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What explains pay inequality among coworkers? Theories of organizational influence on inequality emphasize the effects of formal hierarchy. But restructuring, firm flattening, and individualized pay setting have challenged the relevance of these structuralist theories. I propose a new organizational theory of differences in pay, focused on task structure and the horizontal division of labor across jobs. When organizations specialize jobs, they reduce the variety of tasks performed by some workers. In doing so they leave exclusive job turf to other coworkers, who capture the learning and discretion associated with performing a distinct task. The division of labor thus erodes pay premiums for some workers while advantaging others through job turf. I test this theory with linked employer–employee panel data from U.S. labor unions, which include a type of data that is rarely collected: annual reporting on work tasks. Results show that reducing task variety lowers workers' earnings, while increasing job turf raises earnings. When organizations reduce task variety for some workers, they increase job turf for others. Without assuming fixed job hierarchies and pay rates, interdependencies in organizational task allocation yield unequal pay premiums among coworkers.

Boxing is 'all about bodies'; beautiful bodies, broken bodies and, sometimes, brain-damaged bodies. And while a lot of research has explored the physiological side of 'punch drunk' syndrome, far less work has attempted to consider how boxers experience brain injuries. Perhaps surprisingly, considering the sports historical and symbolic ties to concussion and degenerative brain diseases, contemporary socio-cultural explorations of the sport tend to be largely devoid of theoretically nuanced discussions of such phenomena. Within this paper, as a means of partly addressing this issue, I examine the 'bodily negotiations' that were part of personal understandings of 'brain injuries'. By considering the manner that such embodied knowhow is shaped by risky notions about the body, I demonstrate how culturally specific competent bodily actions are developed. Such an analysis provides insights into the ways that boxers might symbolically neutralise, pragmatically manage or 'fight through' what they considered to be relatively 'run of the mill' neurological disruption. This helps to demonstrate how their embodied engagement provides the basis by which 'outsider' knowledge, including that provided by medical personnel, might be largely excluded and otherwise diminished.

This article explores the concept of maroonage (other spellings "maronage," "marronnage," and "marronage") as a process of epistemological engagement and disengagement using the way in which the Rastafari movement constructs, organizes, and legitimates knowledge and knowledge production. By focusing on the Rastafari processes of knowledge production and legitimation, this article allows for a theorization of maroonage as a constant engagement not only in the sense of physical withdrawal from hegemonic systems of dominance but an ideological opting out. While many Rastafarians live in secluded communities and choose not to participate in systems that work against their interest, many have renegotiated the process of knowing such that they can be in Babylon but not of Babylon. The epistemic shifts in Rastafari discourse on a Black God, King, and Zion stand as exemplars of epistemological self-determination characteristic of the maroonage on the ideological level. The article develops by: (a) looking at ideology, (b) the contours of Rastafari epistemology, (c) the sociopolitical context of epistemological (dis) engagement, and (d) the epistemic shift in Rastafari discourse on a Black God, King, and Zion as epistemological self-determination.

Political theory in the research of professor Andrzej Czajowski

Professor Andrzej Czajowski, an academic scholar and lecturer at the University of Wroclaw, conducted interdisciplinary scientific research in many fields of political science. His main field of interest was political theory. The subjects of his research were, inter alia, the nature of politics and political aspects of other social phenomena, the relations between political power, decisions, actions, agents and structures. Professor Czajowski conducted interdisciplinary research from the perspectives of political theory, political psychology and law. His main contribution to empirical and analytical political theory was the development of a new understanding of different academic concepts in political science, such as politics, power, political decisions and political activity. In the published books and research papers professor Czajowski has developed new meanings of key political science concepts, such as politics, power, political action, political decisions, political attitudes, political conflicts and political thought. His academic works have enriched the language of political science and political theory by adding new classifications and typologies, and contributed to a better understanding of the complexity of politics.

The concept of civilization is intrinsic to the English School's understanding of international society. At the same time, engagement with discourses of civilization has been an important site of contestation within the English School, with quite different narratives of the evolution, structures and dynamics of international society being articulated. I argue that deeper analysis of how different waves of English School scholars engage with discourses of civilization provides a valuable pathway for mapping the evolution of English School thought and its understanding of the structure and dynamics of international society. Discourse analysis, a method firmly embedded in interpretivist approaches, can provide us with a valuable approach to unravel the complexities of English School thinking about civilization. Applying discourse analysis to these bodies of work allows us to explore nodal points within English School debates, the layering of particular texts, and how scholars engage with strategies of juxtapositioning and counternarrative in order to reveal how subjects are positioned in hierarchies of authority and reveal previously subjugated voices in their interpretations of the constitution and evolution of international society.

