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AbstractFew would contest that teachers are a very important determinant of how much students learn in school, and how to improve teacher performance has been the focus of lively policy debate in both rich and poor countries. This paper examines how teacher incentives, both pecuniary and non‐pecuniary, correlate with teacher effort. Using school survey data from Lao PDR, we estimate measures of teacher effort, including the number of hours that teachers spend preparing for classes and teacher provision of private tutoring outside of class hours, which are not the typical measures used in previous research. Estimation results fit well under the standard labour supply framework and indicate that greater teacher effort is associated with non‐pecuniary incentives such as more teacher autonomy over teaching materials and monitoring as measured by the existence of an active parent–teacher association and the ability of school principals to dismiss teachers. Methodologically, this paper provides a detailed derivation of a simultaneous OLS‐probit model with school random effects that can jointly estimate teacher work hours and tutoring provision.

Part I – Introduction of Legal Doctrine: The Modalities of Victim Participation (Solange Mouthaan) -- A Brief Overview of the Crimes Prosecuted by the ICC, Defences to These Crimes, and the Scope of Liability for These Crimes (Sam Garkawe) -- Part II – Essential Advocacy Techniques; Advocacy Skills for the Victim Advocate: Understanding your Role and Responsibilities as Counsel for the Victim (George Hampel) -- Case Preparation and Analysis (George Hampel) -- Developing Legal Argument (George Hampel) -- Written Advocacy (George Hampel) -- Effective Court Room Communication (George Hampel) -- Making an Opening (George Hampel) -- Leading Evidence in Chief (George Hampel) -- Conducting Cross-Examination (George Hampel) -- Dealing with Expert Evidence (George Hampel) -- Part II Appendix 1: Summary of Advocacy Fundamentals and Specific Advocacy Tasks (Elizabeth King and The Australian Advocacy Institute) -- Part II Appendix 2: Advocacy Case Studies and Exercises (Elizabeth King and The Australian Advocacy Institute) -- Part III – Interdisciplinary Consideration: Representing Victims who have been Subject to Violent Sexual or Reproductive Crimes (Solange Mouthaan) -- Representing Victims Who Are Children (Francesca Capone) -- Post-conflict Mental Health and the Role of Transitional Justice (Alvin Kuowei Tay and Zachary Steel) -- Effective Communication in Multilingual Judicial Proceedings (Andrew Constable) -- Interview Melinda McPherson: Considerations of Gender in Representing Victims before the International Criminal Court -- Part IV – Resources: Interview Jens Dieckmann: Member of the List of Counsel who has appeared before the International Criminal Court as a Victim Advocate -- Entretien avec Jean-Louis Gilissen: les défis de la représentation des victimes de différentes cultures [Interview with Jean-Louis Gilissen: the challenges of representing victims of different cultures] -- Interview Paolina Massidda: Counsel of the Office of Public Counsel for the Victims (OPCV) -- Interview Fiona McKay: former Chief of the Victims Participation and Reparations Section (VPRS) -- Interview with Milê Glamcevski: Vicarious Trauma and Self Care for the Victim Advocate -- Ensuring that Your Client Receives Adequate non-legal Professional Support Before, during and After the Court Process (Ronda Cress).

Background Harm reduction services to people who use drugs (PWUD) in Russia are insufficient in terms of quantity, government endorsement, and accessibility. The situation has recently deteriorated even further because of social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently several harm reduction organizations have started to provide some harm reduction services via online platforms by web outreach. However, little is known on how online outreach services are organized and implemented. Drawing on the example of St. Petersburg-based NGO "Humanitarian Action" we explored web outreach work in Telegram instant messenger. Methods 4 semi-structured interviews with the NGO staff and 301 cases of web outreach work with PWUD comprised the dataset. The process of web outreach, service provision to PWUD, and PWUD's needs were thematically analyzed. Results Three stages of the process of web outreach work were determined: clients initiating communication, NGO workers addressing clients' needs, and NGO workers receiving clients' feedback. Communication proceeded either in group chat or in direct messages. Challenges in addressing clients' needs happened when clients turned for help in nighttime, sent recorded voice messages, sent unclear messages, and/or were unwilling to transition to telephone communication. All web outreach workers reported receiving only positive feedback on their work. PWUD's needs were categorized into two major themes, depending on whether they can be addressed fully or partially online. In cases of online only provision of services, web outreach workers helped PWUD treat minor injection drug use complications, obtain verified harm reduction information and receive general psychological support. In instances of partial online services provision, PWUD were assisted in getting treatment of severe injection drug use complications, overdoses, and in accessing offline medical, psychological, social, legal and harm reduction services. Conclusions Our research demonstrated that web outreach work is ...

BACKGROUND: Harm reduction services to people who use drugs (PWUD) in Russia are insufficient in terms of quantity, government endorsement, and accessibility. The situation has recently deteriorated even further because of social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several organizations have started to provide some harm reduction services via online platforms by web outreach. However, little is known on how online outreach services are organized and implemented. Drawing on the example of St. Petersburg-based NGO "Humanitarian Action," we explored web outreach work in Telegram instant messenger. METHODS: Our data were comprised of 4 semi-structured interviews with the NGO staff and 301 cases of web outreach work with PWUD. We used thematic analysis to study the process of web outreach, harm reduction service provision, and needs of PWUD. RESULTS: Three stages of the process of web outreach work were identified: clients initiating communication, NGO workers addressing clients' needs, and NGO workers receiving clients' feedback. Communication proceeded in group chat or direct messages. Challenges in addressing clients' needs happened when clients turned for help after hours, sent recorded voice messages, sent unclear messages, and/or were unwilling to transition to telephone communication. All web outreach workers reported receiving only positive feedback on their work. The needs of PWUD were categorized into two major themes, depending on whether they can be addressed fully or partially online. In cases of online only provision of services, web outreach workers helped PWUD treat minor injection drug use complications, obtain verified harm reduction information and receive general psychological support. In instances of partial online services provision, PWUD were assisted in getting treatment of severe injection drug use complications, overdoses, and in accessing offline medical, psychological, social, legal and harm reduction services. CONCLUSIONS: Our research demonstrated that web outreach work is a ...

COVID-19 has created a ramifying public health, economic, and political crisis throughout many countries in the world. While globally the pandemic is at different stages and far from under control in some countries, now is the time for public health researchers and political scientists to start understanding how and why governments responded the way they have, explore how effective these responses appear to be, and what lessons we can draw about effective public health policymaking in preparation of the next wave of COVID-19 or the next infectious disease pandemic. We argue that there will be no way to understand the different responses to COVID-19 and their effects without understanding policy and politics. We propose four key focuses to understand the reasons for COVID-19 responses: social policies to crisis management as well as recovery, regime type (democracy or autocracy), formal political institutions (federalism, presidentialism), and state capacity (control over health care systems and public administration). A research agenda to address the COVID-19 pandemic that takes politics as a serious focus can enable the development of more realistic, sustainable interventions in policies and shape our broader understanding of the politics of public health.