Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is vowing to launch an invasion of Rafah, a city located along the Gaza-Egypt border where more than 1.5 million Palestinians currently shelter.Egypt's stakes are extremely high given how much spillover from Gaza into the Sinai Peninsula could be destabilizing. Cairo understandably wants this war to be over immediately.A massive refugee influx into the Sinai from Gaza could result in Palestinians waging an armed resistance against Israel from Egyptian soil — a nightmarish scenario from Cairo's perspective. Egypt also does not want to be seen as accepting Palestinian refugees in exchange for money from the U.S., which would contribute to perceptions on the "Arab Street" that President Abdel Fatah el-Sisi's government is complicit in a "Nakba 2.0."Understanding Egypt's vulnerability to spillover from Gaza requires considering Cairo's other foreign policy challenges too. The Gaza war's spread into the Red Sea has harmed Egypt's economy in the form of lost Suez Canal revenue with ships rerouting to avoid the body of water altogether. Additionally, Rafah isn't the only border security crisis concerning Egyptian officials. "They've got Sudan in the south, which is a mess. To the west, Libya is a mess. So basically, everywhere Egypt looks now is a problem. There's also the issue of the Renaissance Dam," noted Kenneth Katzman, a Senior Fellow at the Soufan Center, in an interview with RS.The U.S. RoleSince October, Egyptian diplomacy has been key to efforts aimed at implementing a ceasefire, negotiating hostage-prisoner swaps, and delivering Gaza humanitarian assistance. As a result, the Biden administration perceives Egypt to be more indispensable than ever. Notably, Biden and his team haven't recently criticized the Sisi government's human rights record — a major contrast to Biden's rhetoric as a presidential candidate.The White House understands Cairo's concerns and Biden's public position is that Israel should not wage a full-scale assault on Rafah without ensuring the safety of Palestinians sheltering there. But Egypt continues to be frustrated with Biden's refusal to deploy Washington's leverage to pressure Israel into actually changing its conduct on the ground."Washington's support [for Egypt on this front has been] confined to making clear its opposition to any full-scale transfer of refugees, forced, unforced, permanent, or temporary," Charles Dunne, a former U.S. diplomat who served in Cairo and Jerusalem, told RS. "It is pushing back on talk in Israel — so far unofficial — that a mass population transfer could be part of the solution to Israel's Gaza problem," he added."My personal conclusion is that [U.S. officials] probably made the point [to their Egyptian counterparts] that some of the Gazans would inevitably be needed to be let into Egypt in order to prevent a greater humanitarian catastrophe as the Israelis move military operations closer to Rafah," Dave DesRoches, an assistant professor at the National Defense University in Washington, DC, told RS. "My guess is the Egyptians are concerned both that the Gazan presence would become permanent as well as that Egypt would be seen as abetting the Israeli military operations," he added.If Israel wages an all-out assault on Rafah and there is a massive displacement of Palestinians into Egypt, Washington would probably financially assist Cairo. But Katzman belives the White House is likely more focused on trying to prevent that from happening. "My impression is that [the Biden] administration is not really tackling the idea of what if there is a flood of refugees into the Sinai, while I think [its] strategy is to make sure that doesn't happen in the first place," he told RS.Katzman added, "The U.S. is encouraging Israel to coordinate with Egypt to the extent possible, which I think is happening. But beyond that, I don't think the administration has done any planning because they don't expect that worst case scenario to happen.""Cairo worries that even entertaining the idea for emergency planning purposes could be seen as a green light to the IDF. That appears to be where we are for now, and Cairo has focused on building a fortified buffer zone along the border with Gaza to prevent a refugee crisis," said Dunne.Red Sea CrisisAnother important aspect of U.S.-Egypt relations amid the Gaza war and its regionalization is the Red Sea security crisis. Since November, the Houthis have been launching missiles and drones at ships off Yemen's coast, claiming to support Gaza by targeting vessels linked to Israel, the U.S., and the UK. As of last month, Egypt's Suez Canal revenue had decreased by 40 to 50 percent throughout the crisis, according to Sisi.Gordon Gray, the former U.S. ambassador to Tunisia, told RS that there is "strong incentive for Egypt to assist the U.S. efforts to guarantee freedom of the seas" given what is at stake for Egypt in terms of Suez Canal fees amid Houthi maritime attacks.But despite economic setbacks from the Red Sea security crisis, Egypt did not join Operation Prosperity Guardian (OPG) and Cairo has played no official role in the Washington-led bombing campaign against the Houthis that began almost two months ago. This is not because Cairo doesn't share the West's concerns about the Houthi attacks on vessels. To the contrary, Egypt and the U.S. strongly agree that no Yemeni group should be allowed to disrupt maritime shipping in the region. In fact, when Saudi Arabia launched Operation Decisive Storm in March 2015, Egypt committed its naval forces to provide security in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. At that time, Sisi referred to the Red Sea as an "Arab lake" and identified the Bab al-Mandab as important to "Egyptian and Arab national security."Public opinion at home mostly explains Cairo not joining OPG nor formally supporting the U.S.-UK strikes. Many Egyptians would now see their government overtly aligning with Washington and London against the Houthis as Cairo facilitating Israel's war on Gaza."Egypt has refused to join [OPG] and, while it's possible that Egypt is making some behind-the-scenes contribution, any such contribution is pretty much invisible to the naked eye at the moment. If anything, it's the very least they can get away with doing," according to Dunne.DesRoches believes that the Egyptians have probably been allowing London to use Egyptian airspace for bombing Houthi targets in Yemen. "Extrapolating, I'm confident that U.S. support, intelligence, and resupply flights are probably transiting Egyptian airspace," he told RS. "I have a slightly lower degree of confidence that the Egyptians share intelligence and the common operating picture from their various assets to locate missile tracks and launch sites. This is probably limited more by the lack of Egyptian capacity than by any policy decision to not cooperate." Ultimately, the U.S.-Egypt alliance remains strong. But Cairo must approach this relationship with more caution given Washington's role in Gaza's destruction and its growing isolation in the Arab-Islamic world.
Since the end of the Cold War, the U.S. has meted out economic punishment both as a means of coercion and a moral warfare tool, rendering it a de facto accompaniment in the naming and shaming of various foes of the United States. The largest sanctions of all have been imposed on Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine. Unfortunately, this case has also become the greatest example of the failure of sanctions to achieve their desired results. Together with the failure of the Ukrainian counter-offensive, this has contributed to the growing belief that this war may end in stalemate, or even Russian victory.By 2021, the U.S. had already imposed over 8,000 sanctions on individuals and companies globally, targeting regional sectors in a range of countries. In the last two years, this number has seen an astronomical increase. According to a Columbia University database, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) holds comprehensive sanctions on six countries and three regions. Targeted export sanctions extend to 19 countries including Belarus, Afghanistan, Libya, Sudan, and Zimbabwe, prohibiting under U.S. law any financial and commercial relations with designated companies or individuals. On multitudinous occasions, these U.S.-led sanction regimes have been found to inflict asymmetrical burdens on impoverished foreign citizens, hinder democratization, and in the most serious cases exacerbate humanitarian crises in violation of international law.In the days following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in late February 2022, President Biden introduced a series of allies-coordinated sanction packages targeting Russia's weapons industry, technology exports, foreign assets, banks, energy companies, and wealthy businessmen. Western states then went on to completely isolate Russia from the global financial market. In these measures lay a hope that such a severe sanctions regime would not only impede Russia's warmaking capabilities but cripple support from political elites so drastically that Putin's technocratic regime would collapse. Nearly two years into the war, Biden's introduction of new sanction packages every other month since February 2022 has not toppled the Russian regime or led it to agree to Western demands for a withdrawal from Ukraine. Russia's increased allocation of national GDP to defense, which is predicted to reach an all time high of 6%, stands as proof of this unpleasant truth. James Galbraith of the Institute for New Economic Thinking remarks that most Western studies on the Russian economy today begin with the question of how badly it is doing. This framework — focused on finding pain in the Russian economy and highly reliant on confirmation bias — forgoes the intellectual distance necessary to accurately pinpoint the roots of sanctions failure.There is no doubt that Russia's economy is feeling the impact of sanctions and faces a rather bleak future. Its aviation and car manufacturing sectors were particularly affected with a decline of 80% due to inaccessible components. The collapse of Western direct investment, combined with capital flight and severe brain drain, foreshadows decades of economic struggle for Russia's future generations.Still, this is nowhere near the outcome promised by U.S. officials. Claims that the Russian economy is about to collapse seem to stem from a need to reassure voters who are suffering from collateral sanctions damage, be it rising energy prices or deteriorating living standards.The most widely discussed reasons for the failure of Russia sanctions focus on issues in their enforcement: Their bypassing by southern states in complex supply chains, the loopholes of dual-use goods exports, and companies' reluctance to completely halt business with the Russian market. It is also clear that Western planners greatly underestimated the worldwide willingness (including by Western partners like India) to reject sanctions and continue buying Russian energy. Most recently, a POGO report found that even the U.S. Department of Defense has remained a loyal client of Russian oil.However, one can also credit Russian economic planning for cushioning the blow of sanctions. At the very outset of the war, the government and the Central Bank promptly reacted with a combination of restrictions on the free flow of capital and a 20% increase in interest rates. In only two months after the invasion, banks saw 90% of initially withdrawn funds returned to Russian accounts. After 20 months, a war economy has replaced Russia's pre-war export diversification and technological innovation priorities. Moscow's GDP shows a resilient growth of 2.2% this year, with the IMF only recently altering its prediction for the year 2024 from 2.8% to 1.1%. Despite severe capital flight, Russia's current account surplus grew to $16.6 billion in the third quarter of this year, reflective of a large increase in foreign trade despite Western sanctions regimes. There are, however, questions about the reliability of official figures, especially given that Russian trade statistics were made private for over a year, resuming only in March 2023. In line with Fortress Russia economics, the government recently imposed new measures compelling Russian exporters in energy, metals, and agriculture to convert their foreign currency earnings into rubles, and released new duties on non-oil exporters. Overall, anti-dollar strategies and currency swaps have pushed Russia closer to countries such as China, Iran, and Turkey, some of which share the aim of curbing American financial influence. This illustrates another danger in U.S. sanctions: Far from strengthening U.S. global power, they are in fact spurring other countries to reduce their economic dependence on the U.S.It appears therefore that the West may have to rethink its sanctions policy. As each side of the conflict begins to fathom the possibility of a non-military resolution, Western states must also face the difficult truth that sanctions (and Russia's frozen sovereign debt) could become be a necessary sacrifice in negotiations if Russia is to be brought to make peace. Indisputably, timing would be of key importance to what is perhaps still at present an unimaginable step for most U.S. officials. If proposed prematurely, an initiative to ease sanctions on Russia would also risk backfiring politically, which is why it should be broached in entirely confidential talks with Russia. Sanctions relief should come only as part of a settlement, and should be accompanied by firm and binding guarantees that the sanctions would be automatically reimposed in the event of fresh Russian aggression.The failure of sanctions against Russia echoes a long series of such failures, against Cuba (for sixty years), Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and elsewhere. While they may have some utility as bargaining leverage in negotiations, this only applies — as in the case of Russia — if the United States is prepared to lift them in return for agreement. What is more, sanction-setting betrays a pattern of stickiness: Once legislated by Congress, U.S. sanctions have historically tended to become permanent.It is high time that the United States recognized the clear lessons of modern history and modified its approach to the intermittently useful — albeit deeply flawed — strategy of economic coercion.
The 2024 presidential candidates are not holding back. Across the board they are issuing strident condemnations of Hamas's brutal attacks against Israel and support for Israel's ensuing war in Gaza.Nearly all are using the events to blame Biden Administration policies in the Middle East.Only one, Republican Vivek Ramaswamy, has urged restraint on the part of the U.S., pointing to his colleagues' anti-Iran rhetoric as a possible slide into war for Washington and a broader Middle East conflagration.Republicans overall offered the most bombastic takes, with Trump proclaiming that his Abraham Accords had brought "peace" to the Middle East before Biden came in and blew it all up.The accords, which sought U.S. normalization with Arab states, were only signed by Morocco, Bahrain, UAE, and Sudan (whose government was overthrown this year and is in the middle of another civil war) before Trump left office. While "peace" is clearly in the eye of the beholder, these agreements were not only upheld, but the Biden White House has praised and sought doggedly to expand them, reportedly offering Saudi Arabia all sorts of concessions to join.That the accords left the actual peace process – between Israel-Palestine – off the table, is being blamed in part for the tinderbox that led to last weekend's attacks.Beyond that, candidates are demanding reprisals, blaming Iran, and warning of terror attacks in the U.S.Cornel West, who is running as an independent primary candidate on Biden's left flank, was the only one to offer a warning against civilian killings on both sides, and lays blame for Hamas's action at the feet of US-Israeli policies.Here's how they all line up:The 2024 Democrats:President Biden: "In this moment we must be crystal clear: We stand with Israel. And we will make sure Israel has what it needs to take care of its citizens, defend itself and respond to this attack. There's no justification for terrorism. There's no excuse."Marianne Williamson: "Innocent civilians who had nothing to do with the actions of the Israeli government are, even as I write this, either being tortured or killed or are dead already. Children have been taken hostage. A nation is terrorized. (...) And yes, I know. These events did not occur in a vacuum. I could write about — and indeed I have, and at length — the myriad injustices Palestinians have endured at the hands of Israel. (...) I will have much to say in the coming days about what is happening in Israel and how I feel the United States should respond. For now, I stand with Israel. And I stand with the Palestinian people. I do not stand with Hamas, nor will I ever. For their cause is not justice. Their cause is terror.2024 RepublicansDonald Trump: "The atrocities we are witnessing in Israel would never have happened if I was president." (...) "less than four years ago, we had peace in the Middle East with the historic Abraham Accords. Today we have an all-out war in Israel, and it's going to spread very quickly. What a difference a president makes."Later he added in a Truth Social post, in all-caps: "CROOKED JOE BIDEN MUST TAKE BACK AND FREEZE THE 6 BILLION DOLLARS RIGHT NOW, BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE. HOW COULD ANYONE BE SO INCOMPETENT AND STUPID? BIDEN CAUSED THIS WAR, AND IT WILL ONLY GET WORSE!!!This has become a ubiquitous charge lobbed against the White House by Republicans in the wake of the Hamas attacks. The U.S. had unfrozen $6 billion in Iranian oil profits that were being held by South Korea, in exchange for the release of U.S. hostages last month. The money is currently held by Qatar, which was expected to be doled out for humanitarian needs in Iran. None of that money has left Doha, according to reports.Gov. Ron DeSantis: Proposed anti-Iran sanctions for the state of Florida on Tuesday, calling the Tehran government a "clearinghouse for terrorist funding in the region." Meanwhile, he said, "Israel, with the full support of the United States, should kill Hamas members and extinguish their entire infrastructure,"He also blamed Biden for unfreezing $6 billion for Iran.Amb. Nikki Haley: Her message to Israel was simple. "Finish them. Hamas did this, you know Iran's behind this. Finish them.""What happened to Israel could happen here in America," Haley said in a separate interview. "I have been terribly worried about the fact that Iran has said that the easiest way to get into America is through the Southern border … we don't need to wait for another 9/11."Vice President Mike Pence: "Biden should demand the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages in Gaza and direct JSOC (Joint Special Operations Command) to be prepared to mobilize US Special Forces with Israeli Defense Forces to get our people home. Hamas gives 'em up, or we go get 'em."In response to a report that Biden is considering sending a second aircraft carrier, Pence said "Just do it!"Pence also attacked what he said were "voices of appeasement" in the GOP, including Ramaswamy, Trump, and DeSantis, who have all urgedrestraint and questioned U.S. interests in the Ukraine War. "This is also what happens when you have leaders in the Republican Party signaling retreat on the world stage."Sen Tim Scott: "The last thing we need is a Joe Biden wing of the Republican Party on foreign policy," echoing Pence on the issue of Israel and Hamas.He also called the attacks "an assault on Western Civilization. The truth is though, Joe Biden funded these attacks on Israel. America's weakness is blood in the water for bad actors, but this is worse than that. We didn't just invite this aggression, we paid for it."Later, he added, "at least 9 Americans have been killed at the hands of evil Hamas terrorists. It's time to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with Israel, who has the resources and the power to wipe Hamas off the map."Gov. Chris Christie: "What I would be doing is making sure, one, that Israel has everything that it needs to be able to take whatever actions it needs to take." In this interview, he also criticizes "irresponsible" GOP House members for removing Speaker Kevin McCarthy and paralyzing the House in a time of crisis.More Christie: "Biden's appeasement of Israel's enemies has invited this war against Israel. Appeasement anywhere never works. We must do whatever it takes to support the State of Israel in its time of grave danger, and we must end the scourge of Iran-backed terrorism. This terrorism is funded by Biden's idiotic release of $6 billion to the Iranians."The Hamas war against Israel is now the second war started under Biden's failed presidency, first by Russia in Ukraine and now by Hamas in Israel. Both could have been deterred by strong American leadership."Christie also blamed U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan as signaling weakness.Vivek Ramaswamy: He pushes for strong support of Israel and blasts Hamas, but warns of a wider war that could include the U.S. He presented a 6-point plan on X, which included critiques of Haley and Pence for escalatory rhetoric:"These histrionics are unhelpful & unserious. The U.S. should provide Israel with diplomatic support, intelligence-sharing, and necessary munitions to defend its own homeland, while taking special care to avoid a broader regional war in the Middle East that would *not* advance U.S. interests."The 2024 independentsRobert F. Kennedy Jr.: "This ignominious, unprovoked, and barbaric attack on Israel must be met with world condemnation and unequivocal support for the Jewish state's right to self-defense. We must provide Israel with whatever it needs to defend itself — now. As President, I'll make sure that our policy is unambiguous so that the enemies of Israel will think long and hard before attempting aggression of any kind."I applaud the strong statements of support from the Biden White House for Israel in her hour of need. However, the scale of these attacks means it is likely that Israel will need to wage a sustained military campaign to protect its citizens. Statements of support are fine, but we must follow through with unwavering, resolute, and practical action. America must stand by our ally throughout this operation and beyond as it exercises its sovereign right to self-defense."Cornel West: In an interview with POLITICO, West said that "Israel and [the] United States are primarily responsible" for the violence that took place near the Gaza strip that has resulted in more than 1,000 deaths and hundreds more in retaliatory strikes. But, he added, "Hamas must take responsibility for killing innocent folk.""The United States bears some responsibility, no doubt about that. And I think that Hamas and [Islamic J]ihad bear responsibility for killing innocent people," he said. "Palestinians have a right to defend themselves in the same way that Israel has a right to defend itself. There's no doubt about that. But neither has a right to kill innocent people."He added that "the state of Israel has been doing that for 75 years."Earlier, West said, "I would stop the killing of innocent people — be they Palestinians or Israelis — by calling for an end to the vicious U.S.-supported Israeli occupation. This violent resistance to oppression is the desperate language of an occupied people."