AbstractThe increasing proportion of persons living alone has come to be emblematic in many ways of modern Western societies because it represents the importance conceded to the individual and to individual goals at the expense, basically, of the family. Solo living has been interpreted within the context of changing values and preferences, changing personal and conjugal realities, and the changing work contexts so often associated with the Second Demographic Transition. We know little about patterns and trends in living alone over the life course in much of the world because most research to date has concentrated on regional and national portrayals or on living arrangements in later life. This study provides a systematic look at the differences in living alone by age and sex in 113 countries. Our aim is to understand the extent to which behavior differs around the world and the implications this has for society. We also examine the relationship between trends in living alone and levels of human development. Results are taken from three massive datasets: census and survey microdata from IPUMS‐international, Demographic Health Surveys, and EU‐Labor Force Surveys.

The paper is a fruit of a series of informal symposiums and an elective course entitled "Orient–Occident", conducted by the author in 2016 and 2019 at the Institute of Intercultural Studies of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. The author identifies a set of issues commonly perceived as the main challenges of our age and focuses specifically on the challenge of intercultural relations in a "globalized world" to provide a critical examination of several misconceptions and conventional narratives surrounding this topic. The discussion serves as an introduction to a proposed approach to comparative study of texts of culture, developed primarily in the philosophical tradition and within the conceptual framework of the so-called New Humanism of Irving Babbitt (1865-1933) and combined with some additional components sourced from the works of Leo Strauss (1899-1973). The author argues that this approach provides a valuable exercise of imagination to students of culture and cultural diversity as it strives to strike a balance between the perception of diversity and unity in the human experience – a quality rarely displayed in contemporary cultural studies.

Chief executive officer (CEO) personality has emerged as a key predictor of firm performance. A burgeoning literature rooted in psychology has shown that leaders with the dark triad personality traits (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) can have harmful effects on organizations. However, scholars have not fully illuminated the "black box" of processes that explain how and why CEO dark personality matters. Specifically, we know little about the microfoundations of CEOs' influence: how and why do the effects of CEO dark personality cascade down to affect employees and outcomes throughout the different levels of the firm. Therefore, we explore how CEOs' personalities shape their relationships with other top management team (TMT) members and how these relationships affect other employees in the organization. Specifically, drawing on upper echelons theory and social exchange theory, we provide a multilevel theoretical model examining how distinct CEO dark triad traits shape CEO–TMT exchange quality, TMT destructive leadership, TMT behavioral integration, subordinates' counterproductive work behaviors, and ultimately firm performance. Implications for theory, future research, and practice also are discussed.

AbstractRepresentative democracies are supposed to be uniquely virtuous in that they ensure that public preferences drive public policy. Dynamic representation is the outcome of a recurring interaction between electorate and parties that can be observed at the macro level. Preferences can shape government policy via two possible mechanisms. 'Policy accomodation' suggests that governments respond directly to the electorate's preferences. 'Electoral turnover', on the other hand, assumes that preferences shape policy indirectly. Parties pursue their ideological goals, and public preferences respond 'thermostatically' by moving in the opposite direction to policy. This causes voters to switch votes and eventually leads to a turnover of power from one 'side' to 'the other'. In this paper, we estimate preferences for government activity ('the policy mood') in Spain between 1978 and 2017. We show that mood responds 'thermostatically' to policy. Variations in mood are associated with support for parties. Policy is driven by party control but is not thermostatically responsive to mood. It appears that in Spain – like Britain – dynamic representation can only be achieved by electoral turnover. We consider the implications of this for our understanding of how representation works.

Background: Being aware of the challenges that may occur during the implementation of peer support work in psychiatry is important to facilitate the integration of peer support workers (PSWs) into multidisciplinary mental health-care teams. Aim: The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges faced by PSWs during their integration into hospital-based mental health-care teams. Methods: Qualitative content analysis of nine open-ended, semi-structured interviews with PSWs is undertaken in five adult psychiatric hospitals in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Results: The analysis of the data revealed three themes: (1) 'Pioneers and the pressure to succeed'; (2) 'a colleague, a rival or yet another patient?' and (3) 'sharing of information, boundaries and professionalism'. All three themes relate to several concrete challenges on different systemic levels and have the potential to impede the PSWs' integration process. Conclusion: Specific implementation strategies which address potential barriers on the different systemic levels should be developed and applied prior to the start of the integration of PSWs into multidisciplinary mental health-care teams.

