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How do cultures come into existence? Why do they develop particular customs and characteristics rather than others? How do cultures persist and change over time? The purpose of this book is to provide answers to the emergence and continuing evolution of cultures past, present, and future

Forbidden Signs explores American culture from the mid-nineteenth century to 1920 through the lens of one striking episode: the campaign led by Alexander Graham Bell and other prominent Americans to suppress the use of sign language among deaf people. The ensuing debate over sign language invoked such fundamental questions as what distinguished Americans from non-Americans, civilized people from "savages," humans from animals, men from women, the natural from the unnatural, and the normal from the abnormal. An advocate of the return to sign language, Baynton found that although the grounds of

"This collection contains nineteen interdisciplinary essays that explore the continuing cultural, political, and social impact of the Partition on India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as in the South Asian diaspora. It focuses on neglected areas in the existing scholarship on the subject--themes as well as regions within South Asia--that illustrate Vazira Zamindar's idea of a 'Long Partition'"--Provided by pubolisher

Efforts at legal reform in China under the banner of the socialist legal system represent an attempt by the post-Mao regime to rest legitimacy in part on an ideology of formal law that complements the regime's efforts at economic reform. According to the author, a useful approach to examining the Chinese regime's effort to control popular views about legal reform involves a comparison of official and popular ideas about legal relationships, both generally and as related to economic reform. He examines these views as components within the larger gambit of Chinese legal culture. (DÜI-Sen)

Preliminary Material /Krzysztof Brzechczyn -- BETWEEN SCIENCE AND LITERATURE: THE DEBATE ON THE STATUS OF HISTORY /Krzysztof Brzechczyn -- POSSIBILITIES AND NECESSITIES OF THE HISTORICAL PROCESS /Marceli Handelsman -- THE ACTIVISTIC CONCEPT OF THE HISTORICAL PROCESS /Jerzy Topolski -- CLASS AND INDIVIDUAL IN THE HISTORICAL PROCESS /Leszek Nowak -- IDEALIZATIONAL PROCEDURES IN HISTORY /Jerzy Topolski -- TYPOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN HISTORICAL SCIENCES /Tadeusz Pawłowski -- THE DIRECTIVE OF RATIONALIZING HUMAN ACTIONS /Jerzy Topolski -- METHODOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF HISTORY IN LIGHT OF IDEALIZATIONAL THEORY OF SCIENCE /Krzysztof Brzechczyn -- THE MODEL AND ITS CONCRETIZATION IN ECONOMIC HISTORY /Jerzy Topolski -- WHY DID THE POLANIAN TRIBE UNITE THE POLISH STATE? /Henryk Łowmiański -- COMMENTS ON ŁOWMIAŃSKI /Jerzy Topolski -- THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOMES IN A FEUDAL SYSTEM /Jan Rutkowski -- COMMENTS ON RUTKOWSKI /Jerzy Topolski -- THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF CENTRAL EUROPE IN LIGHT OF THE CASCADENESS OF THE HISTORICAL PROCESS /Krzysztof Brzechczyn -- THE ECONOMIC MODEL OF THE WIELKOPOLSKA REGION IN THE 18th CENTURY /Jerzy Topolski -- THERE WAS NOT ONE CAUSA EFFICIENS OF POLAND'S PARTITIONS /Bogusław Leśnodorski -- THE NOMOTHETIC VERSUS THE IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO HISTORY /Andrzej Malewski and Jerzy Topolski -- GENERAL LAWS AND HISTORICAL GENERALIZATIONS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES /Stefan Nowak -- TWO CONCEPTIONS OF HISTORICAL GENERALIZATIONS /Stanisław Ossowski -- SCIENTIFIC LAW VERSUS HISTORICAL GENERALIZATION. AN ATTEMPT AT AN EXPLICATION /Jan Such -- ON CAUSAL EXPLANATION IN HISTORY /Andrzej Malewski and Jerzy Topolski -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS /Krzysztof Brzechczyn.

This book, based on 25 months of anthropological fieldwork, examines activists and activism in Palestinian nongovernmental organizations in Israel. It concentrates on the ways organizations enable certain processes of self-identification based on activists' constructions of modernity.

Purpose
This study aims to address three important but under-researched questions in the trust and negotiation literature: What do negotiators do to determine the trustworthiness of a potential business partner? What trust criteria motivate their search and help them interpret the information their search reveals? Whether there are systematic cultural differences in search and criteria, and if different, why?


Design/methodology/approach
This study used qualitative methodology. The data are from interviews with 82 managers from 33 different national cultures in four regions of the world identified by cultural levels of trust in negotiation and tightness-looseness. Interviews focused on how negotiators determined the trustworthiness of potential business partners in intracultural negotiations.


Findings
Analyses revealed four search activities negotiators use to gather information about a potential business partner: due diligence, brokerage, good will building and testing; and five criteria for determining the trustworthiness of a new business partner: respect, mutual values, competence, openness and professionalism. Quotes illustrate how these search activities and criteria manifest in different cultures.


Research limitations/implications
This study used multiple cases to build a longitudinal picture of the process. It did not follow a single case in depth. The study focused on identifying cultural central tendencies at the same time recognizing that there is always variability within a culture.


Practical implications
Knowing what is culturally normative allows negotiators to anticipate, interpret and respect their counterpart's behavior. Such knowledge should facilitate trust development.


Originality/value
This study provides an in-depth understanding of cultural similarities and differences in the process of trust development in negotiating new business relationships.

This introduction to Aspasia's Special Forum on the history of men and masculinities under socialism demonstrates the interest and originality of applying critical men's studies and the history of masculinities to state-socialist Eastern Europe. It reviews existing scholarship within this field, stresses the persisting difficulties in analyzing everyday performances of gender and masculinities in socialist societies, and argues for adopting new approaches in order to get closer to a social and cultural history of masculinities. It puts the contributions to this Special Forum in their broader historiographical context—in particular, concerning studies on work, family, violence, war, disability, and generational change and youth—and shows how they will contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics and everyday performances of gender in state-socialist societies.