AMÉRICA LATINAHaití azotada por el cólera.Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/11/14/haiti.cholera/index.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/epidemia-de-clera-en-hait_8369460-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1325514Una protesta contra las tropas de la ONU desata la violencia en Haití.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/onu-admite-disparos-de-cascos-azules-en-muerte-de-manifestante_8369521-http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/11/15/1927300/haitians-protest-un-base-over.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/11/15/haiti.cholera/index.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2010/11/15/cholera-heurts-avec-l-onu-a-haiti_1440498_3222.htmlhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/11/16/internacional/_portada/noticias/3050E024-A27E-4EAC-AA2F-7D457E3E8825.htm?id={3050E024-A27E-4EAC-AA2F-7D457E3E8825} http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40199016/ns/world_news-haiti_earthquake/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/protesta/tropas/ONU/desata/violencia/Haiti/elpepuint/20101116elpepuint_3/TesLa mujer que podría ser la próxima presidente de Haití.Para más información:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031412,00.htmlNicaragua desconoce competencia de la OEA en diferendo limítrofe.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/11/16/internacional/internacional/noticias/D95F9AEF-F8A6-44AD-8AB7-29B01C2D56B6.htm?id={D95F9AEF-F8A6-44AD-8AB7-29B01C2D56B6}http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/oea-ve-equivocada-postura-nicaraguense-sobre-litigio-fronterizo_8371201-4Costa Rica: OEA enviará misión.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/70578.htmlBrasil se prepara para la lucha contra la miseria.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Brasil/prepara/lucha/miseria/elpepuint/20101116elpepuint_2/TesEl 87% de colombianos apoyan gestión de Santos con Chávez, pero expertos prevén fin de "luna de miel".Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/11/16/internacional/_portada/noticias/017C12A9-BFA3-497C-BEC2-A20966A69EB4.htm?id={017C12A9-BFA3-497C-BEC2-A20966A69EB4}Colombia: polémica por cifras de secuestros.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2010/11/101116_colombia_polemica_cifras_secuestro_jg.shtmlCuba prepara el Congreso del Partido Comunista Cubano sin hablar de reformas.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cuba-ajustar-economa-pero-mantendr-propiedad-estatal_8369141-4http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Cuba/prepara/Congreso/PCC/hablar/reformas/elpepuint/20101116elpepiint_12/Teshttp://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2010/11/15/cuba-libere-le-premier-des-prisonniers-politiques-qui-refusent-l-exil_1439935_3222.htmlEl Ejército boliviano se subordina a la ideología del Gobierno de Morales.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ejercito/boliviano/subordina/ideologia/Gobierno/Morales/elpepuint/20101116elpepiint_10/TesNuevo golpe a las FARC.Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/11/15/colombia.guerrillas.killed/index.htmlArgentina logra negociar deuda con el Club de París sin la auditoría del FMI.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/11/16/internacional/internacional/noticias/ADCF443B-3836-478E-A059-940AAE24C608.htm?id={ADCF443B-3836-478E-A059-940AAE24C608} ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁEl 'mercader de la muerte' es extraditado de Tailandia a los Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/16/thailand.extradition/index.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/11/16/thailande-le-marchand-d-armes-russe-viktor-bout-extrade-aux-etats-unis_1440516_3216.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40207823/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-11/16/content_11559472.htmhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/viktor-bout-alias-el-mercader-de-la-muerte-extraditado-a-ee-uu_8370240-4 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/mercader/muerte/extraditado/Tailandia/EE/UU/elpepuint/20101116elpepuint_6/TesEstados Unidos planea terminar su misión en Afganistán durante el 2014.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/11/16/internacional/internacional/noticias/8136C59C-590D-4570-9DBF-0B1C7750D60F.htm?id={8136C59C-590D-4570-9DBF-0B1C7750D60F}Según Joe Biden "no ratificar acuerdo nuclear con Rusia compromete seguridad de los Estados Unidos".Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2010/11/101117_ultnot_eeuu_rusia_acuerdo_nuclear_advertencia_wbm.shtml"El Universal" de México analiza la situación de los indocumentados en los Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/70574.htmlEUROPACrisis económica en Irlanda.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Bruselas/revela/Irlanda/podra/usar/fondos/europeos/rescatar/bancos/elpepueco/20101115elpepueco_1/Teshttp://www.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/11/15/ireland.economy/index.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031536,00.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40210540/ns/business-world_business/Europa admite inquietud por caso de Irlanda expanda http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/business/global/16euro.html?ref=worldhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/europa-admite-inquietud-por-caso-de-irlanda_8369640-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1325522http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2010/11/101117_ultnot_irlanda_eu_crisis_wbm.shtmlhttp://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2010/11/ireland_and_euroLos ministros de la Eurozona buscan en Bruselas una solución a la crisis de Irlanda.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1325521 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/ministros/eurozona/buscan/Bruselas/solucion/crisis/Irlanda/elpepueco/20101116elpepueco_2/TesEl silencio de España ante el conflicto saharaui.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2010/11/101116_espana_sahara_marruecos_conflicto_lh.shtmlEl giro a la derecha del nuevo Ejecutivo abre la lucha por el centro político en Francia.Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/11/14/france.pm.reappointed/index.htmlhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/giro/derecha/nuevo/Ejecutivo/abre/lucha/centro/politico/Francia/elpepuint/20101116elpepiint_7/TesReino Unido indemnizará a británicos que estuvieron presos en Guantánamo.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40210747/ns/world_news-europe/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/world/europe/17britain.html?_r=1&ref=worldhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Reino/Unido/indemnizara/britanicos/estuvieron/presos/Guantanamo/elpepuint/20101116elpepuint_4/TesMerkel es reelegida por la Unión Demócrata Cristiana y defiende sus logros.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/11/16/internacional/internacional/noticias/65CE9CE6-EDF0-48DD-B26B-439E8C9DF288.htm?id={65CE9CE6-EDF0-48DD-B26B-439E8C9DF288} http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/euro/fracasa/Europa/fracasara/elpepuint/20101116elpepiint_5/TesSarkozy suprime el polémico Ministerio de Inmigración e Identidad Nacional.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2010/11/16/internacional/internacional/noticias/B1E83AF7-7FC9-477A-A23C-26EAFBF2A37A.htm?id={B1E83AF7-7FC9-477A-A23C-26EAFBF2A37A}Tensión política en torno a Berlusconi.Para más información: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-11/14/content_11547323.htmASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTESuu Kyi ofrece a la Junta Militar negociar el futuro de Myanmar.Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/14/myanmar.suu.kyi.speech/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/world/asia/16briefs-myanmar.html?ref=worldhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-suu-kyi-release-20101114,0,809531.story http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031555,00.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Suu/Kyi/ofrece/Junta/Militar/negociar/futuro/Myanmar/elpepuint/20101115elpepiint_9/TesPolémico envío de armas desde Irán a Nigeria.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-weapons-20101116,0,4280650.story17 muertos en un ataque talibán a un repetidor de telefonía en Afganistán.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muertos/ataque/taliban/repetidor/telefonia/Afganistan/elpepuint/20101115elpepuint_4/TesIncendio de un edificio en Shanghai causó más de 50 víctimas.Para más información:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031543,00.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/soldadores/detenidos/incendio/edificio/Shanghai/causo/53/victimas/elpepuint/20101116elpepuint_8/Tes http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/15/china.building.fire/index.htmlOmán se enfrenta al reto de la sucesión de Qabús.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Oman/enfrenta/reto/sucesion/Qabus/elpepuint/20101114elpepuint_2/TesMisiles estadounidenses matan a 20 personas en pueblo pakistaní.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40208773/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/Record de peregrinos a la Meca.Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/11/15/saudi.arabia.hajj/index.htmlEn Irán las sentencias a lapidaciones por adulterio se pasan por TV.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40199611/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/La OTAN abandonará Afganistán en 2014.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/OTAN/abandonara/Afganistan/2014/elpepuint/20101116elpepiint_1/TesAl menos 64 muertos en India por el hundimiento de un edificio.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/world/asia/17india.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/derrumbe-de-edificio-en-nueva-delhi_8370621-4 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/64/muertos/India/hundimiento/edificio/elpepuint/20101116elpepuint_5/Tes http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40199103/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/ http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031545,00.htmlÁFRICAComienza el registro de votantes para las próximas elecciones en Sudán.Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/15/sudan.referendum/index.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-sudan-south-voters-20101116,0,5371718.storyLiberados dos británicos en Somalia tras el pago del rescate.Para más información:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2031309,00.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40193329/ns/world_news-africa/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Liberados/britanicos/Somalia/pago/rescate/elpepuint/20101116elpepiint_6/TesGuinea tiene nuevo presidente.Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2010/11/15/guinee-alpha-conde-revendique-sa-victoire_1440105_3212.htmlFuerzas Armadas nigerianas advierten sobre posibles ataques de militantes.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40167915/ns/world_news-africa/OTRAS NOTICIASThe Economist presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/17471621CNN publica la sección: "Impact your world".Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/impact.your.world/
Crisis Financiera mundial"El País" de Madrid:"Vía libre a la compra de Lehman por Barclays en sólo cinco días": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Via/libre/compra/Lehman/Barclays/solo/dias/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_4/Tes"Crisis financiera mundial - La gestación del rescate: "Si el plan no se aprueba, que el cielo nos asista"":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/plan/aprueba/cielo/nos/asista/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_3/Tes"EE UU inyectará 485.000 millones para evitar el colapso financiero": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/EE/UU/inyectara/485000/millones/evitar/colapso/financiero/elpepueco/20080921elpepieco_1/Tes "New York Times":"Shift for Goldman and Morgan Marks the End of an Era": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/business/22bank.html?hp "Bush Urges Democrats to Act Quickly on Bailout Plan": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/23paulson.html?hp"Skeptics in Washington, Sellers on Wall Street":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/business/24markets.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1222207347-jKdB9jkUarOxtnUq15xrDg"CNN":"Fed boosts support for Goldman and Morgan: Central bank okays change in status for last two remaining investment banks":http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/21/news/companies/fed_investmentbanks.ap/index.htm?cnn=yes"Markets fall as fears grow over bailout plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/23/world.markets/index.html"Bush urges Congress to rubberstamp bailout plan": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/22/world.markets/index.html"BBC":"US banks make shock status switch: The last two major investment banks in the US have changed their status to become bank holding companies, allowing them to take deposits from investors.": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7628578.stm"La Nación":"El fin de una era en Wall Street: adiós a los bancos de inversión: Goldman Sachs y Morgan Stanley se transformarán en bancos comerciales": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052652"Caen las bolsas ante las dudas por el plan: Pese a un fuerte llamado de Bush a aprobar el rescate cuanto antes, los demócratas presentaron una propuesta alternativa": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052651 "Time":"Japan to the Rescue of Ailing US Firms": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1843534,00.html"El Universal" de México: "La ONU, más necesaria y más urgente que nunca: Bush: En su discurso ante la Asamblea General de la ONU, el último de su mandato, dijo que el organismo internacional debe aprobar más resoluciones que impidan que esos atentados se produzcan": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/540630.html"MSNBC":"Bush to address country about bailout plan: Paulson reportedly compromises, will add limits on executive compensation": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26871338/"Fed plows $30 billion in foreign money markets :Temporary 'swap' arrangements aim to tackle global credit crunch": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26862762/"The Economist":"And then there were none: What the death of the investment bank means for Wall Street": http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12294688&source=features_box_main"The politics of despair: Wall Street's meltdown readjusts the race in unexpected ways": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12262221"Wall Street's bad dream": http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12273023 AMERICA LATINA "La Nación" informa: "Fuerte crítica de Cristina Kirchner a Estados Unidos en la ONU": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052725"CNN" publica: "Russian navy ships head to Venezuela": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/22/russia.venezuela.ap/index.html"China Daily" anuncia: "Russia sends ships on exercises in US 'backyard'":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/22/content_7048551.htm"La Nación" publica: "Chávez inició en China una gira por Asia y Europa: El mandatario venezolano busca fortalecer la cooperación con el país asiático; "en este momento es mucho más importante estar en Pekín que en Nueva York", expresó":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052710"CNN": "Peace talks aim at easing Bolivia tension": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/20/bolivia.talks/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Bolivia: Now put it back together": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12260915"La Nación" informa: "Antonini Wilson aseguró que en el vuelo había otros US$ 4.200.000 y que estuvo en la Casa Rosada": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052756"La Nación" anuncia: "México, ante un nuevo drama: el narcoterrorismo: Los carteles inician la "colombianización" del país":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052618"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Haití, Venezuela y Ecuador entre los más corruptos de América Latina, según un estudio": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/haiti-venezuela-y-ecuador-entre-los-mas-corruptos-de-america-latina-segun-un-estudio_4548631-1 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA "New York Times" informa: "2 Candidates Urge Greater Oversight in Bailout Plan": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/us/politics/22campaign.html?ref=business"CNN" publica: "McCain 'deeply uncomfortable' with lack of bailout oversight": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/09/22/campaign.wrap/index.html"BBC" analiza: "The US election nightmare scenario": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7626471.stm"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Palin se reúne con varios mandatarios en apertura de la Asamblea de la ONU": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/1BCE1474-994A-47C6-A5FE-84CD8B379283.htm?id={1BCE1474-994A-47C6-A5FE-84CD8B379283}"The Economist" analiza: "The election campaign: Heard on the stump":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12263226"Los Angeles Times": "Times poll shows Barack Obama has slight lead over John McCain": http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-poll25-2008sep25,0,4911734.stor"Los Angeles Times" informa: "McCain seeks to postpone debate because of financial crisis":http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-campaign25-2008sep25,0,766973.story"Time" publica sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones en los Estados Unidos:http://thepage.time.com/"La Nación" publica: "Bush busca tranquilizar a sus pares en la ONU: Hoy pronunciará su último discurso": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052654"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "George W. Bush afirma que la ONU es más necesaria y más urgente que nunca":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/euycanada/home/george-w-bush-afirma-que-la-onu-es-mas-necesaria-y-mas-urgente-que-nunca_4548370-1 EUROPA "El País" de Madrid informa: "La duda es más grande que Brown: El primer ministro, agobiado por su mala imagen, es incapaz de remontar los sondeos - El laborismo debate si dejar que siga o designar otro líder para un cuarto mandato": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/duda/grande/Brown/elpepuint/20080921elpepiint_1/Tes"CNN" publica: "Car bomb in northern Spain kills soldier":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/22/spain.bombs.soldier/index.html"CNN" publica: "Funding crisis may ground Alitalia": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/22/alitalia.license/index.html"Time" informa: "11 Dead in FinlandSchool Shooting": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1843568,00.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "Estudiante asesinó a diez compañeros en un colegio profesional de Finlandia y luego se suicidó": http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/estudiante-asesino-a-diez-companeros-en-un-colegio-profesional-de-finlandia-y-luego-se-suicido_4546222-1 Asia – Pacífico /Medio Oriente. "China Daily" informa: "China's quality chief steps down in milk scandal":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/22/content_7048471.htm"The Economist" analiza: "China's baby-milk scandal: Formula for disaster": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12262271"MSNBC" anuncia: "Typhoon hits southern China, Vietnam next: Hong Kong saw 58 injuries and disruption of schools and airport":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26868696/"New York Times" informa: "Japanese Party Chooses Aso as Leader":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/world/asia/23japan.html?ref=world"Le Monde" publica: "Taro Aso va devenir le premier ministre du Japón": http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2008/09/22/taro-aso-va-devenir-le-premier-ministre-du-japon_1097905_3216.html#ens_id=1097909"BBC" anuncia: "Aso picked to become new Japan PM": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7628495.stm"La Nación" informa: "Un "halcón" será el nuevo primer ministro de Japón: Taro Aso reemplazará a Yasuo Fukuda": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052616"CNN" publica: "N. Korea seeks removal of nuke plant seals": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/22/nkorea.nuclear.seals/index.html"BBC" informa: "N Korea wants nuclear seals off": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7628955.stm"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Pakistán persigue a célula de Al Qaeda tras atentado": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/99E41C2A-5ED4-4AFA-BA25-4184BA2AD712.htm?id={99E41C2A-5ED4-4AFA-BA25-4184BA2AD712}"New York Times" publica: "Pakistan Leaders Barely Missed Attack": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/world/asia/23pstan.html?ref=world"New York Times" anuncia: "Olmert Quits Post, and Political Maneuvering Begins": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/world/middleeast/22olmert.html?ref=world"MSNBC": "Livni to form new Israeli government: Foreign minister has 42 days to form coalition": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26839166/"MSNBC" informa: "Car plows into soldiers in Jerusalem; 19 hurt: Palestinian shot dead after ramming car into crowd of soldiers in OldCity": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26841572/"El País" de Madrid publica: "Ahmadineyad vaticina el fin del "imperio americano" y el derrumbe de Israel": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ahmadineyad/vaticina/fin/imperio/americano/derrumbe/Israel/elpepuint/20080923elpepuint_5/Tes AFRICA "El País" de Madrid informa: "Mbeki, obligado a dejar la presidencia de Suráfrica: Las luchas internas en el partido del Gobierno desembocan en una crisis": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mbeki/obligado/dejar/presidencia/Surafrica/elpepuint/20080921elpepiint_7/Tes"New York Times" publica: "A South African of Charisma and Mystery": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/world/africa/22zuma.html?ref=world"CNN" anuncia: "Sudan lobbies to avoid Darfur genocide arrest": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/sudan.un.ap/index.html"BBC" informa: "Eleven tourists seized in Egypt": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7629171.stm"CNN" publica: "11 tourists kidnapped in Egypt desert": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/egypt.italians.kidnapped/index.html"CNN" analiza: "U.N.: Almost 10 million Ethiopians need food aid": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/22/ethiopia.drought.ap/index.html ECONOMIA "The Economist" analiza: "Airlines and the credit crunch: Shredding money": http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12267383"La Nación" publica: "Fuerte alza de las materias primas; récord del crudo: Tuvo la mayor suba en un día, del 17,8%; la soja aumentó 5,3%":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052656"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12274086"MSNBC" anuncia: "Oil near $108 as investors eye U.S. bailout: Investors await details of $700 billion plan to stabilize Wall Street": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12400801/OTRAS NOTICIAS"New York Times" publica: "At U.N., Bush Reassures Leaders on Economy":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/world/24nations.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin "El Universal" de México informa: "Inicia hoy la Asamblea General de la ONU: El secretario general de la ONU, Ban Ki-moon, y el presidente de la Asamblea General, el ex canciller nicaragüense Miguel D' Escoto, inauguran una sesión en la que se tratarán los Objetivos del Milenio y la pobreza": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/540594.html"La Nación" informa: "Los discursos en la ONU se concentran en la crisis económica: La mayoría de los presidentes resaltaron en la apertura de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas la delicada situación de los mercados mundiales; Ban Ki-Moon pidió "acción y liderazgo colectivo"": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1052733"MSNBC" anuncia: "U.N. chief: Rich nations must help Africa: Secretary-General says $72 billion a year needed to fight hunger, poverty": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26839643/"MSNBC" publica: "Russia, China block new Iran nuclear sanctions: Talks among six nations on Iranian program cancelled amid U.S.-Russia rift": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26859796/
Беневич Г. И. Логос Мелхиседека. Экзегеза и парадигма обожения у прп. Максима Исповедника В этой статье рассматривается один из сложнейших вопросов библейской экзегетики образ Мелхиседека и его связь с образом Христа. На материале ряда сочинений прп. Максима Исповедника показывается значение этого вопроса для восточного богословия VII в. Ключевые слова: Максим Исповедник, Мелхиседек, Христос, экзегетика. Benevich G. I. Logos of Melchizedek. The Учупуышы and Paradigm of Deification in the Works of Maximus the Confessor In the article, there is regarded one of the most complex matters of the Bible exegesis, i. e. image of Melchizedek and its relation to the image of Christ. The meaning of the matter for Eastern Theology of the VII century is shown through a set of writings of St. Maximus the Confessor. Key words: Maximus the Confessor, Melchizedek, Christ, exegesis. Бирюков Д. С. Николай Мефонский и его полемика с учением Прокла в контексте византийского проклренессанса Статья посвящена особенностям полемики византийского церковного писателя XII в. Николая Мефонского с учением Прокла. Указано на платонизирующих византийских авторов современной Николаю эпохи, с которыми он мог неявно полемизировать. На примере преломления Николаем платонического учения об иерархии причин сущего и учения об универсалиях показано, что Николай склонялся к номинализму и расходился в этом как с неортодоксальными, так и с некоторыми ортодоксальными авторами, а также с распространенной в Византии позицией, характерной для Александрийской школы Аммония, предполагающей троякий способ существования универсалий. Ключевые слова: византийская философия, проблема универсалий, платонизм, Александрийская школа философии, византийский проклренессанс. Birjukov D. S Nicholas of Methone and His Polemics Against Proclus in the Context of the Byzantine Proclosrenaissance The article is concerned on the features in polemics of the Byzantine Church author Nicholas of Methone with the authorities who kept the doctrine of Proclus in XII century. We have suggested the names of the authors in Nicholas' epoch, with whom he could maintain his latent dialogue in his writings. On the example of interpreting the Platonian notion concerning the hierarchy of causes of Being and the notion of Universals we show that Nicholas whose more inclined to Nominalism, fallen into divergence both with Non-orthodox and same Orthodox authors on that point. So that the analysis of his writings reveals the difference with the widespread position in Byzantium, characteristic to the Alexandrian school of Ammonius, which supported the Doctrine of Universals' existing in three modes. Key words: Byzantine philosophy, the problem of universals, Platonism, Alexandrian school, Proklosrenaissance. Бурановская Н. А. Сакрализация камня в культуре Средневековой Индии Сакрализация камня как наиболее долговечного материала, способного запечатлеть ценностные доминанты и духовные смыслы культуры, характерна для большинства цивилизаций Востока. В данной статье рассматривается космологическая символика индуистских храмов, являвшихся в своей исторической эволюции развитием идеи жертвенного алтаря. Ключевые слова: Индия, индуизм, каменное храмовое зодчество, сакрализация камня. Buranovsky N. A. Stone Sacralization in Culture of Medieval India The stone sacralization as the most durable material, capable to embody valuable dominants and spiritual senses of culture, is characteristic for the majority of civilisations of the East. In given article the cosmological symbolism of Hindu temples which were development of idea of a sacrificial altar in the historical evolution. Key words: India, Hindu, stone temple architecture, a stone sacralization. Бурмистров С. Л. Эстетика неоведантизма и принцип dhvani В статье на примере философии искусства С. Дасгупты рассматриваются некоторые особенности неоведантистской эстетики и ее связи с эстетическими представлениям древней Индии и с западной эстетической мыслью (Г. В. Ф. Гегель). Анализируется роль понятия dhvani (намек, скрытый смысл) в индийской эстетике и особенности восприятия неоведантистами гегелевского учения об искусстве как образном воплощении идеи. Ключевые слова: эстетика, прекрасное, неоведантизм, Гегель, dhvani. Burmistrov S. L. Esthetics of Neo-Vedantism and the Dhvani Principle In the paper specific features of neo-vedāntist aesthetics (S. Dasgupta's philosophy of art) are considered and its relations with aesthetic theories of ancient India and with Western aesthetic thought (G. W. F. Hegel) are examined. The main topic of the paper are the role of the concept dhvani (hint) in Indian aesthetics and specific features of neo-vedāntist reception of Hegel's theory of art as an embodiment of an idea. Keywords: Aesthetics, beauty, neo-vedāntism, Hegel, dhvani. Гольцев Д. В. Образ Храма в истории и современной культуре евреев Единство языка, традиций, культуры, которые еврейский народ сохраняет на протяжении более четырех тысяч лет покоятся на религиозном фундаменте иудаизма. Желание иудеев жить в чистом и святом мире, который был утерян прародителями после грехопадения, воплотилось в Храме. Идея Храма укоренена в самих истоках истории еврейского народа. И вся история евреев по сей день неразрывно связана с Храмом. Ключевые слова: культура, религиозное сознание, Храм, синагога. Goltsev D. V. Image of the Temple in the History and Contemporary Culrure of Jews The unity of language, traditions, and culture preserving by the Jewish people throughout more than four thousands years base on the religious foundation of Judaism. The desire of Jews to live in the clear and holy world lost by progenitors after the Fall had been embodied in Temple. The idea of the Temple is grounded in the very origins of Jewish history. And the whole history of Jews is intimately connected with the Temple to the present time. Key words: culture, religious consciousness, the Temple, synagogue. Воробьева-Десятовская М. И. Мечников Л. И. и русская цивилизация XIX в. Статья посвящена страницам биографии Л. И. Мечникова. Автор анализирует его жизненный путь, чтобы выяснить, когда ученый задался вопросом о причинах зарождения цивилизаций. Он считал ошибочным усматривать причину зарождения древних цивилизаций в благоприятных климатических условиях, поскольку климатические условия, в которых зарождались цивилизации, не были идентичны. Л. И. Мечников первым в русской науке сделал шаг к выявлению роли географического фактора в историко-цивилизационном процессе. Ключевые слова: первобытная культура, географический фактор, изменения климатических условий Vorob'yova-Desyatovskaya M. I. L. I. Mechnikov and the Russian Civilization of the XIX Century. This article is devoted to crucial points of L. I. Mechnikov's biography. The author analyzed his life story in order to explain how he conceived the idea of civilizations' origin. Mechnikov rejected auspicious climatic conditions as the main cause of the ancient civilizations' arising. He proved the exceptional role of geographical factor of historical-civilizational process. Mechnikov was the first Russian scientist who represented this mode of thinking. Key words: primitive culture, the geographical factor, changes of environmental conditions. Джибраев А. Ю. Судан-2011: грядущая религиозно-иделогическая реструктуризация До референдума 2011 г. о разделении Судана на южное и северное государства осталось менее года. В контексте столкновения западного, американского образца, и исламского проектов глобализации актуальным представляется и обсуждение, и прогнозирование геополитических последствий референдума. Cтатья посвящена анализу суданского узла пересечения интересов Запада и стран исламского мира: социально-политической и экономической ангажированность Судана, внутрисуданских политических противоречий, позиций Евросоюза и США в разделении Республики Судан. Ключевые слова: геополитика, суданский референдум, исламистские национальные движения Dzhibraev A. Y. Sudan-2011: Сoming Religious & Ideological Restructurization Less than one year has been left prior to the Referendum-2011, targeted to divide Sudan on the South and North states. In the context of clash of the Western, American and Islamic Globalization Projects, to discuss and forecast the geopolitical implication of the Referendum seem to be actual. This article is designated for analyzing the Sudanese intersection node of the Western and Islamic countries' interests and meaning the social & political involvement and commitment of Sudan, internal Sudanese political contradictions, and the EU & EC positions on division matters of the Republic of Sudan. The attention is focused to discussing the forthcoming reaction to the Referendum results in the conditions of a potential local East Africa's conflict transplantation into the ideological fields of challenge for various Globalization Projects and with the view of preventing the negative consequences for the neighboring regions regarding formation of two independent states. Key words: geopolitics, Sudanese Referendum, islamist national movements. Ермакова Т. В. Вклад монголоведа А. М. Позднеева в исследование буддийской культуры Статья посвящена анализу вклада монголоведа А. М. Позднеева в исследование буддийской культуры. Проанализированы результаты двух его поездок в Монголию (1876, 1892): описание буддийских монастырей в аспекте управления, религиозных практик, архитектуры и повседневной жизни, восстановлена его концепция историко-культурной уникальности центральноазиатской региональной формы буддийской культуры. Ключевые слова: буддизм, Монголия, российские экспедиции. Ermakova T. V. Personal contribution of mongolist A. M. Pozdneev into Buddhist culture research This article is devoted to the evaluation of the personal contribution of the Russian mongolist A. M. Pozdneev into Buddhist culture research. Notable results of his two expeditions into Mongolian region were analyzed: complex description of the Mongol Buddhist monasteries in various aspects: management, religious practices, architecture and everyday life. Pozdneev's conceptualization of Mongol regional form of Buddhist culture was analyzed. Key words: Buddhism, Mongolia, the Russian expeditions. Касаткина З. А. Дирижерско-хоровая педагогика и образование в России на современном этапе Статья посвящена проблемам теории хорового дирижирования, методике преподавания дирижирования, а также вопросам полифункциональности данной профессии. Рассматривается проблема качественной подготовки и воспитания хорового дирижера высокой квалификации, выявление специфических дирижерских способностей, раскрытие понятия дирижерско-хоровая школа, определение основных методологических и теоретических аспектов основ системы хорового образования и исполнительства. Ключевые слова: теория хорового дирижирования, дирижерско-хоровое образование, педагог, музыкант, дирижерско-хоровая школа. Kasatkina Z. A. Choir Conducting Pedagogy and Education in Russia at Present Days The article is dedicated to theoretical questions of choir conducting, choir conducting teaching methodology as well as to questions related to multifunction of this profession. The author contemplates such issues as: education of highly qualified choir conductor, revelation of specific conductor skills, academic detailing of meaning for choir conducting school, determination of basic methodological and theoretical aspects of choir and performance educational system and its basis. Key words: theory of choir conducting, choir conducting education, pedagogue, musician, choir conducting school. Климов В. Ю. Светские власти, Рэннё, восьмой иерарх буддийской школы истинной веры Чистой Земли, и ее адепты в средневековой Японии В XVI в. крупные феодалы сэнгоку-даймё законодательными мерами стремились запретить деятельность адептов буддийской школы дзёдо синсю. Школа была основана Святым Синраном (1173-1263). Рэннё (1415-1499) в XV в. сумел создать мощную религиозную организацию. Он отстаивал основные положения Учения школы, борясь с искажениями и ересями. Ключевые слова: религиозное движение икко-икки, буддистская школа дзёдо синсю, Синран, Рэннё, буддистский храм Хонгандзи. Klimov V. J. In the XVI-th century feudal lords sengoku daimyo tried to prohibit the activities of religious followers of Buddhist school jodo shinshu by law The Buddhist school was founded by Saint Shinran (1173-1263). In the XV-th century Rennyo (1415-1499) managed to create a powerful religious organization. He was supporting main statements of the religious doctrine, and was fighting against its misinterpretations and heresies. Key words: Religious movement ikko-ikki, Buddhist school jodo shinshu, Shinran, Rennyo, Buddhist temple Honganji. Ларионова Д. Г. Лингвокультурные предпосылки формирования концепта родина Статья посвящена формированию концепта родина на фоне американской лингвокультуры. Анализируются типологические особенности русской и американской культур, обусловившие различия в значимости концепта для языкового сознания русских и американцев. Исследуются лингвокультурные предпосылки формирования концепта родина как базового концепта русской культуры. Сопоставляются переводные соответствия концепта в русском языке и американском варианте английского языка. Ключевые слова: родина, концепт, русская культура, американская культура, лингвокультура, Larionov D. G. Lingual-Cultural Premises of Formation of the Motherland Concept The article is dedicated to the formation of the motherland concept against the background of the American lingual culture. The typological features of the Russian and American cultures that cause different meaning of the concept in the lingual consciousness of the Russian and American people are analyzed. The lingual cultural premises of formation of the motherland concept as a basic concept of the Russian culture are considered. The translated equivalents of the concept in the Russian and American English are compared. Key words: motherland, concept, Russian culture, American culture, lingual culture. Марахонова С. И. Выдающийся исследователь японской художественной культуры Сергей Елисеев и его петроградское окружение Статья посвящена деятельности С. Елисеева в области искусств, которое было его центральным интересом, что дает повод историкам считать его, прежде всего, специалистом в области дальневосточной культуры и искусств. Елисеев начал свои исследовательские изыскания, обучаясь в Японии. Позже, в 1915-1920 в Петрограде он подготовил лекции по дальневосточному искусству для Государственного университета и других институтов. Елисеев прожил первое десятилетие в эмиграции в Париже, где он работал как хранитель японской коллекции в музее Гиме. Парижский период был самым плодотворным для научной деятельности. С 1934 по 1958 С. Елисеев профессор Гарвардского университета США и директор Института Гарварда. Ключевые слова: востоковедение, Сергей Елисеев, дальневосточное искусство, культура Японии и Китая. Marakhonova S. I. The Outstanding Far Easten Fine Arts'scholar Serge Elisseeff and His Petrograd Environment The article deals with Serge Elisseeff 's activities in the field of fine arts. This was one of his most great interests and he is considered by some people the history of Far Eastern culture and fine arts scholar first of all. Elisseeff began his fine arts studies when a student in Japan. Later in 1915-1920 in Petrograd he prepared a lot of lectures on Far Eastern fine arts at the state university and some other institutes. Elisseeff spent the first decade of his emigration from Russia in Paris where he worked as the Japanese collection keeper in the Guimet museum. The Paris period was the most productive for Elisseeff 's scientific publications most part of which belonged to fine arts' problems. From 1934 to 1958 Serge Elisseeff spent in the USA as the Harvard University professor and director of the Harvard-Yenching Institute. Key words: Oriental studies, Sergey Yeliseyev, Far East arts, culture of Japan and China. Матюшкина Е. Н. Тип героя в исторических романах Б. Окуджавы В статье делается попытка создания типологии героя в исторической прозе Б. Окуджавы. Для этого рассмотрены произведения Бедный Авросимов, Похождения Шипова или Старинный водевиль, Свидание с Бонапартом, Путешествие дилетантов. В романах Окуджавы происходит трансформация героя середины XX века, наблюдается своеобразная модификация образов маленького человека (Авросимов, Шипов, Опочинин), лишнего человека (Мятлев). Ключевые слова: историческая проза, типология героя, маленький человек, лишний человек. Matyshkina E. N. Type the Hero in Historical Novels B. Okudzhava The seeks to make a typology of the hero in historical prose B. Okudzhava. To do this, consider the product Poor Avrosimov, The Adventures Shipova or old vaudeville, Rendezvous with Bonaparte, Journey dilettantes. In the novels there is a transformation of the hero Okudzhava mid XX century, there has been a kind of modification of images of the little man (Avrosimov, Shipov, Opochinin), superfluous man (Myatlev). Key words: historical prose, the typology of the hero, little man, superfluous man. Махлина С. Т. Значение Эдварда Саида в современной культуре и культурологи Доминантным аспектом современной культуры является глобализация. Конечно, это явление имеет черты двойственности. Основные особенности глобализации очень ярко воплотились в судьбе и творчестве Эдварда