AbstractThis work presents the results of experimental studies on the energy performance of an evacuated solar collector, heat pipe type, consisting of 24 tubes, over the period of 2 months. The solar collector with a gross area of 3.9 m2 is part the solar hot water test system located in Lublin (Poland). The effect of the weather conditions and operating parameters on the thermal and exergy efficiencies of the evacuated tube solar collector has been defined. The solar irradiation per month for July amounted to 80 kWh/m2, and for August, it equalled 112.8 kWh/m2. The average thermal gain was found to be in July 163 W/m2 and in August 145 W/m2, respectively. For the considered study period, the average value of energy yield in the solar collector was obtained at the level of 4.28 MJ/(m2·d). The average monthly energy efficiencies of the solar collector in July and August were 45.3% and 32.9%, respectively, while the average monthly exergy efficiencies reached 2.62% and 2.15%, respectively. Increasing the wind speed to 0.86 m/s decreases the thermal efficiency and the exergy efficiency by 67% and 41%, respectively.

"Who knew that doing the wrong things could make everything so right?" There can be little doubt that sports' dominant bioscientific articulation of the athletic body exerts a strong influence on coaches. Yet, on closer examination, this articulation and the practices it produces are not as straightforward as most coaches and scholars assume. Within the sociocultural study of coaching, scholars have drawn on Michel Foucault's disciplinary framework to analyze many unseen problems and unintended consequences associated with coaches' normal or everyday (bioscientific) practices. However, one significant aspect of Foucault's theoretical framework that has received less attention from coaching scholars is how power and discourse work together to produce several coaching "truths." To address this gap, in this article, we analyze the first author's experiences as an international middle-distance runner by showing and telling what problems and constraints are produced when coaches, and by association their athletes, defer to a dominant bioscientific articulation of the athletic body in their training. We conclude by discussing the transformative possibilities when these "truths" are broken.

The cultural models born of patriarchy and machismo continue to be rooted in Mexican society. Discrimination against women is the result of years of male domination. Mexican statistics indicate that almost 40% of men think that women should work in activities specific to their sex and one in three consider it normal men earn more than women. Therefore, the violence as a manifestation of the abuse of power damage the self-esteem, health, integrity, freedom and security of women. Impunity generates unlawful behaviors such as workplace harassment, which can be sexual and to seek to affect human dignity. Behaviors such as unwanted compliments, the morbid looks, suggestive gesture, teasing, jokes or comments with sexual content should be cast because in many cases it is intended that the person accepts invitations to unwanted encounters or that puts her integrity in risk. The internet as a media has developed quickly and today, it has become a means of generating harassment against women without there being a way to prevent it because the law is lagging behind.

The work contains the analysis of forestry management legal problems in Ukraine and the European Union, highlighting the problematic points in the national legislation and the possibility of implementing the experience of developed countries.
There are singled out the ways to improve forestry legislation, with accentuating the need in developing a nation-wide forestry program which would regulate forestry management with accounting for preservation of the forest's ecology function and biologic potential. It is proved that a woodcutting site has attributes of a forestry relations object as a plot of the forest fund of Ukraine with established borders.
Also, there arises the need in revising the Regulation on territorial offices of the central executive power body that carries out state policies in forestry and in bringing it to the correspondence with the requirements of standing legislation of Ukraine and the Regulation on State forest inspection of Ukraine, granting it plenary powers similar to those in the leading European countries, for instance "forest guard" of the Republic of Poland.
Key words: Forest; Woodcutting; Timber harvesting; Forest resources; Woodcutting site; Forestry management; Forest site; Forestry.

Zusammenfassung
Knapp jeden zehnten Euro verdienen Unternehmensberater in Deutschland durch Projektarbeit im Öffentlichen Sektor. 2018 waren dies rd. 3,4 Mrd. €. Der Beratungsmarkt hat hohe Zuwachsraten. In welchem Umfang die einzelnen Bundesressorts und Körperschaften zu diesem Gesamtaufwand beitragen, ist sowohl qualitativ wie quantitativ nicht eindeutig, sondern mit Unsicherheiten behaftet. Der Beitrag fordert mehr Transparenz in der externen Beratung und skizziert Lösungsansätze im System der Haushaltssystematik. Es sollen klare Grundlagen für die parlamentarische Meinungsbildung bestehen. Parlament und Öffentlichkeit müssen abwägen können, ob der erzielbare Mehrwert aus der wachsenden Inanspruchnahme externer Berater dem wachsenden Ausgabevolumen entspricht.
Abstract: Higher Transparency in External Consulting – Solutions for the System of Budgetary Classification
Management consultants in Germany earn nearly every tenth euros. through project work in the public sector, 2018 approximately € 3.4 billion. The consulting market has high growth rates. To what extent, the individual federal departments contribute to this overall effort, is both qualitative as quantitatively not unique, but subject to uncertainty. The paper calls for more transparency in the external consultancy and outlined possible solutions in the system of budgetary classification. Clear basis for parliamentary decision-making should exist. Parliament and the public have to be able to weigh whether the recoverable value from the growing recourse to external consultants corresponds to an increasing government expenditure.