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The Equal Treatment Directive, which will come into force on 21 December 2007, aims to outlaw'discrimination' between men and women in the calculation of insurance premiums, is founded upon a fallacious understanding of the nature of actuarial calculations and the morality of'discriminatory' calculations where state provision of insurance has traditionally been 'non‐discriminatory'. The Equal Treatment Directive will have perverse consequences contrary to the aims of its creators ‐ benefiting the better‐off at the expense of the poor and, in some circumstances, men at the expense of women ‐ and will also threaten the private provision of pensions and healthcare essential to solving the looming pensions and healthcare funding crisis among EU member states.

The European Community Directiveon equal treatment in social security was adopted by the Council of Ministers in December 1978. This article focuses on three related issues: first, the objectives and characteristics of the Directive and whether these have been modified or clarified over time; secondly, the involvement of women in the adoption and application of the Directive and, conversely, the role of the Directive in mobilising women and encouraging their participation in Community affairs; and thirdly, the value of the Directive to women, in particular the extent to which it has furthered their group interests.

"Kann ein Diversity Management so gestaltet werden, dass es auch Gestaltungsperspektiven für die Gleichstellung heterogener, bislang benachteiligter Beschäftigtengruppen bietet? Ausgangspunkt ist die Annahme, dass Diversity eine integrierte und kategorial erweiterte Analyse von Ökonomie und Chancengleichheit erfordert. Nach einigen konzeptionellen Überlegungen wird ein Tool vorgestellt, mit dem betriebliche Akteurinnen ihren Umgang mit Diversity überprüfen können, In einer mehrdimensionalen Betrachtung werden die für ein partizipativ angelegtes Diversity Management relevanten Handlungsfelder in den Blick genommen. Diskriminierungen in Struktur und Handlung sollen dabei ebenso aufgedeckt wie Gleichstellungspotenziale erkannt werden. Im Ergebnis kann von einer Politisierung der Vielfalt durch Partizipation gesprochen werden." (Autorenreferat)

Focuses on its objectives and characteristics and whether these have been modified or clarified over time; the involvement of women in its adoption and application; and its value. (Abstract amended)

The prohibition of discrimination, at least on grounds of nationality, has always been a constitutional principle of Community law. Such discrimination can take many forms, since Community law prohibits not only direct discrimination but various forms of indirect discrimination. Furthermore, the Court of Justice has indicated that where discrimination on grounds of nationality is in issue, the requirement of proof is not a heavy one on the complainant. All that is needed to place the burden on the respondent to justify the potentially differential treatment is that complainants show that the requirement applied to them is intrinsically likely, or susceptible by its very nature, to affect them adversely in comparison with the State's own nationals. The modern formulation of the prohibition of discrimination recognizes that protection from discrimination on grounds of nationality is central to the concept of citizenship of the Union. Advocate General Jacobs has said: