ocurre que, en nombre de la justicia social, se implementó un proceso de paci cación en el Complejo del Alemán (Complexo do Alemão) y en otras favelas de Rio de Janeiro, teniendo como instrumen- tos las Unidades de Policía Pacificadora ("UPPs"), donde son registrados una serie de atentados a la dignidad de la persona humana. El presente trabajo está basado en datos producidos en la investigación realizada en el Complejo del Alemán, con especial atención en el objeto empírico, cualquiera que sea, la cohabitación de una unidad de educación y el aparato de seguridad UPP. Se analiza el objeto y se argumenta a quien atiende el discurso de justicia que legitima acciones gubernamentales de esta naturaleza. ; O conceito de Justiça vem sendo discutido há séculos, por diversas áreas de conheci- mento, não se concluindo pela unicidade de signi cação. Ocorre que, em nome da jus- tiça social, implementou-se um processo de paci cação no Complexo do Alemão e em outras favelas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, tendo como instrumento as Unidades de Polícia Paci cadora ("UPPs"), em que são registradas uma série de atentados à dignida- de humana. O presente trabalho é baseado em dados produzidos em pesquisa realizada no Complexo do Alemão, com destaque para o objeto empírico, qual seja, a cohabita- ção de uma unidade de educação e o aparelho de segurança UPP. Analisa-se o objeto e argumenta-se a quem atende o discurso de justiça que legitima ações governamentais desta natureza.

Unwelcome Home analyzes South Korean, Chinese, and U.S. artistic and media representations that consider the relationship between East Asian countries and the United States. This research examines what having become refugees and migrants in the only divided nation in the world has meant to North Koreans, with particular emphasis on their sense of ethnic homogeneity and gender roles as reflected in artistic representations. I argue that the ethnic ethos used to justify reunification discourse has weakened through the generations as an understanding of South Korea and North Korea as different countries has become the status quo. The first chapter examines the relationship between Korean Chinese and North Korean refugees on the frontier of China and North Korea, focusing on how neighbors become strangers and how the threshold of community emerges. In Zhang Lu's Dooman River, for example, the tension between Korean Chinese and North Koreans in the Chinese border village demonstrates the dissolution of communities and the subsequent weakening of members' sense of ethnic ethos. The second chapter delves into how North Korean migrants' subjectivity is reconfigured in South Korean society, with a particular emphasis on South Korean television programs and independent films. Indeed, the gendered images of North Korean migrants in television fortify the bifurcated gender frame of South Korean society, by deleting North Korean male migrants and South Korean females from scenes. Independent films, for their part, deal with the socially marginalized, including North Korean migrants, and bring class discourse to the forefront. The third chapter analyzes autobiographies of North Korean migrants that have been published in the United States. Focusing on their production and readership, it attests to the connection between three political agents: evangelical churches, South Korean "conservatives," and North Korean migrants' groups. This study demonstrates how representations and cultural discourse intervene in North Korean refugees' and migrants' subjectivity formation and explains how the divided Korean peninsula has been, and will continue to be, sustained in the postcolonial and neo–Cold War paradigms. By describing how collective ethics become the responsibility of sole individuals, this research questions the Korean communities' potential for coexistence.

Several authors have recently come to the conclusion that the linguistic human rights approach that has so far been followed in South Africa has largely failed. English has become the dominant language in all spheres of life despite the fact that the South African Constitution recognises 11 languages as having official status. Afrikaans, as the language of one of the minority groups in the country, has so far not enjoyed the same status as English and it is unlikely that it ever will, in view of the recognition which English enjoys as an international language of trade and commerce. Although the South African Constitution provides all the means required to entrench and promote Afrikaans (as well as the other 10 languages) and the rights of their speakers, there seems to be no political will to do so.In view of this, another strategy should be considered to improve the status of Afrikaans as an official language and also as a language of learning and teaching (LOLT) in schools and universities. To do this, the linguistic human rights approach should be relinquished in favour of a linguistic civil rights approach. This is an approach that embodies strategic actions and steps taken at ground level, in their everyday lives, by members of the Afrikaans community for the purpose of promoting the status of Afrikaans in South Africa, particularly as LOLT in schools and other institutions of learning. A linguistic civil rights approach utilises the space offered by the statutory fundamental human rights framework of the country for its strategy, but deviates from a linguistic human rights approach in that it does not look to the government to promote the status of the minority languages, but looks to the community in question (in this case, the Afrikaans community) to take up cudgels for Afrikaans, particularly as LOLT in schools and universities. Put differently, it uses the existing statutory framework as the space within which to work towards the retention and the promotion of Afrikaans as an official language and as LOLT in schools and universities.