Вади Саида (1 ноября 1935 г. 25 сентября 2003 г.). И жизнь, и творчество, и политическая, и общественная деятельность его настолько двойственны, что отражают все противоречия глобализации. Фигура Эдварда Саида весьма 320 показательна для современной эпохи и, несомненно, значима для современной культуры и культурологии. Ключевые слова: глобализация, культура, культурология, Запад, Восток, ислам. Mahlina S. T. Edward Said's Value in Modern Culture and Cultural Science Globalisation is a dominant aspect of modern culture. This phenomenon is surely of dual nature. Main features of globalization are embodied in the art and life of Edward Wadie Said (1.11.1935-25.09.2003). His art and life, his political and social activity, are so ambiguous that reflect all controversies of globalization. Edward Said is a representative figure of the modern times and is definitely significant for the modern culture and culture studies. Key words: globalization, culture, culture studies, West, East, Islam. Микитюк Ю. М. Категории органической теории в идеологии почвенников В статье рассматриваются основные положения органической теории, раскрывается ее место в идеологии почвенничества. Анализ таких понятий, как народность, нация позволяет раскрыть решение почвенниками проблемы соотношения национального и общечеловеческого. Ключевые слова: органическая теория, нация, народ, почва, Григорьев, Страхов, Достоевский. Mikityuk Y. M. The Organic Theory in Ideology of Pochvenniks This article discusses the basic statements of the ''organic theory', it also reveals its place in the ideology of Pochvennichestvo. The analysis of such concepts as nation, nationality, nation may allow to solve the problem of the relationship between national and universal by representatives of this ideology. Key words: the organic theory, nation, people, national, soil, Grigoriev, Strahov, Dostoevsky. Михайлова М. В. Классический текст как личное бытие Классический текст рассматривается с позиций онтологической эстетики как один из видов личного бытия. Метафизическая потребность, лежащая в основе искусства, особенным образом реализуется в литературе. Благодаря совершенному тексту, гармонично соединяющему стратегии значения и присутствия, становится возможным эстетическое событие встречи автора, читателя и языка, имеющее важнейшим своим следствием перенастройку личности в согласии человека и мира. Ключевые слова: классика, текст, бытие, язык, автор, читатель. Mikhailova M. V. Classical Text as a Personal Being The article deals with the problem of classical text considered from the point of view of ontological esthetics as a kind of personal existence. The metaphysical requirement underlying art, is realized in literature in a special way. Thanks to the perfect text harmoniously connecting meaning and presence strategies, an esthetic event of a meeting of the author, the reader and the language become possible. Key words: classics, text, being, language, author, reader. Муравьев К. В. Два модуса триадологии А. Ф. Лосева В статье рассматривается триадология известного русского философа Алексея Федоровича Лосева, которая соединяет в себе диалектические начала античной философии и христианское православное богословие. Ключевые слова: триадология, ипостась, онтология, неоплатонизм, диалектика. Muravyev K. V. Two Modi of A. F. Losew's Triadology In the article triadology of noted Russian philosopher Alexey Losew which unites the dialectic principles of an ancient philosophy and Christian orthodox divinity is considered. Key words: triadology, hipostasis, ontology, Neo-platonism, dialectics. Островская Е. А. Теория традиционных религиозных идеологий: методологические возможности и горизонты применимости Статья посвящена презентации принципиально нового подхода к социологическому исследованию процессов институционализации религиозных систем. Методологическое ядро разработанного автором подхода составляет теория традиционных религиозных идеологий, содержащая в себе концептуальный инструментарий для изучения религиозных идеологий Запада и Востока. Авторское рассмотрение сфокусировано на теоретико-методологическом разъяснении таких ключевых концепций этой теории, как традиционные религии, религиозная модель общества, аналитическая схема институционализации религиозных систем. Особый интерес представляет предложенная в статье демонстрация методологических возможностей теории в аспекте преодоления эпистемологической ограниченности постхристианских академических моделей изучения религий. Ключевые слова: религиозные идеологии, социология религии, эпистемологические основания научного изучения религий Ostrowskaya E. A. Theory of Traditional Religious Ideologies: Methodological Capabilities and Horizons of Applicability The article presents a new approach to sociological study of religious systems institutionalization processes. In the core of this approach there is a theory of traditional religious ideologies, as providing a methodological tool for analysis of religious ideologies in the context of Western and Asian societies. The focus is brought to the theoretical and methodological clarifications to three key concepts of the theory that are traditional religions, religious model of society and analytical scheme of religious systems institutionalization. The demonstration of their methodological applicability is of great importance for comprehending epistemological limits of post-Christian scientific models for studies of religion. Key words: religious ideologies, sociology of religion, epistemology of scientific studies of religion. Островский А. Б. Категория замирщение в нормативных документах беспоповцев XIX начала XX в. Термин замирщение, употребленный впервые в конце XVII в. федосеевцами, в течение двух столетий прошел эволюцию: первоначально он выражал противостояние христиане (федосеевцы) / (отлученные, новожены, мирские), а во второй половине XIX в. уже служил мерой для оценки степени утраты благочестия конкретным членом беспоповской общины ввиду недозволенных контактов с иноверными в трапезе, совместной помывке в бане и др. ситуациях общения. Ключевые слова: старообрядцы, межконфессиональные отношения, федосеевцы, поморцы, замирщение. Ostrovsky A. B. The Category of Zamirshenie in Bespopovtsian (a Priestless Sect of Russian Old Believers) Regulations of the 19thand Early 20th Century The evolution of the term zamirshenie first used by the Fedoseetsy in the late 17th century: originally representing the opposition between Christians (Fedoseevtsy) and excommunicates, Novojeny (unionists recognizing marriage), and laity, and in the second part of the 19th century censuring imperfect piousness of individual members of priestless community found guilty of inadmissible contacts with adherents of different creed at meals, in a bathhouse or in other communicative situations. Key words: old believers, inter-confessional relations, fedoseevtsy, pomortsy, zamirshenie. Плебанек О. В. Цивилизационная матрица как категория геополитики Современные направления научных исследований глобалистика, геополитика потребовали и нового категориального аппарата. Традиционные понятия, такие как цивилизация, наполняются новым смыслом, на их базе возникают новые категории, такие как геоцивилизация, цивилизационная матрица, алгоритмы цивилизационной динамики и др. Использование новых и относительно новых понятий в новом контексте требует научного обоснования. Нестрогое, многозначное понимание научных категорий снижает их методологическое значение. Ключевые слова: глобалистика, геополитика, цивилизация, геоцивилизация, цивилизационная матрица, алгоритмы цивилизационной динамики. Plebanek O. V. Civilizational Matrix as the category of geopolitics Modern directions of scientific researches global studies, geopolitics have demanded also new categorial the language. Traditional concepts, such as a civilization, are filled with new sense, on their base there are new categories, such as a geocivilization, civilizational a matrix, algorithms civilizational dynamics, etc. Use new and concerning new concepts of a new context demands a scientific substantiation. Not strict, multiple-valued understanding of scientific categories reduces their methodological value. Key words: global studies, geopolitics, a civilisation, a geocivilization, civilization a matrix, algorithms civilizational dynamics. Прокуденкова О. В. Роль географического фактора в культурологической концепции Л. И. Мечникова В статье рассматривается культурологическая концепция выдающегося русского ученого Л. И. Мечникова. Отмечается особое внимание к проблеме географического детерминизма и роли природных условий в генезисе и развитии цивилизаций. Показано, что Мечников обосновывал своеобразие историко-культурного развития географическим фактором, главным из которых была гидросфера водное пространство, ставшее общим объединяющим признаком классификации мировых цивилизаций: речные, морские и океанические. Ключевые слова: географический фактор, гидросфера, цивилизация, географический детерминизм, культурогенез. Prokudenkova O. V. Role of Geographical Factor in the L. I. Mechnikov's Culturological Concept In the article, the culturological concept of outstanding Russian scientist L. I. Mechnikov is considered. Special attention to the problem of geographical determinism and role of environment in genesis and development of civilizations is paid. It is shown that Mechnikov saw the reason of originality of historical and cultural development in geographical factor, mainly, in hydrosphere, as water space is general uniting sign of classification of world civilizations: those of river, sea, and ocean. Key words: geographical factor, hydrosphere, civilization, geographical determinism, genesis of culture. Регинская Н. В. Александр Невский как символ национальной идентичности в современном искусстве Повышенное внимание, уделяемое Александру Невскому сегодня, связано как с незаурядной личностью Благоверного князя, так и с потребностью восстановления национальных символов новой России. Святому Александру Невскому принадлежит роль выдающегося русского героя. Закономерно обращение современного искусства к героике Благоверного князя Александра Невского, изображение которого своеобразно своей двойственностью: сакральноиконографичным содержанием и экспериментально-светской манерой исполнения. Ключевые слова: иконография, традиция, экспериментальное искусство, духовноиконологическое течение, иконная драматургия Reginsky N. V. Alexander Nevsky as a Symbol of National Identity in the Modern Art An increased attention is paid nowadays to Alexander Nevsky owing to the remarkable individuality of the Blessed Knyazh as well as to the need of renewal of New Russia's national symbols. Saint Alexander Nevsky has a role of an outstanding Russian hero. Modern Art logically addresses the heroic stories of the Blessed Knyazh Alexander Nevsky, whose image is peculiar due to its ambivalence: its sacral-iconographic content and experimentally secular manner of fulfillment. Key words: Iconography, Tradition, Experimental Art, Spiritually-Iconological Trend, Iconic Drama. Рысаков А. С. Основные тенденции в конфуцианстве эпохи Цин Статья посвящена аналитическому рассмотрению истории конфуцианского учения в XVII-XIX вв. Рассматриваются различные аспекты трансформации конфуцианства каноноведение, психотехника, доктрина, ритуальные практики. Восстанавливается политический контекст функционирования конфуцианских школ и направлений. Исследуются доктринальные позиции наиболее значимых конфуцианских ученых цинского времени. Ключевые слова: китайская философия, история конфуцианства, история Китая Нового времени. Rysakov A. S. Major Trends in the Qing Dynasty Confucianism The article is devoted to analytical consideration of the history of Confucian teachings in XVII-XIX centuries. Various aspects of the transformation of Confucianism: canon studies, psychotechnique, doctrine, ritual practice are considered. The political context of functioning of Confucian schools and directions is analyzed, as well as the doctrinal position of the most important Qing time Confucian scholars. Key words: Chinese philosophy, the history of Confucianism, Chinese History. 324 Рысакова П. И. Социокультурная специфика женского образования в традиционном китайском обществе Настоящая статья посвящена выявлению социокультурной специфики женского образования в традиционном китайском обществе. Основное внимание уделено анализу конфуцианских доктринальных предписаний, в соответствии с которыми выстраивались ценностно-нормативные представления о социальном статусе и роли женщины в китайском обществе. Рассматривается педагогический идеал традиционного женского образования. Ключевые слова: конфуцианство, женское образование, четыре женские добродетели, талант. Rysakova P. I. Socio-Cultural Specifics of Women Education in Traditional Chinese Society The article deals with the problem of specific features of female education in Chinese traditional society. It primarily focuses on analysis of the doctrine of Confucianism which regulated the normative expectations of women's social status and role in Chinese society. The aim of women's traditional education is considered. Key words: Confucianism, female education, four women's virtues, talent. Свиридова Л. О. Олицетворение ада в Чине погребению священническому В статье изложены результаты наблюдений над постканоническими восточнохристианскими гимнографическими памятниками на церковно-славянском языке. В центре рассмотрения отличительная черта гимнографической образности: олицетворение не только ада, но и рая, космологических уровней, природных объектов и стихий. В образной системе гимнографического текста выявляются космологический и антропоморфический семиотические коды. Ключевые слова: гимнография, книги церковного обихода кирилловской печати, Потребник, семиотические коды, космологические представления. Sviridova L. O. Embodiment of Hell in theOrder of Priestly Burial The results of observation of Eastern Christian post-canonical hymnographic memorials in the Old Church Slavonic language are given in the article. The central idea of the research is the main feature of the hymnographic imagery the embodiment not only of Hell, but of Heaven, cosmological levels, natural objects and elements. In the system of hymnographic texts cosmological and antropomorphic semiotic codes are presented. Key words: hymnography, church books of Cyril print, Potrebnik, semiotic codes, cosmological views. Селивановский В. В. Сциентистские элементы вероучения Движения Веры Сциентизм в теистической религии парадоксален. Этот феномен вероучения неопятидесятнического Движения Веры побуждает обратиться к анализу его генеалогических корней, теологии и эпистемологии. Крайний фидеизм и далёкое от научной рациональности отрицание чувственного опыта позволяет говорить не о сциентистской ориентации сознания, а о квазинаучном флёре, прикрывающем магический характер практики. Ключевые слова: сциентизм, Движение Веры, метафизическое движение, Новое Мышление, закон веры. Selivanovskiy V. V. Scientistic elements of the Word-Faith Movement's doctrine A claim for scientism in theistic religion is paradoxical. This doctrinal phenomenon of the neo-Pentecostal Word-Faith Movement encourages analysis of its genealogical beginnings, theology and epistemology. Extreme forms of fideism and rejection of the sentient experience, which is foreign to the scientific rationality, do not reveal a scientistic orientation of consciousness but rather a quasi-scientific fleur, employed to disguise the magical nature of the movement's practices. Key words: scientism, Word-Faith Movement, metaphysical movement, New Thought, law of faith. Скоморох Олег А., протоиерей. История тюремного служения христианской церкви в связи с пенитенциарными реформами XVIII-XIX вв. Статья касается вопросов, относящихся к истории тюремного служения христианской Церкви в период пенитенциарных реформ США, Великобритании и России XVIII-XIX веков, когда определялась позиция государств и общества, направленная на христианизацию и гуманизацию тюремного заключения вообще и нравственного исправления заключенных, в частности. Цель статьи ознакомить миссионеров Христианской Церкви, совершающих тюремное служение, с развитием и становлением тюремной миссии, как части государственных систем исполнения наказания. Ключевые слова: тюремное служение, миссия, пенитенциарные реформы, капелланство, Церковь и общество. Skomorokh Oleg A. History of Prison Service of Christian Church in Connection with Penitential Reforms during XVIII-XIX Cent. The article touches upon some questions concerning the history of prison ministry of the Christian Church during penitential reforms in the USA, the Great Britain and Russia in the course of XVIII-XIX centuries, when humanizing and Christianizing position towards the Penal Executive System in general and moral correcting of prisoners in details was taking its shape in those states and societies. The objective of the article is to acquaint the Christian Church's missionaries, carrying out prison ministry, with the progress and development of prison mission, as parts of state Penal Executive Systems. Key words: prison ministry, mission, penitential reforms, chaplaincy, Church and society. Фадеева Т. Ф. Повседневные элементы духовной средневековой культуры. Искусство квадрвиума: Музыка В статье предполагается предварительный обзор культурологических аспектов средневековой системы образования. Автор рассматривает некоторые аспекты формирования хоральной культуры как многоступенчатой духовно-музыкальной системы. Ключевые слова: Средние века, образование, музыка, церковная культура, искусство. Fadeeva T. F. The Everyday Elements of the Spiritual Medieval Culture. Art of Quadrivium: Music The article assumes a tentative review of the culturological aspects of the medieval educational system. The author distinguishes some aspects of forming of choral culture as many-staged spiritual-music system. Key words: Middle Ages, education, music, church culture, art. Федорова М. В. Семиотика свадебных украшений бурят В статье рассматриваются украшения бурят как предметный код свадебного ритуала, на широком этнографическом материале анализируется синкретичная структура их семиотических функций. Свадебные украшения несли в себе продуцирующую, апотропейную символику, были связаны с представлениями о жизненной силе, являлись маркерами обретения невестой нового социально-возрастного статуса. В качестве основных источников использованы вещевые коллекции Российского этнографического музея, Музея антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого РАН, научные публикации. Ключевые слова: украшения, свадебный наряд, семиотический, символ. Fedorova M. V. Semiotics of Buryats'wedding jewelry The subject of the report is the jewelry as an objective code of the wedding ritual. The author analyses the syncretic structure of their semiotic functions on a broad ethnographic material. The wedding jewelry have productive, protective symbolism, were associated with notions of vitality, and were the markers of a bride new-age social status. As the main sources, the author used the collections of objects of the Russian Museum of Ethnography, the Peter the Great's Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), and scientific publications. Key words: jewelry, wedding dress, semiotic, symbol. Филиппова Ю. В. Мифологические аспекты в понятии сознания В статье рассматриваются мифологические аспекты сознания, их влияние на возникновение новой формы познания философии, онтологические предпосылки структур времени и памяти, а также сновидение как компонент мофопоэтического сознания и постепенный переход к рефлексии. Ключевые слова: сознание, миф, рефлексия, время, память, реальность, сновидение. Philippova J. V. Mythological Aspects of the Notion of Consciousness The article deals with mythological aspects of consciousness, their influence on genesis of a new form of cognition philosophy, also ontological suppositions of temporal and memorable structures, and dreaming as an element of mythopoetical consciousness and gradual conversion to reflection. Key words: consciousness, myth, reflection, time, memory reality, dream. Чистякова Э. Э. Скандинавское влияние в русской художественной культуре XIX-XX веков Переломная эпоха XIX-XX веков изменила представление о взаимодействии русского и западноевропейского искусства. Для преодоления изоляции русской культуры было необходимо познакомить русских художников и общество с состоянием искусства за рубежом. Выставки скандинавских художников, организованные в конце XIX века, открыли национально-романтическое искусство северных соседей России и дали пример вступления на общеевропейский путь развития без утраты национальных особенностей. Скандинавское влияние оставило заметный след на русской архитектуре рубежа веков, особенно в северной столице. Знакомство с достижениями скандинавского искусства расширило творческие возможности и позволило русским художникам оказаться причастными к наиболее значительным событиям художественной жизни рубежа веков. Ключевые слова: скандинавское влияние, русские художники, северный модерн, С. П. Дягилев, А. Галлен-Каллела, А. Эдельфельт, Мир искусства. Chistjakova E. E. Scandinavian Influence in the Russian Artistic Culture of XIX-XX Centuries The turning age of the XIX-XX centuries changed the idea about Russian and West European Art interaction. To bridge the Russian culture isolation it was necessary to introduce the status of the foreign culture to Russian artists and the society. The exhibitions of Scandinavian painters arranged at the end of the XIX century showed National Romanticism of Nordic neighbours to Russia and gave an example of entering European way of development with no national peculiarities losses. Scandinavian Influence had a visible affect on Russian architecture at the turn of the century especially in the North Capital of Russia. Making the acquaintance with Scandinavian Art achievements enhanced creative opportunities and made Russian artists participate in more significant artistic life events of the turn of the century. Key words: Scandinavian influence, Russian artists, Nordic Art Nouveau, Sergey P. Diaghilev, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Albert G. Edelfelt, The Art World. Шомахмадов С. Х. Космография Южной Азии в письменных памятниках вишнуитской и буддийской традиций В статье дан сравнительный анализ вишнуитской и буддийской космологических систем. Отмечается, что радиально-кольцевая морфология земной поверхности характерна как для буддийской, так и для вишнуитской традиции. Числовая семантика материков, представленная в космографии Южной Азии, демонстрирует, что ойкумена осмыслялась как совершенная, идеологически отражающая непрерывность двух традиций. Общим для обеих традиций является признание человеческой формы рождения как единственно благой, дающей возможность достижения окончательного освобождения (мокша, нирвана). Ключевые слова: космография, буддизм, индуизм, Индия, сакральные центры Shomakhmadov S. H. The South Asia's Cosmography in the Texts of Vaishnavist and Buddhist Traditions The comparative analysis of the Vaishnavist and Buddhist cosmological systems is given in this article. It is noticed that the radially-ring morphology of a terrestrial surface is characteristic both for Buddhist, and for Vaishnavist traditions. The numerical semantics of continents presented in the Southern Asia's cosmography shows that ecumena was comprehended as the perfect, ideologically reflecting continuity of two traditions. The general for both traditions is the acceptance of the human birth form as a unique good, giving the chance for achievements of definitive clearing (moksha, nirvana). Key words: cosmography, Buddhism, Hinduism, India, sacral centers.
AMÉRICA LATINA Ortega es electo por tercera vez como presidente de Nicaragua.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45136266/ns/world_news/#.TrpQhHKwA90 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75079.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-guatemala-nicaragua-elections-20111107,0,2266003.story http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ojal-ortega-asuma-otra-actitud-frente-a-nuestro-pas_10718645 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/07/actualidad/1320696526_815889.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/07/world/americas/nicaragua-elections/index.htmlOposición denuncia fraude en elecciones presidenciales en Nicaragua.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/elecciones-presidenciales-en-nicaragua-daniel-ortega_10716504-4El militar retirado Otto Pérez Molina llega a la presidencia de Guatemala.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/07/world/americas/guatemala-elections/index.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/06/actualidad/1320606679_168640.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/06/world/americas/guatemala-elections/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/presidente-guatemala-otto-prez_10718084-4"The Economist" analiza las elecciones presidenciales en Nicaragua y Guatemala.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2011/11/presidential-elections-nicaragua-and-guatemalaFuerte sismo de 5,8 grados sacude el Pacífico de Nicaragua.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/sismo-de-58-grados-sacude-a-nicaragua_10720764-4 Desplazamientos de tierras en Colombia dejan al menos 38 muertos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/07/world/americas/colombia-landslide/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45194110/ns/weather/#.TrpQfXKwA90Funes acepta la dimisión del ministro de Seguridad de El Salvador.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320781556_793854.htmlEjército colombiano mató a Alfonso Cano, ex líder de las FARC.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45172967/ns/world_news-americas/#.TrpQh3KwA90 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/05/actualidad/1320503011_623990.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-colombia-farc-20111106,0,1321152.storyLa UNESCO tiene en la mira propuestas de México, Colombia y Perú.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/mxico-colombia-y-per-cerca-de-convertirse-en-patrimonio-inmaterial_10724246-4Asesinados cuarto cibernautas por denunciar narcotraficantes en México.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico-soldiers-shooting-20111105,0,7865498.story http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/narcos-en-mexico-homicidio-de-cibernauta_10732724-4 Nuevo titular asume el Ministerio de Defensa cubano.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/938CA9EB-662F-44F3-9C6B-1EF1E108A84D.htm?id={938CA9EB-662F-44F3-9C6B-1EF1E108A84D}Nueva etapa en la relación diplomática entre Bolivia y Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/americas/us-bolivia-relations/index.htmlHumala invita a dimitir a su vicepresidente investigado por corrupción.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/07/actualidad/1320674493_073853.htmlhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/_portada/noticias/3E642E52-F806-40FD-8453-7C1C2CD8DC3E.htm?id={3E642E52-F806-40FD-8453-7C1C2CD8DC3E}El presidente venezolano, Hugo Chávez, elogia al 'Chacal'.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/el-presidente-venezolano-hugo-chvez-elogia-al-chacal_10728644-4Víctimas de cólera en Haití demandarán compensaciones a la ONU.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/americas/haiti-cholera-lawsuit/index.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15648110Haitianos temen creciente influencia de duvalieristas. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/C622DDC9-5392-49DC-B8AD-B6B447D41380.htm?id={C622DDC9-5392-49DC-B8AD-B6B447D41380}China devora las materias primas de Latinoamérica.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/17/actualidad/1318844584_652292.htmlOtro ministro brasileño es acusado de corrupción.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/americas/brazil-corruption allegations/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://www.economist.com/node/21536570Son utilizados satélites para proteger la Amazonia.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/325AD834-443E-4E54-80CD-C1D885ED1E5E.htm?id={325AD834-443E-4E54-80CD-C1D885ED1E5E}México captura a figura clave del narcotráfico en Tijuana.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45192297/ns/world_news-americas/#.TrpQinKwA90Hackearon sitios gubernamentales de El Salvador.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45214010/ns/technology_and_science-security/#.TrpQd3KwA90 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁEstados Unidos impondría nuevas sanciones contra Irán.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/us/white-house-quiet-on-report-about-irans-nuclear-efforts.html?ref=world&gwh=5406F951F5F281F30CBA7B2A7D729D45 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/estados-unidos-se-plantea-la-imposicin-de-nuevas-sanciones-contra-irn_10728556-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/11/09/quand-l-armee-americaine-maltraite-ses-soldats-tombes-au-combat_1600846_3222.htmlEstados Unidos tiene cinco comandos antidroga operativos en Latinoamérica.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320728173_644511.htmlLos casos de acoso sexual ponen en peligro la campaña del republicano Cain.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21536610 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320707818_975816.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15641636Terremoto en Oklahoma causa daños en carreteras y viviendas estadounidenses.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/terremoto-en-oklahoma-causa-daos-en-carreteras_10715125-4Estados Unidos se plantea un rápido traspaso de la soberanía en Afganistán.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/04/actualidad/1320418493_554854.html Estados Unidos: crecen las iniciativas para criminalizar el aborto.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15642138 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421660-eeuu-crecen-las-iniciativas-para-criminalizar-el-aborto#comentar http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/los-ciudadanos-de-misisipi-rechazan-la-criminalizacin-del-aborto_10729804-4Clinton le da su receta a Obama para que Estados Unidos salga de la crisis. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/_portada/noticias/9B70CF51-1ABD-4B52-AAFB-5B7D4FB77503.htm?id={9B70CF51-1ABD-4B52-AAFB-5B7D4FB77503}El fiscal de Estados Unidos califica de fracaso una operación de tráfico de armas a México.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320778074_167649.htmlhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/84C00F78-B039-4ECA-9E7F-BDD46BC4A6DD.htm?id={84C00F78-B039-4ECA-9E7F-BDD46BC4A6DD}Estados Unidos destituye a un general por criticar al Gobierno de Karzai. Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/05/actualidad/1320485534_345966.htmlEUROPABerlusconi dimitirá cuando Congreso apruebe ajuste económico.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/11/silvio-berlusconi http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15650842 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45203707/ns/world_news-europe/#.TrpQYnKwA90 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/807415.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/berlusconi-dimitira-cuando-congreso-apruebe-ajuste-economico_10722045-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/_portada/noticias/B44FD86D-0452-47BE-A94E-A837F2640C4F.htm?id={B44FD86D-0452-47BE-A94E-A837F2640C4F} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320825633_539885.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421664-berlusconi-me-han-traicionado-los-que-durante-toda-una-vida-he-llevado-en-mi-corazon#comentar http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/09/content_14060401.htm http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/11/08/le-gouvernement-berlusconi-en-jeu-les-marches-pesent-sur-la-dette-italienne_1600309_3214.htmlLas bolsas sufren fuertes caídas por Italia y la deuda.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/europe/support-for-berlusconi-ebbs-before-crucial-vote.html?ref=world http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421669-las-bolsas-europeas-sufren-fuertes-caidas-por-italia-y-la-deuda#comentarGrecia tendrá un nuevo gobierno y seguirá en la zona Euro.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/09/content_14066950.htm http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/11/08/grece-papandreou-demande-la-demission-de-ses-ministres_1600663_3214.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/europe/greece-main/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/europe/in-turmoil-greece-and-italy-deepen-euro-crisis.html?ref=world&gwh=175EB73A0389F6DE34A3D6B9D9171FD7 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/CC0FF9E6-A01D-43BC-B4BB-55F2F0A0AF8C.htm?id={CC0FF9E6-A01D-43BC-B4BB-55F2F0A0AF8C} http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-greece-talks-20111107,0,6522649.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320762261_709044.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421711-grecia-tendra-un-nuevo-gobierno-y-seguira-en-la-zona-euro#comentar http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-greece-referendum-20111104,0,2245598.storyMasiva marcha estudiantil en Londres.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-15646709 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421680-masiva-marcha-estudiantil-en-londres#comentar http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45211711/ns/world_news-europe/#.TrpQXnKwA90El nacionalismo avanza en Rusia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/04/actualidad/1320432867_413034.htmlInauguran el nuevo gasoducto que une a Rusia con Europa.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421643-inaguran-el-nuevo-gasoducto-que-une-a-rusia-con-europa#comentar http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320737968_046710.htmlDecepción con políticos impulsa a la ultraderecha europea en Internet.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ultraderecha-europea-en-internet_10719524-4El acusado de ataque terrorista, 'El Chacal', irá a juicio en Francia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/el-chacal-elogia-a-chavez_10730325-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-france-jackal-trial-20111108,0,2772050.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/07/world/europe/france-carlos-jackal-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Medvédev busca el apoyo de la iglesia ortodoxa rusa.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/06/actualidad/1320617795_508143.htmlCrece oleada de crímenes en las principales ciudades europeas.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/09/content_14060492.htmETA dice que el cese es definitivo; filósofo español analiza veracidad.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/eta-deja-las-armas_10729225-4ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEEl balance de la represión en Siria supera los 3.500 muertos desde el pasado marzo.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/11/syrias-uprising http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15635867 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/09/internacional/internacional/noticias/22116B1C-CCF8-4C85-A8B6-49A08F3F30C4.htm?id={22116B1C-CCF8-4C85-A8B6-49A08F3F30C4} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320752638_459858.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/middleeast/syria-lays-siege-to-a-city-homs-that-puts-up-a-fight.html?ref=world&gwh=48549C4CB10D521AAD3981DC99E0791A http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/08/selon-les-etats-unis-la-syrie-commence-a-ressentir-les-effets-des-sanction_1600272_3218.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-un-toll-20111109,0,7411419.storyONU afirma que Irán puede estar desarrollando armas nucleares.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/07/world/meast/iran-iaea-report/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/middleeast/irans-defense-of-nuclear-program-may-be-complicated-by-report.html?ref=world&gwh=9DCBAA603073BA7F5BFBB79625504B1F http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/07/actualidad/1320694291_231272.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/08/l-evolution-du-programme-nucleaire-iranien-depuis-1953_1600671_3218.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/irn-puede-estar-desarrollando-armas-nucleares_10726506-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/meast/iran-nuclear/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-nuclear-report-20111108,0,7655106.story http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75078.htmlIrán descarta cambios en su plan nuclear.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421665-iran-amenaza-con-destruir-a-israel-y-descarta-hacer-cambios-a-su-plan-nuclear#comentar http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/plan-nuclear-de-iran_10729924-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320827355_200562.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15643460Preocupación por significativo avance del programa nuclear iraní.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/preocupacin-por-programa-nuclear-iran_10722004-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320778399_374159.htmlIndia: al menos 16 muertos en estampida durante fiesta religiosa.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/india-al-menos-16-muertos-en-estampida-durante-fiesta-religiosa_10724806-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/807104.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/08/content_14060209.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/asia/india-stampede/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Más de 60 talibanes abatidos por la OTAN y tropas afganas.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/talibanes-y-ataques-de-la-otan_10730027-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45219238/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/#.TrpQWnKwA90Corea del Sur aprueba plan de ayuda médica a su vecina del Norte.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/asia/south-korea-approves-sending-medical-aid-to-north.html?ref=world&gwh=9F97DE3D00FDFB5841A851CD98B1BCB9Bomba explota en el exterior de una mezquita en Afganistán dejando 7 muertos.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombing-20111107,0,2459362.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/asia/afghanistan-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/asia/roadside-bomb-kills--in-western-afghanistan.html?ref=world&gwh=B0A9271B74F555F589292B51640A1C0DNepal integra 6,500 ex rebeldes maoístas a su ejército.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-nepal-maoists-deal-20111103,0,3578041.storyDenuncian el asesinato de desertor norcoreano en la frontera con China.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/denuncian-el-asesinato-de-desertor-norcoreano-en-la-frontera-con-china_10718466-4Beijing lucha contra su contaminación ambiental.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-15649829Las inundaciones en Tailandia dejaron como resultado 529 muertos.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/09/content_14065334.htmBomba explota en mercado en Bagdad dejando 8 muertos.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45181415/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/#.TrpQr3KwA90Terremoto amenaza la región japonesa de Okinawa.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/07/world/asia/japan-offshore-earthquake/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7Miles de seguidores donan dinero en apoyo a disidente chino Ai Weiwei.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/asia/ai-weiwei-tax-donations/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/07/actualidad/1320662348_309424.htmlEl Pentágono teme un resurgimiento de Al Qaeda en Irak.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/06/actualidad/1320617076_434111.htmlAFRICAAtaques con explosivos dejan unos 150 muertos en Nigeria.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2011/11/attacks-nigiera http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/ataques-dejan-63-muertos-en-nigeria_10711204-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45163412/ns/world_news-africa/#.TrpQdXKwA90Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf favorita para ganar las elecciones en Liberia.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/08/world/africa/liberia-election/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/08/actualidad/1320770240_066908.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/11/08/les-liberiens-appeles-aux-urnes-pour-elire-leur-president_1600266_3212.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45190391/ns/world_news-africa/#.TrpQb3KwA90 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15633697 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/09/world/africa/liberia-tense-as-presidential-runoff-vote-starts.html?ref=world&gwh=64205D9C672942ADEB702AA291B0F8C4Musulmanes celebran la festividad Eid al-Adha.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/08/content_14054706.htmCrece la tensión entre Kenia y SomaliaPara más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-kenya-somalia-refugees-20111105,0,2584657.story http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/08/content_14054695.htmProducción de aceite aumento considerablemente desde la independencia de Sudán del Sur.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15652524Funcionario de la ONU es muerto en ataque en Darfur.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/07/world/africa/sudan-peacekeepers-killed/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10OTRAS NOTICIASFMI amenaza con una "década perdida" en la economía global. Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15649985 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1421672-advierten-que-la-economia-mundial-esta-en-una-fase-peligrosa-e-incierta#comentar"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21533461
