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This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the consumption of a milk powder product fortified with potassium (+1050.28 mg/day) and phytosterols (+1200 mg/day) to lower systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, and, therefore, the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among the 35–75-year-old population in Malaysia. A Markov model was created against a do-nothing option, from a governmental perspective, and with a time horizon of 40 years. Different data sources, encompassing clinical studies, practice guidelines, grey literature, and statistical yearbooks, were used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of uncertainty on the base case estimates. With an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio equal to international dollars (int$) 22,518.03 per quality-adjusted life-years gained, the intervention can be classified as very cost-effective. If adopted nationwide, it would help prevent at least 13,400 MIs, 30,500 strokes, and more than 10,600 and 17,100 MI- and stroke-related deaths. The discounted cost savings generated for the health care system by those who consume the fortified milk powder would amount to int$8.1 per person, corresponding to 0.7% of the total yearly health expenditure per capita. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Together with other preventive interventions, the consumption of milk powder fortified with potassium and phytosterols represents a cost-effective strategy to attenuate the rapid increase in cardiovascular burden in Malaysia.

In recent decades, the neoliberal education policy has been implemented in many countries, by reducing the state's role in education management. Lithuania is one of the countries which aft er the restoration of Independence in 1991 and collapse of the Soviet Union has decentralized its education management system by giving more autonomy to schools and local authorities. Education-management reforms, which have already been implemented or are currently being implemented in response to social, economic and political changes in the country, have an impact on relationships between schools. Purpose: Th is article reports the fi ndings of a study which reviewed education management reforms aimed at increasing school autonomy and their impact on inter-school collaboration and competition. Research Method: Th is study employs a qualitative research design with semi-structured interviews. Twenty-four elementary and secondary school principals from diff erent regions of Lithuania were interviewed. Findings: Th e results reveal that a signifi cant infl uence on relations between schools comes from government decisions which relate to school autonomy, school choice, allocation of funds, school ranking, and the like. Implications: Th is study generates discussions on the impact of the education management reforms which aim to enhance school autonomy on inter-school relationships. In order to answer that question, a theoretical model of research was developed, including the theoretical basis of school autonomy, collaboration and competition, as well as the characteristics of Lithuanian education governance.

We give a formal definition of a multiplex network and using its supra-adjacency matrix representation we construct the multiplex communicability matrix. Then we prove that the communicability function naturally induces an embedding of the multiplexes in a hyperspherical Euclidean space. We then study (i) intra-layer, (ii) inter-layer, and (iii) inter-layer self-communicability distance and angles in multiplex networks. Using these multiplex metrics we study a social multiplex related to an office politics and the multiplex of synaptic interactions between neurons in the worm C. elegans. We find that the average communicability angles in these multiplexes exhibits a minimum for certain value of the interlayer coupling strength. We provide an explanation for this phenomenon which emerges from the multiplexity of these systems and related it to other important phenomena like the synchronizability of these systems. Finally, we define and study communicability shortest paths in the multiplexes. We show how the communicability shortest paths avoid the most central nodes in the multiplexes in terms of their degree and betweenness, which is a main difference with (topological) shortest paths. We explain this behavior in terms of a diffusive model in which the "information" not only diffuses between the nodes but it is also processed internally on the entities of the complex system. Finally, we give some new ideas on how to extend the current work and represent complex systems as "multiplex hypergraphs" and "multi-simplicial complexes".

This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the consumption of a milk powder product fortified with potassium (+1050.28 mg/day) and phytosterols (+1200 mg/day) to lower systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, and, therefore, the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among the 35&ndash ; 75-year-old population in Malaysia. A Markov model was created against a do-nothing option, from a governmental perspective, and with a time horizon of 40 years. Different data sources, encompassing clinical studies, practice guidelines, grey literature, and statistical yearbooks, were used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of uncertainty on the base case estimates. With an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio equal to international dollars (int$) 22,518.03 per quality-adjusted life-years gained, the intervention can be classified as very cost-effective. If adopted nationwide, it would help prevent at least 13,400 MIs, 30,500 strokes, and more than 10,600 and 17,100 MI- and stroke-related deaths. The discounted cost savings generated for the health care system by those who consume the fortified milk powder would amount to int$8.1 per person, corresponding to 0.7% of the total yearly health expenditure per capita. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Together with other preventive interventions, the consumption of milk powder fortified with potassium and phytosterols represents a cost-effective strategy to attenuate the rapid increase in cardiovascular burden in Malaysia.

