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Since the 1980s and especially the 1990s, Peru has become a nation of emigrants. Emigration has become massive over the past two decades, and the Peruvian populations of the United States, Japan, and Spain have tripled in less than a decade. A survey of households in five localities, three urban and two rural, in and around Lima helps to reveal the special character of this emigration. It tends to involve older and better-educated individuals than are typical of international migration and to target a wider variety of destinations. Moreover, it is a multiclass phenomenon. The economic, political, and social crisis brought about by a change in the economic model, two decades of terrorism, and a succession of failed democratic administrations has affected the society as a whole, and international migration seems to operate as an escape valve.

720Jurisdiction — Universal jurisdiction — Subsidiarity — Courts of Spain possessing jurisdiction only if courts of the State where alleged offences took place and International Criminal Court do not act — Genocide — Crimes against humanityInternational criminal law — Universal jurisdiction — Genocide — Crimes against humanity — The law of Spain