Conflicto en el Cáucaso: Guerra abierta entre Rusia y GeorgiaOsetia del Sur se había separado de Georgia en 1990 para intentar unirse a la Federación Rusa, pero su estatus independiente no fue reconocido por los EEUU y la UE, aunque sí por Rusia. Georgia y Rusia llegaron a un acuerdo para que tropas rusas ejerzan una labor de vigilancia en Osetia del Sur, mientras su naturaleza politica no estuviera clara.La guerra entre Georgia y Rusia se declaró después de que las tropas georgianas atacaran imprevistamente la provincia de Osetia del Sur, habitado por 70.000 personas, en su mayoría de origen ruso. Moscú reaccionó con un ataque en toda la línea para expulsar a las tropas georgianas de la región y amenazó con bombardear Tiflis, la capital de Georgia, si no se completaba la retirada. Varios medios informan al respecto:"El País" de Madrid:"EE UU acusa a Rusia de querer derrocar al presidente georgiano":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/EE/UU/acusa/Rusia/querer/derrocar/presidente/georgiano/elpepuint/20080810elpepuint_6/Tes"Rusia niega que Georgia haya puesto fin a las operaciones militares: Tbilisi comunica su intención de cesar el fuego y entablar conversaciones.- El Ministerio de Interior georgiano confirma que la aviación rusa ha bombardeado una base militar y el aeropuerto internacional en la capital georgiana.- Moscú hunde una lancha georgiana en el Mar Negro":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Rusia/niega/Georgia/haya/puesto/fin/operaciones/militares/elpepuint/20080810elpepuint_1/Tes "El fin del mundo en la cuna de Stalin: El bombardeo de la ciudad georgiana de Gori por la aviación rusa desata escenas de pánico - Cientos de soldados y civiles se ocultan en los refugios":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/fin/mundo/cuna/Stalin/elpepuint/20080810elpepiint_4/Tes"Concentraciones delante del parlamento georgiano: Los ciudadanos recriminan a los dirigentes su actitud, mientras los principales hospitales del lugar se ven desbordados por el aluvión de heridos":http://www.elpais.com/yoperiodista/articulo/Periodista/Georgia/bombardeo/Georgia/guerra/internacional/Rusia/Concentraciones/delante/parlamento/georgiano/elpepuyop/20080810elpyop_1/Tes"Guerra abierta entre Rusia y Georgia:La aviación rusa bombardea varias ciudades georgianas fuera de Osetia del Sur - Moscú asegura que la ofensiva militar de Tblisi ha provocado 30.000 desplazados":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Guerra/abierta/Rusia/Georgia/elpepuint/20080810elpepiint_1/Tes"Le Monde":"Le conflit en Ossétie du Sud, jour par jour":http://www.lemonde.fr/web/articleinteractif/0,41-0@2-3214,49-1082142@51-1036786,0.html"CNN":Presenta sitio web con links a artículos y fotografías relacionadas al conflicto:http://search.cnn.com/search.jsp?query=Georgia&type=news&sortBy=date&intl=true"Georgian breakaway city in ruins":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/10/georgia.russia/index.html"La Nación":"Georgia retira sus tropas y Rusia toma el control de Osetia del Sur. Lo hizo después de perder el control en la capital de la región separatista; miles de personas se desplazaron por los enfrentamientos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1038419"El Papa pidió el cese de los combates: Benedicto XVI sostuvo que ya causaron "muchas víctimas inocentes"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1038411"El conflicto saca a la luz otra cara del gobierno ruso: Moscú teme perder las tradicionales alianzas con sus vecinos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1038361"Grave escalada bélica en el Cáucaso: El conflicto se extendió más allá de Osetia del Sur; Tiflis se declaró en estado de guerra; ya habría más de 2000 muertos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1038360"Time":"Georgia Wants U.S. to Restrain Russia":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1831244,00.html"Moscow's Dangerous Game in Georgia":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1831243,00.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia:"Ante la ONU, E.U. acusó a Rusia de querer alargar el conflicto para derrocar a presidente giorgiano":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/otrasregiones/relaciones/ante-la-onu-eu-acuso-a-rusia-de-querer-alargar-el-conflicto-para-derrocar-a-presidente-giorgiano_4437921-1"MSNBC":"Russian troops reportedly cut Georgia in half: Towns, military base captured; Moscow to brief NATO on actions":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26116598/"South Ossetians describe escape from fighting: Refugees from breakaway Georgian province seek shelter in Russia":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26125821/"Georgia makes a power play — and a big gamble: Assault on breakaway region doesn't win U.S. support, antagonizes Russia":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26105019/"The Economist":"Calling a halt: Russia says its military operations in Georgia are over":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11916337&source=features_box_main"El Mercurio" de Chile:"Alerta en Tiflis ante temor a una arremetida militar: Tropas rusas se adentran en Georgia y Bush afirma que Moscú busca derrocar al gobierno":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/12/internacional/_portada/noticias/71A8D71D-DCF1-442A-8FD4-1F5B503ADE79.htm?id={71A8D71D-DCF1-442A-8FD4-1F5B503ADE79}"Zbigniew Brzezinski, ex asesor de seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos: "Si Rusia continúa así, debe ser aislada"":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/12/internacional/_portada/noticias/EBF1246C-C697-4A27-985C-A9A96BD87A08.htm?id={EBF1246C-C697-4A27-985C-A9A96BD87A08}"New York Times":"Russian Ground Forces Assault Vital GeorgianCity":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/world/europe/11georgia.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"In Georgia Clash, a Lesson on U.S. Need for Russia":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/world/europe/10diplo.html?ref=world"Times":"Full text of the Georgia peace plan - and obstacles to its implementation":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4522496.eceAMERICA LATINA"CNN" informa: "Pacific hurricane likely to stay over open water":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/08/hernan/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Venezuela: The autocrat of Caracas. Hugo Chávez tightens the state's grip on politics and the economy": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11885670"The Economist" anuncia: "The Amazon: Paying for the forest. Donations welcome, even from foreigners":http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11885784"El País" de Madrid informa: "Ocho heridos por la explosión de un artefacto de las FARC en Bogotá. La Policía cree que los guerrilleros habían extorsionado a los heridos, trabajadores de un comercio":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/heridos/explosion/artefacto/FARC/Bogota/elpepuint/20080810elpepuint_3/Tes Varios medios informan sobre el referéndum en Bolivia:"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Morales sobrevive al referéndum revocatorio":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Morales/sobrevive/referendum/revocatorio/elpepuint/20080811elpepuint_3/Tes"Le Monde" publica: "En Bolivie, Evo Morales joue son va-tout dans un référendum sur son mandat":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/08/09/en-bolivie-evo-morales-joue-son-va-tout-dans-un-referendum-sur-son-mandat_1081927_3222.html#ens_id=1080276"CNN" informa: "Bolivians vote on fate of Morales":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/10/bolivia.referendum.ap/index.html"La Nación" anuncia: "Expectativa por el resultado del referéndum en Bolivia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1038413"La Nación" publica: "Morales pone hoy a prueba en las urnas su modelo de país. Los sondeos le dan un respaldo del 54%":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1038325"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "Con 60 % de votos a favor, Evo Morales es ratificado como presidente de Bolivia, revelan sondeos":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/home/con-60-de-votos-a-favor-evo-morales-es-ratificado-como-presidente-de-bolivia-revelan-sondeos_4437727-1"MSNBC": "Bolivians back Morales in recall vote. Bold gamble by country's 1st indigenous president appears to pay off":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26127208/"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Evo anuncia diálogo con prefectos cuando se conozca resultado definitivo del referéndum":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/08/12/internacional/_portada/noticias/BF5558EE-4C8C-4142-A0D5-DBA816E0F038.htm?id={BF5558EE-4C8C-4142-A0D5-DBA816E0F038}ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"The Economist" analiza: "Drugs in Canada: Needle match. Harm reduction, or abstinence?":http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11885792"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "La fatiga del éxito pasa factura a Obama. El 48% de los votantes estadounidenses reconoce que ha oído hablar "demasiado" del candidato demócrata":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/fatiga/exito/pasa/factura/Obama/elpepuint/20080810elpepiint_9/Tes"Time" presenta su sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses:http://thepage.time.com/"MSNBC" publica: "Oil ends U.S. trading at a three-month low. Briefly drops below $113 a barrel, as demand in China appears to ease":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12400801/"The Economist" analiza: "Energy supplies:The devil and the deep blue sea. Finding more oil has become the first issue of the campaign":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11895159"Times" anuncia: "Bush warns Russia and announces US airlift to Georgia":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4524831.eceEUROPA"CCN" publica: "EU tightens Iran nuclear sanctions":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/08/08/iran.eu.sanctions.ap/index.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia anuncia: "La Unión Europea impone nuevas sanciones a Irán·":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/la-union-europea-impone-nuevas-sanciones-a-iran-_4434967-1"CNN" publica: "France denies role in Rwandan genocide":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/06/rwanda.france/index.html"Times" informa: "Recorded chimes in Italy ring the changes":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4517624.eceAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"Time" anuncia: "A China Threat From Pakistan?":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1831216,00.html"CNN" informa: "19 Indians die as homes collapse in intense rain":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/09/india.rain.deaths/index.html"Time" publica: "A Murder Clouds the Olympics":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1831074,00.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "Part of Olympic display altered in broadcast: Some aerial footage of fireworks digitally created months in advance":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26139005/"New York Times" anuncia: "Police in Western China Kill 5 Suspected Militants After Bombing Attack":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/sports/olympics/10blasts.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Al menos ocho muertos en varios atentados en la provincia china de Xinjiang: La policía ha abatido a siete atacantes que han atentado contra una comisaría - Un policía ha muerto.- La misma región sufrió el pasado lunes un atentado en el que murieron 16 policías":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muertos/varios/atentados/provincia/china/Xinjiang/elpepuint/20080810elpepuint_2/Tes"The Economist" analiza: "China: Behind the sporting glitz, anxieties about minorities and the economy":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11893655AFRICA"MSNBC" informa: "Mauritania coup leaders release prime minister: Three others also freed, but president still being held":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26140579/"Time" anuncia: "Mauritania Coup Chief May Campaign":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1831256,00.html"El País" de Madrid publica: "Un atentado suicida contra un control policial causa ocho muertos en Argelia: El terrorista conducía una furgoneta cargada de explosivos en la provincia de Boumerdes":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/atentado/suicida/control/policial/causa/muertos/Argelia/elpepuint/20080810elpepuint_4/Tes"CNN" informa: "Eight dead in Algeria car bombing":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/10/algeria.bombs.ap/index.html"New York Times" publica: "Darfur Withers as Sudan Sells Food":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/10/world/africa/10sudan.html?ref=world"The Economist" analiza: "South Africa: A future of division, factionalism, stagnation and patronage": http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11893529"CNN" anuncia: "Zimbabwe rivals meet for power-share talks":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/10/zimbabwe.talks/index.html"MSNBC" informa: "Mugabe: Only 'little hurdles' to Zimbabwe deal: Rival declines to comment on talks aimed at ending political crisis":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26135012/"The Economist" analiza: "Rwanda: The blame game. Exchanging unpleasantries about the genocide": http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11893587ECONOMIA"CCN" publica: "RBS posts record $1.5 billion loss":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/08/rbs.losses.ap/index.html"Time" inofrma: "Dollar Stronger, Oil Dips Below $115":http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1830721,00.html"Time" anuncia: "Citigroup: Billion-Dollar Buyback":http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1830349,00.html"MSNBC" analiza: "How much more will gas prices fall?. Also: Can I get insurance to protect myself if Medicare goes broke?":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26093463/"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: " Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11901783OTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Los aviones volarán más despacio para emitir menos CO2, La normativa europea para ahorrar gases obligará a encarecer los billetes": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/aviones/volaran/despacio/emitir/CO2/elpepusoc/20080810elpepisoc_3/Tes"CNN" informa: "Green homes a growing trend":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/08/04/green.home.ap/index.html"MSNBC" publica sitio con información sobre el desarrollo de las Olimpiadas: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24696691"El País" de Madrid publica: "'Cibermanifestación' por la libertad de expresión en China: Reporteros Sin Fronteras permite protestar por la falta de libertad de expresión en China a través de su web": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internet/Cibermanifestacion/libertad/expresion/China/elpeputec/20080808elpepunet_1/Tes
AMÉRICA LATINA Brasil, el paraíso de miles de ejecutivos extranjeros.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Brasil/paraiso/miles/ejecutivos/extranjeros/elpepuint/20110502elpepuint_1/Tes70 guatemaltecos que migraban hacia los Estados Unidos desaparecieron en México.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/70-guatemaltecos-que-migraban-hacia-ee-uu-desaparecieron-en-mxico_9273800-4Perú: Humala y Keiko Fujimori en busca de una victoria electoral.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/world/americas/01peru.html?ref=world http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/05/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/B3DC9E0D-1E93-452C-8F59-54DFF6CE25EA.htm?id={B3DC9E0D-1E93-452C-8F59-54DFF6CE25EA}Volcán en Ecuador amenaza habitantes.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/04/26/ecuador.volcano/index.htmlChávez promete pleno empleo si es reelecto.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38874418/ns/world_news-americas/Casa Blanca envía el Tratado de Libre Comercio con Colombia al Congreso de los Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/tramite-legislativo-en-el-congreso-de-ee-uu-del-tlc-con-colombia_9272440-414 mineros son víctimas de una explosión en mina de carbón en México.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42881214/ns/world_news-americas/explosion http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13275854 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/mineros-atrapados-en-mxico-por-explosin-de-mina-de-carbn_9267541-4Corte hondureña anuló juicios por corrupción de ex presidente Zelaya.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13264454 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/corte-hondurea-anul-juicios-por-corrupcin-de-ex-presidente-zelaya_9258422-4Honduras no intervendrá en litigio limítrofe de Colombia y Nicaragua.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/litigio-limitrofe-de-colombia-y-nicaragua_9272202-4 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁEstados Unidos da muerte a Osama Bin Laden en Pakistán 10 años después del atentado a las Torres Gemelas.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1369937-obama-tenemos-que-seguir-alerta http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1369887-barack-obama-anuncio-que-osama-ben-laden-murio http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/05/02/les-questions-en-suspens-autour-de-la-mort-de-ben-laden_1515952_3222.html}http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/02/bin.laden.dead/index.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42882664/ns/world_news-death_of_bin_laden/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13274176 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/763019.html http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42876876/ns/world_news-death_of_bin_laden/Barack Obama decidió no difundir imagen del cadáver de Osama.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/foto-de-la-muerte-de-osama-bin-laden_9273502-4La muerte de Osama reaviva el debate por la prisión de Guantánamo y la torturaPara más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370517-la-muerte-del-lider-de-al-qaeda-reaviva-el-debate-por-la-torturaLa muerte de Bin Laden y las reacciones de los líderes mundiales.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13256956 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1369943-las-voces-de-los-lideres-mundialesMurió Bin Laden, pero no Al-Qaeda.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1369997-murio-ben-laden-pero-no-al-qaeda http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1369973-quien-asumira-la-conduccion-de-al-qaedaObama subió 9 puntos en encuesta, tras la muerte de Osama Bin Laden.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/obama-subi-9-puntos-en-encuesta-tras-la-muerte-de-osama-bin-laden_9265221-4 Las consecuencias políticas de la muerte del cerebro de Al Qaeda.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13261150 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/conservadores-ganan-la-mayora-en-elecciones-legislativas-de-canad_9261940-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/05/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/2117C2ED-41B3-4D42-A0FA-9DBB5DA9BE0B.htm?id={2117C2ED-41B3-4D42-A0FA-9DBB5DA9BE0B}"Cuna de oro" en Arabia Saudita, combatiente contra los soviéticos en Afganistán, jefe terrorista y el hombre más buscado.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/05/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/B44CF5AB-C938-423A-9E12-9C49B0291071.htm?id={B44CF5AB-C938-423A-9E12-9C49B0291071}Consecuencias económicas inmediatas tras la muerte de Bin Laden.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-05/02/content_12430646.htmLos republicanos se endurecen con la normativa migratoria en Florida.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/republicanos/aprietan/tuercas/inmigracion/Florida/elpepuint/20110502elpepuint_3/TesTornado deja devastadoras imágenes en los Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2011/05/01/us/20110501_STORM.html?ref=us http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/04/29/multimedia/100000000797050/timescast--april-29-2011.htmlConservadores ganan la mayoría en elecciones legislativas de Canadá.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42870042/ns/world_news-americas/ http://www.economist.com/node/18620912?story_id=18620912 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/americas/02canada.html?ref=world EUROPABruselas ve factible volver a las fronteras internas dentro de Schengen.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Bruselas/ve/factible/volver/fronteras/internas/dentro/Schengen/elpepuint/20110502elpepiint_6/Tes http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Barroso/considera/factible/restablecer/fronteras/interiores/UE/elpepuint/20110501elpepuint_6/TesHallada la memoria de una caja negra del vuelo de Air France desaparecido en 2009.