Stadtforschung ist in Deutschland traditionell großstadtorientiert. Kleinstädte werden weder in wissenschaftlichen noch in politischen Auseinandersetzungen in ihren Strukturen, Bedeutungen und Funktionen hinreichend wahrgenommen und differenziert betrachtet. Eine adäquate Erforschung von Kleinstädten erfordert systematische, vergleichende sowie inter- und transdisziplinäre Ansätze. Traditionelle Zuschreibungen sollten kritisch hinterfragt und Kleinstädte in ihrer Vielfalt und Differenziertheit empirisch untersucht werden. Dabei geht es sowohl um die äußeren Prägungen und heterogenen inneren Strukturen als auch um regionale Funktionen und Verflechtungen. Die Verfügbarkeit bzw. Generierung von statistischen Daten, die auch kleinräumige Analysen ermöglichen, sind dabei ebenso notwendig wie umfassendere Studien, die über begrenzte und anlassbezogene Einzelfalluntersuchungen hinausgehen. Schließlich sollten auch die Forschungsförderung und die akademische Lehre Kleinstädte systematischer als bislang adressieren. Dieses Positionspapier enthält Empfehlungen für Wissenschaft, Lehre, amtliche Statistik und Forschungsförderung aus der Perspektive der Kleinstadtforschung. ; Urban studies in Germany are traditionally oriented towards large cities. The structures, meanings and functions of small towns are not sufficiently perceived and differentiated in scientific or political debates. Adequate research on small towns requires systematic, comparative, inter- and transdisciplinary approaches. Traditional attributions should be questioned critically and small towns should be examined empirically in their diversity and differentiation. This involves paying attention to external influences and heterogeneous internal structures as well as to regional functions and interdependencies. The availability and generation of statistical data, which also make small-scale analyses possible, are just as necessary as more comprehensive studies, which go beyond bounded and case studies. Finally, research funding and academic teaching should address small towns more systematically than has been the case in the past. This position paper presents recommendations for research, university teaching, official statistics and research funding in the field of small town research.

This paper addresses the issue of the intensity of the inter-role conflict regarding the parent and business roles and the relation between the conflict and variables: gender, level of education and type of work. The problem of the inter-role conflict is accessed through the famous model of job-family conflict, developed by Greenhaus & Beutell (1985), according to which the impact of work on family and vice versa consists of three subdimensions: time-based conflict, the conflict based on effort, strain and characteristics of persons and conflict based on the behaviour. This research was performed among 204 participants - working parents with at least one child between the age of three and sixteen, from Serbia. The obtained results show that the participants do not express conflict between the parent and business roles, while they reported a positive employment effects. So, it shows that the parents' employment positively influences the family atmosphere. There were significant differences between the conflict based on strain, that were found between the male and female participants – the results showed a greater number of mothers who have conflict based on strain than the fathers. Also, differences were found regarding the parents' level of education - the positive employment effect is greater among parents with higher levels of education than the parents with lower levels of education.

Resume L'usage des banques de données génétiques dans le monde de la police et de la justice connait un développement spectaculaire dans de nombreux pays, notamment en France avec le Fichier national automatisé des empreintes génétiques. Dans ce contexte, cet article analyse les relations entre catégories d'identification d'auteurs et de suspects d'infraction, formes de savoir et rapports de pouvoir inter- et intra-institutionnels liés à cet usage. Notre étude est fondée sur des entretiens semi-directifs approfondis (N = 24), principalement avec des policiers et des gendarmes directement impliqués dans ces pratiques, et sur l'analyse de documents (textes juridiques, rapports ministériels, articles de presse, etc.). Après avoir présenté le contexte technoscientifique et législatif qui préside à ces évolutions, nous montrons d'une part la porosité des catégories d'auteurs d'infraction, de suspects et d'auteurs potentiels, d'autre part la formation de bio-identités de suspects sous diverses formes. Nous montrons également que ces processus s'articulent à quatre logiques : 1) une logique de prévention supposée des infractions par repérage des auteurs le plus tôt possible ; 2) une logique inter-institutionnelle en faveur de la police par rapport à la justice ; 3) une logique intra-institutionnelle liée à la performance ; 4) une logique probabiliste d'élucidation visant à aider les enquêtes policières sur des bases parfois empathiques vis-à-vis des victimes. Ces différentes logiques sont imbriquées et convergent vers une durabilité du soupçon et une inclusion élargie au fichier.