A recent New York Times exposé highlighted the inner workings of the nail salon industry in New York City, and revealed to the public how rampant wage theft props up an industry that relies on low-wage, undocumented women workers. New York's response provides a starting point to consider how governments should respond to wage theft as it affects undocumented women. There are various legal regimes available for responding to wage theft, but each presents serious shortcomings when it intersects with the immigration system, primarily because of the threat of retaliation. As federal protections are weak or exacerbate the victimization of undocumented women, states should strengthen anti-retaliation protections specific to undocumented workers. California passed legislation in this area which New York should adopt. While the protections provided in California's legislation would strengthen each of the various legal regimes discussed, they would also empower undocumented women to break the silence imposed by retaliation and tell narratives that resist victimization.

This reflection article aims to analyze the contradictions and imbalances Colombian State Procurement system as part of our System and Political System, addressing an analysis to understand the issue of governance, democracy, institutions, policies, society, culture political participation, when tackling corruption case. Also, his experience decentralized sector and C. DT Cartagena during the period 2008 to 2011, as a form of knowledge of the inspection, surveillance, public vision and management control in the aforementioned period will address The conclusions which arrives herein, may be starting to understand better the problems and possible solutions: strong institutions, governance, regulations, proactive and conscious participation of the civil society. ; El presente artículo de reflexión tiene como propósito analizar las contradicciones y desajustes al sistema de Contratación Estatal colombiano, en el marco de nuestro Sistema y Régimen Políticos, abordando un análisis que permita entender el tema de Gobernabilidad, Democracia, instituciones, normativas, sociedad, cultura política, participación, cuando de enfrentar la corrupción se trate. Asimismo, se abordara la experiencia que tuvo el sector descentralizado de Cartagena D. T. y C., durante el periodo 2008 al 2011,como forma de conocimiento de la inspección, vigilancia, visión ciudadana y control de la gestión en el periodo mencionado, Las conclusiones a las que llega el presente documento, pueden ser punto de partida para entender mucho mejor la problemática, y encontrar posibles soluciones: Instituciones fuertes, gobernabilidad, normativas, participación proactiva y consciente de la sociedad civil.

La ley 8901/2000 estableció «el principio de participación equivalente de géneros» en los procesos electorales en la provincia de Córdoba. En este trabajo se analizó y dimensionó la efectividad de la norma como parte de la dinámica del ejercicio de los derechos políticos del sector más numeroso que constituye la ciudadanía cordobesa: las mujeres. Se basó en dos niveles de análisis: el cuerpo legal, sus alcances y contextos de producción, y la incidencia social, es decir la puesta en práctica de los derechos establecidos. Para ello se analizaron los procesos electorales efectuados entre 2000 y 2007 inclusive, se compararon con la elección legislativa efectuada anteriormente al 2000, utilizando los parámetros señalados. Se encontró que el cupo femenino de la legislatura mantuvo el 30 por ciento. Se concluye que la ley vigente que contempla «el principio de participación equivalente de géneros»», la cual se presentó como superadora de sus homologas, en su implementacion no produjo las mejoras esperadas. ; The Law 8901/2000 established «The principle of equal gender participation» in electoral processes in the province of Cordoba. In this work is analyzed and dimensioned the effectiveness of legal rule as part of dynamics of the exercise of political rights of the most popular sector of the city: women. We based on two levels of analysis: body of law, its scope and production contexts, and the social impact, in other words, the implementation of established rights. For that, we analyzes electoral processes carried out between 2000 and 2007 inclusive and were compared it with the legislative election made previously to 2000, using the parameters indicated. It was found that the female quota of the legislature maintained the 30 percent. It is concluded that the existing law provides for «the principle of equal participation of genres,» which was presented as superadores of their counterparts, in its implementation did not produce the expected improvements. ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

Los temas de transparencia, rendición de cuentas, información y otros conceptos se han impuesto en la discusión política de los últimos veinte años. La legitimidad democrática demanda gobiernos transparentes. Con esta finalidad, el presente artículo propone el esbozo de una teoría de la visibilidad democrática que pretende fortalecer el poder ciudadano. Se discuten algunos problemas semánticos y conceptuales de la teoría y se describen sus elementos y componentes, destacando que su finalidad es analizar, comprender y señalar las condiciones teóricas, normativas y empíricas del ejercicio en público del poder. AbstractThe topics of transparency, financial accountability, information and other concepts have been established in the political discussion of the last twenty years. The democratic legitimacy requires clear and open governments. With this purpose, this article presents the outlines of a theory of the democratic visibility that tries to strengthen citizen power. Some semantic and conceptual problems of the theory are discussed here, their elements and components are described, emphasizing that their purpose is to analyze, understand and indicate the theoretical, normative and empirical conditions of the public exercise of power.