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/05/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/C04DDDFD-FD96-42B6-8912-F5DBF18B8911.htm?id={C04DDDFD-FD96-42B6-8912-F5DBF18B8911}www. elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Hallada/memoria/caja/negra/vuelo/Air/France/desaparecido/2009/elpepuint/20110501elpepuint_8/TesBeatificación de Juan Pablo II es la más multitudinaria de la historia del cristianismo.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/europe/02pope.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/05/01/vatican.john.paul.beatification/index.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Roma/prepara/beatificacion/Juan/Pablo/II/rapida/edad/moderna/elpepuint/20110429elpepuint_9/Tes http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/05/02/_portada/_portada/noticias/BC60A961-A37A-444C-B449-16B08D70331A.htm?id={BC60A961-A37A-444C-B449-16B08D70331A} http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/05/01/2195292/pope-beatifies-john-paul-ii-before.html http://www.economist.com/node/18618461?story_id=18618461Diversos medios mundiales cubrieron la boda real.Para más información:http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/04/29/world/europe/100000000797965/the-world-this-week.html?ref=world http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-04/29/content_12425546.htm http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2041593,00.htmlFrancia y su regulación sobre el uso del velo islámico.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/IREPORT/04/25/defining.islam.irpt/index.htmlRusia y su postura respecto a la intervención de la OTAN en Libia.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-05/01/content_12429630.htmTurquía y sus problemas con los países limítrofes.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-adv-barkey-turkey-20110504,0,2342095.storyLas autoridades de Moscú prohíben la 'Marcha de la Marihuana'.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/las-autoridades-de-mosc-prohben-la-marcha-de-la-marihuana_9272300-4 ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTESiria dominada por la violencia.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-05/02/content_12429623.htm http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/regimen/sirio/arresta/centenares/activistas/mientras/bombardea/Deraa/elpepuint/20110502elpepuint_2/Tes http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/04/29/syria.unrest/index.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39039381/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/ http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1370537-represion-cada-vez-mas-violenta-en-siria http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/world/asia/01makhlouf.html?_r=1&ref=worldCorea del Norte detiene dos empresarios japoneses.Para más información:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2069472,00.htmlSe rompió el cese del fuego entre Camboya y Tailandia.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/04/30/thailand.cambodia.clashes/index.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-05/01/content_12428766.htmCoche bomba explota en zona céntrica de Bagdad.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13275824Shanghái alcanza su nivel máximo de contaminación en la historia.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/contamicain-en-shanghi_9270940-4Japón se vuelca a la reconstrucción.Para más información:http://www.economist.com/node/18621529?story_id=18621529 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Japon/aprueba/presupuesto/emergencia/32000/millones/euros/elpepuint/20110430elpepuint_5/Tes http://www.lemonde.fr/japon/article/2011/05/02/fukushima-le-patronat-japonais-souhaite-que-l-etat-indemnise-les-riverains_1515947_1492975.htmlTrabajadores están cerca de controlar planta nuclear de Fukushima.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/emergencia-nuclear-en-japn_9262720-4Multitudinarias protestas en Indonesia abogan por mejoras en condiciones laborales.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/01/indonesia.protests/index.htmlKim Jong Il se ofrece a dialogar con sus vecinos del Sur.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/28/south.korea.elders.visit/index.htmlAmnistía Internacional: aumentan los campos de prisioneros políticos en Corea del Norte.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13272198Fuerte tornado golpea a Nueva Zelanda.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42871707/ns/weather/El presidente Abdalá Saleh de Yemen firmará acuerdo para dejar el poder.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/presidente-abdal-saleh-de-yemen-firmar-acuerdo-para-dejar-el-poder_9271461-4El doble juego de Pakistán: ¿aliado o enemigo?Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/el-doble-juego-de-pakistn-aliado-o-enemigo_9262120-4 http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/05/02/2197819/how-could-pakistan-not-know-bin.html#ixzz1LQrclM9ZÁFRICAMarruecos grita sí al cambio y no al terrorismo.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Marruecos/grita/cambio/terrorismo/elpepuint/20110502elpepiint_3/Tes http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/africa/02morocco.html?ref=worldLa muerte de un hijo de Gadafi desata las represalias del régimen.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/muerte/hijo/Gadafi/desata/represalias/regimen/elpepuint/20110501elpepuint_10/Tes http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/05/01/libya.gadhafi.son.killed/index.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/05/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/8656996D-8614-4E5E-BF44-DB05CD2154C0.htm?id={8656996D-8614-4E5E-BF44-DB05CD2154C0} http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42882103/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/762933.htmlDocenas de muertos por choques entre tropas y milicias en Costa de Marfil.Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2011/05/02/laurent-gbagbo-veut-panser-les-plaies-de-la-cote-d-ivoire_1515807_3210.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41945880/ns/world_news-africa/Los islamistas de Egipto forman un partido político.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/islamistas/Egipto/forman/partido/politico/elpepuint/20110501elpepiint_9/TesEl personal de Naciones Unidas abandona Trípoli tras recibir varios ataques de partidarios de Gadafi.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/personal/Naciones/Unidas/abandona/Tripoli/recibir/varios/ataques/partidarios/Gadafi/elpepuint/20110501elpepuint_7/TesProtestas antigubernamentales en Burkina Faso.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/world/africa/01burkina.html?ref=worldSur de Sudán dominado por la violencia.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42860961/ns/world_news-mideastn_africa/OTRAS NOTICIAS"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climáticoPara más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"China Daily" pone a disposición portal con noticias relacionadas al pasado encuentro de los BRICS.Para más información: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/brics2011/index.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week"Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/18621717
Tensión en Argentina, se enfrentan productores rurales y el gobierno.Como respuesta a políticas llevadas a cabo por la presidenta Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, tiene lugar una huelga agraria con cortes de rutas, falta de alimentos para el consumo de la población y a la vez un aumento de precios que en algunos productos llega al 150 por ciento.Discursos y manifestaciones tuvieron lugar en el país vecino.Varios medios cubren los sucesos:"El País" de Madrid informa: "Los agricultores argentinos aceptan negociar con el Gobierno y suspenden la huelga":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/agricultores/argentinos/aceptan/negociar/Gobierno/suspenden/huelga/elpepuint/20080329elpepiint_5/Tes"The Economist" publica: "The Kirchners v the farmers":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10925670"La Nación" analiza: "Escepticismo y advertencias del campo a la espera de los anuncios oficiales":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1000159Advertencia del Gobierno sobre el paso de los camiones del MERCOSUR, "La Nación" informa:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1000156"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "Sigue la huelga agraria y se agrava la falta de alimentos en Argentina":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/latinoamerica/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4054252.html"La Nación" publica: "Otra plaza de los Kirchner, pero con un sello diferente":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1000171"CNN" informa: "Striking farmers resume blockades in Argentina":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/31/argentina.strike/index.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "En Argentina, el sector agropecuario retoma la huelga tras fracaso de reunión con el Gobierno":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/latinoamerica/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4050692.html"El Universal" de México nos informa: "Defiende Cristina Fernández democracia y pide apoyo a argentinos":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/494718.html"Times" publica: "Argentina in turmoil as farmers' blockade empties shops of food":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3663279.ece"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "La Presidenta de Argentina criticó a los líderes del sector rural: Cristina endurece su postura y busca apoyo a su gestión con acto masivo":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/04/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/3C9BADFF-3737-4E95-9F17-CD0A13F89BA2.htm?id={3C9BADFF-3737-4E95-9F17-CD0A13F89BA2}Los ruralistas empiezan a flexibilizar los cortes:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1000417"La Nación" informa: "Cristina tuvo su Plaza del Sí .La Plaza de Mayo fue testigo del poder kirchnerista; gobernadores, ministros, piqueteros, sindicalistas y dirigentes participaron de la convocatoria para apoyar al Gobierno en plena disputa con el campo":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1000421AMERICA LATINAEl grave estado de salud de Ingrid Betancourt impulsa el órdago del Gobierno Colombiano con las FARC. Diferentes medios informan sobre el suceso: "El País" de Madrid publica: "Colombia ofrece excarcelar a presos de las FARC a cambio de rehenes":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Colombia/ofrece/excarcelar/presos/FARC/cambio/rehenes/elpepuint/20080329elpepiint_6/Tes"El Universal" de México informa: "Ofrece Uribe suspender operación militar para rescatar a Betancourt":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/494692.html"CNN": "Son says hostage mother needs transfusion to stay alive":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/04/02/colombia.hostage/index.htmlEl mosquito del dengue amenaza a Río de Janeiro, "The Economist" analiza: "Feverish in Rio":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10925811Raúl Castro anuncia nuevas políticas para la isla: Continúa el impulso de reformas en Cuba. Desde hoy, los ciudadanos de la isla pueden alojarse en los hoteles de lujo de la isla:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1000153"MSNBC" publica: "Cell phones in Cuba: Revolutionary?. Small steps could help push back demands for deeper change": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23850623/"CNN" informa: "Cuba opens tourist hotels to citizens":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/31/cuba.hotels/index.html"Miami Herald" publica: "Castro reforms: DVDs, farms for Cubans":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/478649.html"Después de Cuba, Venezuela es el país con más limitaciones a la prensa, "El Tiempo" de Colombia informa:http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/latinoamerica/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4052173.html"El Universal" de México informa: "Compra de arsenal por parte de Venezuela preocupa a EU":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/494732.html"CNN" publica: "'Dirty war' officer sent back to Argentina":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/31/spain.argentina/index.htmlESTADOS UNIDOSVarios medios informan sobre las elecciones en Estados Unidos:"The Economist" publica: "On the campaign trail,Primary colour":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10926328"Times" informa: "Hillary Clinton: I'm like Rocky, I never quit":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article3663271.ece"Miami Herald" analiza: "McCain's quiet campaign for Catholics":http://www.miamiherald.com/political-currents/story/478456.html"Miami Herald" analiza la propuesta económica de los principales candidatos a la presidencia estadounidense: "McCain, Clinton, Obama: Their views on the economy":http://www.miamiherald.com/political-currents/story/479051.html"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Vicecomandante del Comando Sur: "Nos preocupa la gran cantidad de armas que está comprando Caracas":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/04/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/D21562E8-807B-40BA-80FC-1E1A8B95E4B8.htm?id={D21562E8-807B-40BA-80FC-1E1A8B95E4B8}"El Universal" de México publica: "Se empeña EU en construir mil 100 km de muro en frontera con México":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/494564.html"Times" informa: "Nato summit: George Bush backs Ukraine and Georgia for Nato":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3660044.ece"Miami Herald" publica: "US wants 3,600 new troops in Darfur soon":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/479114.htmlEUROPALa UE rompe el hielo con Serbia.El ministro de Exteriores serbio se reúne con sus colegas europeos, pero evita un encuentro con líderes kosovares, "El Pais" de Madrid publica:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/rompe/hielo/Serbia/elpepuint/20080329elpepuint_8/Tes"CNN" informa: "Irish PM to quit over payments scandal":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/02/irish.pm.ap/index.html"La Nacion" analiza: "La inflación sigue preocupando a Europa.La suba de precios continuó acelerándose en marzo en la zona euro y llegó hasta el 3,5%, según el primer cálculo publicado por la Eurostat; de confirmarse el dato, sería un nuevo máximo":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/nota.asp?nota_id=1000163"CNN" publica: "Diana death inquest jury mulls verdict": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/02/diana.inquest/index.html"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Cumbre comienza hoy en Rumania: Sarkozy negociará en Bucarest regreso de Francia a mando militar de la OTAN":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/04/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/8C447837-979F-4E02-AC44-0307BF7143F4.htm?id={8C447837-979F-4E02-AC44-0307BF7143F4}ASIA – PACÍFICO Y MEDIO ORIENTE"Ney York Times" publica: "South Korea Plays Down Missile Test by the North":HTTP://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2008/03/29/WORLD/ASIA/29KOREA.HTML?REF=WORLDTransición a la democracia en Bhutan, "The Economist" publica: "Voting on the king's orders":http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10926699Continúa la tensión entre China y Tíbet: "The Economist" informa: "Welcome to the Olympics": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10925708Tibetan monk protests reflect growing activism. More Buddhist monks, nuns likely to revolt against injustice, oppression. "MSNBC" publica: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23859906/"Miami Herald" informa: "Dalai Lama again threatens to quit over Tibet violence":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/story/471748.htmlEE UU bombardea posiciones de milicianos de Al Sáder en Basora.Las fuerzas estadounidenses informan de la muerte de 48 milicianos en Bagdad solo hoy. "El País" de Madrid publica: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/EE/UU/bombardea/posiciones/milicianos/Sader/Basora/elpepuint/20080329elpepuint_12/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Rice intenta acercar a israelíes y palestinos. La secretaria de Estado de EE.UU. se reunió por separado con Ehud Olmert y Mahmoud Abbas":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1000152"El Pais" de Madrid publica: "Militantes talibanes vuelan una central eléctrica en el sur de Afganistán .Dos empleados han muerto y ocho personas han resultado heridas por la explosión":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Militantes/talibanes/vuelan/central/electrica/sur/Afganistan/elpepuint/20080329elpepuint_10/TesSe analiza la posibilidad de aumentar las tropas en Afganistán, "CNN" informa al respecto: "NATO chief: Afghan troop increase likely":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/04/02/bush.nato/index.htmlLa comisión internacional que investiga el atentado que acabó en Beirut con la vida del ex primer ministro libanés Rafik Hariri sigue aportando nuevos detalles en medio de la confusión: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ONU/afirma/Hariri/asesino/red/criminal/elpepuint/20080329elpepiint_4/Tes"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "En Irak, líder radical chií ofrece dejar las acciones armadas a cambio de amnistía": http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/orientemedio/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4051680.htmlComienza la cumbre árabe, deslucida por la ausencia de líderes clave.El boicoteo de Líbano, así como la no participación del presidente egipcio, el rey saudí y el monarca jordano crispan el encuentro,"El Pais" de Madrid informa: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Comienza/cumbre/arabe/deslucida/ausencia/lideres/clave/elpepuint/20080329elpepuint_11/Tes AFRICAMugabe ha presidido Zimbabue desde el año 1980, año en que el país dejó de ser una colonia británica y alcanzó la independencia. El sábado pasado, Mugabe buscó una vez más la presidencia por un período de seis años. Por primera vez en la historia de Zimbabue se celebran simultáneamente elecciones presidenciales, legislativas y municipales. Varios medios informan al respecto: "El Pais" de Madrid informa: "Mugabe afronta el mayor reto tras 28 años de Gobierno en Zimbabue" :http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Estalla/bomba/casa/candidato/Mugabe/Zimbabue/elpepuint/20080329elpepuint_6/Tes"El Tiempo" de Colombia analiza: "Oposición dice que demora de resultados en Zimbabue es señal de juego sucio":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/otrasregiones/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4053866.html"Times" publica: "Endgame in Zimbabwe as Robert Mugabe nears exit": http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3663369.eceZimbabwe opposition denies transition talks. Earlier, sources said Mugabe was considering stepping down. "MSNBC" informa: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23879005/"MSNBC" publica: "Death toll of 200,000 disputed in Darfur. Former U.N. chief says his estimate in 2006 is too low, Sudan says too high": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23848444/ECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10926595&CFID=422741&CFTOKEN=28437360"CNN" informa: "Banking stocks lead markets rally":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/04/02/world.markets.ap/index.html"CNN" publica : "Food prices rising across the world":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/24/food.ap/index.html OTRAS NOTICIAS En el mundo hay más musulmanes que católicos. Son más del 19% de la población,"La Nación" analiza:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1000020
We present a data set on authoritarian regimes' claims to legitimacy that is based on leading experts' assessments of 98 states for the period 1991–2010. The experts assessed these regimes on the basis of six conceptually distinguishable but interlinked claims to legitimacy – namely (1) foundational myth, (2) ideology, (3) personalism, (4) international engagement, (5) procedural mechanisms and (6) performance. For the survey, we contacted approximately 800 renowned international and local experts. They were selected on the basis of their publication records, their local expertise and their work for high-quality country-based indices, research institutes, and/or high-profile think tanks. 273 online questionnaires were completed. We collected expert assessments for the most recent non-democratic regime (as of 2013, the year of assessment). The survey comprised questions covering the strength of a regime's six legitimation strategies, based on a six-point scale ranging from 0-5. In addition, the dataset includes information regarding the number of experts per country and the experts' average confidence in answering the questions on the respective country.