Based on the data of seven-year observations of the rhythms of seasonal growth and development, the features of the passage of the phases of phenological development of 15 cultivars of highbush blueberry and 1 cultivar of lowbush blueberry have been presented in the article. The rhythmic plasticity of the blueberry cultivars introduced in Belarus appeared in the ability to change phenorhythmics by the reason of different weather conditions during the years of observation. It was reflected in the variation of dates of the main phenological phases onset. At the same time, inter-branch differences in the early phases of development (vegetative) were insignificant, they became much more pronounced in terms of the passage of the phenological phases associated with the development of the generative sphere of the highbush blueberry. The investigated blueberry cultivars under the conditions of the introduction point retain their inherent order of fruit ripening, characteristic of their homeland.The climatic conditions of the Belarusian Polesie ensure the passage of a full cycle of seasonal development by the investigated highbush blueberry of the entire spectrum of ripening of the crop. At the same time, inter-branch differences in the duration of the growing season are insignificant. The obtained results testify to the prospects of the investigated blueberry cultivars of different maturation periods for homestead and industrial gardening in the Belarusian Polesie and determine the expediency of carrying out further introductory research.

The growing ability of the US to kill with impunity in war has prompted some to question whether such advantage challenges the moral justifications for inter-combatant violence. This scholarship, however, has yet to properly clarify both the explicit and tacit role of reciprocal risk within this moral determination. A systematic explanation is needed of the function of risk in the right to kill in war. This article engages with the in bello component of the Just War Tradition to determine: first, the role of reciprocal risk in the moral justifications for killing in war; and, second, the extent to which these justifications may be challenged within conditions of radical asymmetry, exemplified today by the unmanned aerial vehicle exclusive violence of the US. The first three sections of this article each review an account of Just War: conventionalism, revisionism and contractarianism. It is argued that the coherence of each of these moral accounts, particularly in terms of the permissiveness of inter-combatant violence, is grounded in an assumption of collective reciprocal risk. Radically asymmetric conditions of battle render ambiguous what would otherwise be a morally unproblematic use of military violence. This article will conclude by highlighting how this challenge manifests in practice, through analysis of the ongoing unmanned aerial vehicle exclusive violence of the US. The radical differentials of physical risk that characterise this violence threaten to erode the capacity of the US to interpret and apply standard judgements of Just War theory against those it targets.

Abstract
This study explored how social workers located in Sydney and Hong Kong conceptualised client empowerment. Further, it investigated these professionals' perceived facilitators and barriers to their empowerment practices, based on an ecological framework. A cross-sectional online survey was used, where the original Empowerment Scale for clients with mental health issues was adapted to measure conceptualisation of client empowerment from social workers' perspectives. Eighty-three social workers serving people with mental health issues (MHIs) in Sydney and eighty in Hong Kong responded. A two-factor model was generated suggesting that practitioners tend to conceptualise client empowerment into two aspects: a relation-based dimension and a resource-oriented one. Compared with their Sydney counterparts, the Hong Kong practitioners considered resource-oriented empowerment as more integral to client empowerment (t(161) = 4.17, p < 0.001). Several key factors were found to be independently associated with endorsement of the two-factor client-empowerment model by practitioners: perceived less support from medical specialists but more support from teams serving the same client, perceived benefits of social work training and, finally, beliefs in the importance of social workers' role in client empowerment. The study highlights the multiple dimensions of client empowerment and a wide range of inter-professional and sociostructural factors enabling social workers' practices that support empowerment. Our paper highlights the role of professional empowerment as a stepping stone to enable their client-empowerment practices through policy support and inter-professional collaboration.

Purpose
Solutions provision depends on effective and efficient supply chains. Existing discourse within servitization has remained at the organisational or inter-organisational level with a limited emphasis on the role of individuals. However, supply chains are not just relationships between organisations, they are complex, inter-personal relationships that span organisational boundaries. The limited focus on boundary spanners and their interactions means that managerial roles critical for the provision of solutions remain unidentified. The purpose of this paper is to identify the functions, roles and practices of boundary spanners that connect organisations and enable the effective provision of solutions.


Design/methodology/approach
A case study comprising 61 interviews in 11 firms was conducted in the UK network of a commercial vehicles manufacturer, to investigate boundary spanning for product and solutions provision.


Findings
The functions of boundary spanners move from communicating product and price features in product provision towards strategic communication, dissonance reduction, professional education, consultation and leveraging offerings in solutions provision. The study also identifies the boundary spanning roles and practices that form these functions for solutions provision.