Eyal Weizman on the Architectural-Image Complex, Forensic Archeology and Policing across the Desertification Line
Incidents in global politics are usually apprehended as the patterned interaction of macro-actors such as states. Eyal Weizman takes a different tack—an architect by training, Weizman tackles incidents through detailed readings of heterogeneous materials—digital images, debris, reforestation, blast patterns in ruins—to piece together concrete positions of engagement in specific legal, political, or activist controversies in global politics. In this Talk, Weizman—among others—elaborates on methods across scales and material territories, discusses the interactions of environment and politics, and traces his trajectory in forensic architecture.
Print version of this Talk (pdf)
What is—or should be—according to you, the biggest challenge, central focus or principal debate in critical social sciences?
We live in an age in which there is both a great storm of information and a progressive form of activism seeking to generate transparency in relation to government institutions, corporations or secret services. These forms of exposure exponentially increase the number of primary sources on corporations and state and provide also rare media from war zones, but this by itself does not add more clarity. It could increase confusion and increasingly be used disseminate false information and propaganda. The challenge is to start another process to carefully piece together and compose this information.
I'm concerned with research about armed conflict. Contemporary conflict tends to take place in urban environments saturated with media of varicose sorts, whenever violence is brought into a city, it provokes an enormous production of images, clips, sounds, text, etc.
As conflict in Iraq, Syria, Missouri and the Ukraine demonstrate, one of the most important potential sources for conflict investigations is produced by the very people living in the war zones and made available in social networks almost instantly. The citizens recording events in conflict zones are conscious of producing testimonies and evidence, and importantly so, they do so on their own terms. The emergence of citizen journalists/witness has already restructured the fields of journalism with most footage composing Al Jazeera broadcasts, for example, being produced by non-professional media. The addition of a huge multiplicity of primary sources, live testimonies and filmed records of events, challenge research methods and evidentiary practices. There is much locational and spatial information that can be harvested from within these blurry, shaky and unedited images/clips and architectural methodologies are essential in reconstructing incidents in space. Architecture is a good framework to understand the world, alongside others.
Whereas debates around the 'politics of the image' in the field of photography and visual cultures tended to concentrate on the decoding of single images and photojournalistic trophy shots we now need to study the creation of extensive 'image-complexes' and inhabit this field reconstruct events from images taken at different perspective and at different times. The relation between images is architectural, best composed and represented within 3D models. Architectural analysis is useful in locating other bits of evidence—recorded testimonies, films and photos—from multiple perspectives in relation to one other bits of evidence and cross referring these in space.
But 'image complexes' are about interrogating the field of visibility it is also about absence, failures of representation, blockages or destruction of images.
How did you arrive at where you currently are in your thinking about global politics?
I'm an architect, and my intellectual upbringing is in architectural theory and spatial theory. I tend to hold on to this particular approach when I'm entering a geopolitical context or areas that would otherwise be the domain of journalists and human rights people, traditional jurists, etc. Architecture taught me to pay attention to details, to materiality, to media, and to make very close observations about the way built structures might embody political relations.
When I study political situations, I study them as an architect: I look at the way politics turns into a material—spatial practice—the materialization, and at the spatialization, of political forces. Architectural form—as I explained many times—is slowed-down force. My thinking is structured around a relation between force and form. And form, for an architect, is an entry point from which to read politics. So when I look at matter and material reality—like a building, a destroyed building, a piece of infrastructure, a road or bridge, a settlement or suburb or city—I look at it as a product of a political force field. But it is never static. A city always grows, expands or contracts recording the multiple political relations that shaped it.
Buildings continuously record their environment. So one can read political force on buildings. In taking this approach, I am influenced by building surveyors, and insurance people going into a building to look at a scratch in a wall to piece together what might have happened, and what might still happen. So I feel like a kind of property surveyor on the scale of a city at times of war. But in practicing this forensic architecture I also work like an archaeologist: archaeology is about looking at material remains and trying to piece together the cultural, political, military, or social spheres. But I'm an archaeologist of very recent past or of the present. While some of my investigations will always retain a haptic dimension based on material examination, much of it is an analysis of material captured and registered by various medias. Verify, locate, compose and cross-reference a spatial reality from images of architecture.
What would a student need to become a specialist in your field or understand the world in a global way?
The institutes I run do not recruit only architects. We need to open up the disciplinary bounds of education. We work with filmmakers and architects and with artists.
It embodies a desire to understand architecture as a field of inquiry, with which you can interrogate reality as it is effectively registering material transformation. I see architecture as a way of augmenting our way of seeing things in the world, but it's not for me a kind of sacred field that should not be touched or changed.
But I'm also using architecture across the entire spectrum of its relation to politics, from the very dystopian—with forensic architecture, a kind of architectural pathology—to the utopian. I have a studio in Palestine with Palestinian partners of mine, and internationals. Alessandro Petty and Sandi Hilal are in this group, which is called Decolonizing Architure. It's this group that is engaged in very utopian projects for the West Bank and Palestine and the return of refugees and so on. So I use architecture across the entire spectrum, from the very dystopian to the very utopian. Architecture is simply a way of engaging the world and its politics. Space is the way of establishing relations between things. And actually space is not static, it is both a means of establishing relations between people and objects and things. Just as material itself is always an event, always under transformation. So that is something I have taken from architecture and try to bring into politics, but not only in analyzing crimes, but in producing the reality yet to come.
So what we need from people is the desire to understand aesthetics as a field of inquiry, not simply as a pleasurable play of beauty and pleasing kind of effect, but as a kind of very sensorial field, sensorium, in which you can interrogate reality as it is effectively registering material transformation. So I would look simply for that kind of sensorial intensity and high critical approach and understanding and speculating of how it is we know what we think we know. Of course, you cannot see, or you do not know what you see, you do not have the language to interpret or question what it is you 'see' without abstract constructs. This means I don't necessarily look for theoretical capacities in people: I see theory as a way of augmenting our way of seeing things in the world, of registering them, of decoding them, but it's not for me a kind of sacred field to which I submit in any way.
So what is it you work on now?
I'm mostly trying to establish forensic architecture as a critical field of practice and as an agency that produce and disseminate evidence about war crimes in urban context. Recent forensic investigations in Guatemala and in the Israeli Negev involved the intersection of violence and environmental transformations, even climate change. For trials and truth commissions, we analyze the extent to which environmental transformation intersect with conflict.
The imaging of this previously invisible types of violence—'environmental violence' such as land degradation, the destruction of fields and forests (in the tropics), pollution and water diversion, and also long term processes of desertification—we use as new type of evidence of processes dispersed across time and space. There are other conflicts that unfold in relation to climatic and environmental transformations and in particular in relation to environmental scarcity.
Conflict has reciprocal interaction with environment transformation: environmental change could aggravate conflict, while conflict tends to generate further environmental damage. This has been apparent in Darfur, Sudan where the conflict was aggravated by increased competition over arable due to local land erosion and desertification. War and insurgency have occurred along Sahel—Arabic for 'shoreline'—on the southern threshold of the Sahara Desert, which is only ebbing as million of hectares of former arable land turn to desert. In past decades, conflicts have broken out in most countries from East to West Africa, along this shoreline: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal. In 2011 in the city of Daraa, farmers' protests, borne out of an extended cycle of droughts, marked the beginning of the Syrian civil war. Similar processes took place in the eastern outskirts of Damascus, Homs, al-Raqqah and along the threshold of the great Syrian and Northern Iraqi Deserts. These transformations impact upon cities, themselves a set of entangled natural/man-made environments. The conflict and hardships along desertification bands compel dispossessed farmers to embark upon increasingly perilous paths of migrations, leading to fast urbanization at the growing outskirts of the cities and slams.
I'm trying to understand these processes across desert thresholds. There has been a very long colonial debate about what is the line beyond which the desert begins. Most commonly it was defined as 200 mm rain per annum. Cartographers were trying to draw it, as it represented, to a certain extent, the limit of imperial control. From this line on, most policing was done through bombing of tribal areas from the air. Since the beginning, the emergence of the use of air power in policing in the post World War I period—aerial control, aerial government—took form in places that were perceived, at the time, as lying beyond the thresholds or edges of the law. The British policing of Iraq, the French in Syria, and Algeria, the Italians in Libya are examples where control would hover in air.
Up to now I was writing about borders that were physical and manmade: walls in the West Bank or Gaza and the siege around it—most notably in Hollow Land (2007, read the introduction here). Now I started to write about borders that are made by the interaction of people and the environment—like the desert line—which is not less violent and brutal. The colonial history of Palestine has been an attempt to push the line of the desert south, trying to make it green or bloom—this is in Ben Gurion's terms—but the origins of this statement are earlier and making the desert green and pushing the line of the desert was also Mussolini's stated aim. On the other hand, climate change is now pushing that line north.
Following not geopolitical but meteorological borders, helps me cut across a big epistemological problem that confines the writing in international relations or geopolitics within the borders organize your writing. Braudel is an inspiration but, for him, the environment of the Mediterranean is basically cyclically fixed. The problem with geographical determinism is that it takes nature as a given, cyclical, milieu which then affects politics—but I think we are now in a period where politics affects nature in the same way in which nature affects politics. The climate is changing in the same speed as human history.
What does your background in architecture add to understanding the global political controversies you engage in?
We are a forensic agency that provides services to prosecution teams around the world. With our amazing members we ran 20-odd cases around the world from the Amazon to Atacama, for the UN, for Amnesty, for Palestinian NGOs, in Gaza of course, West Bank, issues of killings, individual killings in the West Bank that we do now, and much more drastic destructions.
Forensic Architecture is unique in using architectural research methodologies to analyze violations of human rights and international humanitarian law as they bear upon the built environment—on buildings, cities and territories, and this is why we get many commissions. We produced architectural evidence for numerous investigations and presented them in a number of cases in national and international courts and tribunals. We were commissioned by the UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights to study single destroyed buildings, as well as patterns of destruction, resulting from drone warfare in Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia and Gaza. This study was presented at the UN General Assembly in New York. We developed techniques to locate the remains of buildings and villages overgrown by thick rain forests and presented this material as evidence in the genocide trial of former president Efraín Ríos Montt in the National Court of Guatemala and the Inter-American Court. We quantified and analyzed levels of architectural destruction in Gaza after the 2014 conflict for Amnesty International. We provided architectural models and animations to support a petition against the wall in Battir submitted to the Israeli High Court, helping to win the case.
Recently, we use and deal with the reconstruction of human testimony. Witnesses to war give account of the worst moment of their lives; times when their dear ones have died or hurt. Their memory is disturbed, and tends to be blurred. We have developed a way of very carefully interviewing and discussing with witnesses. Together with them, we build digital models of their own homes. So we can see a very slow process of reconstruction of the relation between memory space and architecture. And events start coming back, through the process of building.
In order to develop this, we needed to explore the historical use of memory and architecture, such as Frances Yates' The Art of Memory (read it here), as well as different accounts on the use of trauma, and bring them into the digital age, bring an understanding of the relation of testimony and evidence into contemporary thinking. Single incidents tend to be argued away as aberrations of 'standard operating procedures'. To bring charges against government and military leaderships, it is necessary to demonstrate 'gross and systematic' violations. This means finding consistent and repeated patterns of violations. Architectural analysis, undertaken on the level of the city is able to demonstrate repetition and transformations in patterns of violation/destruction in space and time—within the battle zone along the duration of the conflict. Architectural analysis is useful not only in dealing with architectural evidence—i.e with destroyed buildings—but also helpful in locating other bits of evidence—testimony films or photos—in relation to one other bits of evidence, and cross referring these in space.
Urban violence unfolds at different intensities, speeds and spatial scales: it is made of patterns of multiple instantaneous events as well as slower incremental processes of 'environmental violence' that affects the transformation of larger territories. We aims to analyze and present the relation between forms of violence that occur at different space and time scales. From eruptive kinetic violence of the instantaneous/human incident through patterns of destruction mapped across and along the duration of urban conflict, to what Rob Nixon calls the 'slow violence' of environmental transformation (read the introduction of the eponymous book here, pdf).
Last question. How does your approach to research relate to, or differ from, approaches to international politics?
To study conflict as a reality that unfolds across multiple scales, we use the microphysical approach—dealing with details, fragments and ruins—as an entry-point from which we will unpack the larger dynamics of a conflict. We reconstruct singular incidents, locate them in space and time to look for and identify patterns, then study these patterns in relation to long terms and wide-scale environmental transformations. This approach seeks to make connections between, what Marc Bloch of the Annales School called 'micro- and macro-history, between close-ups and extreme long shots' in his thesis on historical method. This topological approach is distinct from a traditional scalar one: the macro (political/strategic/territorial) situation will not be seen a root cause for a myriad set of local human right violations (incidents/tactics). In the complex reality of conflict, singularities are equally the result of 'framing conditions' and also contributing factors to phase transitions that might affect, or 'de-frame' as Latour has put it, changes occurring in wider areas. Instead of nesting smaller scales within larger ones, our analysis will seek to fluidly shift from macro to micro, from political conditions to individual cases, from buildings to environments and this along multiple threads, connection and feedback loops.
While in relation to the single incident it might still be possible to establish a direct, liner connection between the two limit figures of the perpetrator and the victim along the model of (international) criminal law, evidence for environmental violence is more scattered and diffused. Instead, it requires the examination of what we call 'field causalities'—causal ecologies that are non-linear, diffused, simultaneous, and that involve multiple agencies and feedback loops, challenging the immediacy of 'evidence'.
Establishing field causalities requires the examination of force fields and causal ecologies, that are non-linear, diffused, simultaneous and involve multiple agencies and feedback loops. Whereas linear causality entails a focus on sequences of causal events on the model of criminal law that seeks to trace a direct line between the two limit figures of victim and perpetrator field causality involves the spatial arrangement of simultaneous sites, actions and causes. It is inherently relational and thus a spatial concept. By treating space as the medium of relation between separate elements of evidence brought together, we aim to expand the analytical scope of forensic architecture. It is inherently relational and thus a spatial concept. By treating space as the medium of relation between separate elements of evidence brought together, field causalities expands the analytical scope of forensic architecture.
Let me illustrate this a bit. Forms of violence are crucially convertible one to another. Drying fields along the Sahel or the Great Syrian Desert, for example, reach a point in which they can no longer support their farmers, contributing to impoverishment, migration to cities, slumnization and waves of protest that might contribute to the eruption of armed conflict. These layers call for a form of architectural analysis able to shift and synthesize information at different scales—from single incidents as they are registered in the immediate spatial setting, through patterns of violations across the entire urban terrain to 'environmental violence' articulated in the transformation of large territories.
Eyal Weizman is an architect, Professor of Visual Cultures and director of the Centre for Research Architecture at Goldsmiths, University of London. Since 2011 he also directs the European Research Council funded project, Forensic Architecture - on the place of architecture in international humanitarian law. Since 2007 he is a founding member of the architectural collective DAAR in Beit Sahour/Palestine. Weizman has been a professor of architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna and has also taught at the Bartlett (UCL) in London at the Stadel School in Frankfurt and is a Professeur invité at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in Paris. He lectured, curated and organised conferences in many institutions worldwide. His books include Mengele's Skull (with Thomas Keenan at Sterenberg Press 2012), ForensicArchitecture (dOCUMENTA13 notebook, 2012), The Least of all Possible Evils (Nottetempo 2009, Verso 2011), Hollow Land (Verso, 2007), A Civilian Occupation (Verso, 2003), the series Territories 1,2 and 3, Yellow Rhythms and many articles in journals, magazines and edited books.
Related links
Facultyprofile at Goldsmith Forensic Architecture homepage Read Weizman's introduction to Forensis (2014) here (pdf) Read Weizman's Forensic Architecture: Notes from Fields and Forums (dOCUMENTA 2012) here (pdf) Read Weizman's Lethal Theory (2009) here (pdf) Read the introduction to Weizman's Hollow Land (2007) here (pdf)
Print version of this Talk (pdf)
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