Originality/value
This is the first study in servitization that identifies and describes the boundary spanning functions, roles and practices. By adopting the lens of boundary spanning, the research addresses the lack of empirical managerial-level enquiry within servitization research. It extends the theoretical discussion on the differences between supply chain management in servitized vs product contexts.

Despite the growing trend of the safe community movement in the world, very limited evidences have addressed its challenges and sustainability factors. This study aimed to qualitatively investigate the safe community movement in Iran based on the experts' opinion. Using qualitative approach, an open-ended goal-driven questionnaire was used for data collection filled by countrywide safe community experts (n=8) in 2016. Moreover, 2 in-depth interviews were done. Study participants were selected using cherry picking method, firstly, and then we used snowball method to identify the SC experts in the country. Content analysis method was used for themes extraction. It was discussed that beside the increasing tendency to join the safe communities' network, communities must pay more on the main goal of safety promotion. Lack of national attitude, unclear inter-sectoral collaborations, high turnover of city managers and weak community participation were raised as safe community challenges in Iran. Moreover, longterm planning, country-wide policymaking and improving public participation were discussed as the main sustainability factors of a safe community. Despite the growing trend of SC movement in Iran, like other developing countries, it was faced with a chain of challenges including weak inter-sectoral collaboration, funding problems, political support and other factor. The results provide useful information for other countries, especially Low and Middle income countries, to adapt their local policies to effective safe community movement leading. Keywords:

Pidana mati adalah salah satu hukuman yang juga diatur dalam Undang – Undang No. 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang narkotika. Banyak kasus narkotika di Indonesia yang sudah diadili terkhusus kota Denpasar yang sudah dijatuhi hukuman mati dan juga sudah ada yang dieksekusi. Permasalahan yang diteliti di dalam karya tulis ini adalah frekuensi penjatuhan pidana mati terhadap pelaku tindak pidana narkotika di Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar dan apakah yang menjadi dasar pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar dalam menjatuhkan pidana mati terhadap pelaku tindak pidana narkotika dan hambatan hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana mati terhadap pelaku tindak pidana narkotika di Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian empiris. Frekuensi penjatuhan Pidana Mati di Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar untuk kejahatan narkotika antara tahun 2005 – 2012 adalah 3 orang yang mana penjatuhan pidana mati tidak begitu signifikan. Pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar dalam menjatuhkan Pidana Mati Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Narkotika adalah berdasarkan undang – undang yang masih mengatur pidana mati, juga pembuktian yang pasti dan melindungi masyarakat. Hambatan yang dihadapi oleh Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar dalam penjatuhan pidana mati dipengaruhi faktor intern hakim dan ekstern hakim. Faktor intern hakim seperti penguasaan ilmu hukum yang berbeda - beda, integritas hakim, kepercayaan, dan rasa kemanusiaan. Faktor ekstern hakim seperti intervensi dari atasan dalam proses persidangan, tekanan massa, dan tekanan politik. Kata Kunci : Dasar Pertimbangan Hakim, Pidana Mati, Tindak Pidana Narkotika

In order to evaluate the factors that influence the spatial behaviour of border agglomeration inhabitants and to relate them to the geopolitical Situation, attention is given here to three divided towns in the Baltic Sea region: Haparanda-Tornio, Narva-Ivangorod and Valga/Valka. The three cases represent different geopolitical and ethnical configurations. Boundary theory is discussed as part of (inter)action theory, with particular emphasis on the homogenizing role of the State in contrast to the (inter)action possibilities of individuals living in a border area. In the Haparanda-Tornio study case, a homogenous population on the Finnish side is compared to a more diversified ethnie grouping in Haparanda, Sweden. Here, immigrants from Finland are seen to have an action space directed towards Finland, while bilingual locals act as bridge-builders. In Narva-Ivangorod, the same Russian ethnic group lives on both sides of the boundary, but geopolitical restrictions hamper local cross-boundary interaction. Valga/Valka, in contrast, is divided according to ethnic criteria. Little motivation for border crossing appears to be given, except for the Russian speaking population, which at the same time has the greatest formal difficulties in crossing.The internal European Union borders, both recent and older, thus allow ethnie and linguistic factors to influence the action and communication space of inhabitants.The EU/non-EU boundary restricts the possibilities of local cross-boundary interaction even in situations where the population belongs to the same ethnie group.

BACKGROUND: Pay for Performance (P4P) has increasingly being adopted in different countries as a provider payment mechanism to improve health system performance. Evaluations of pay for performance (P4P) schemes across several countries show significant variation in effectiveness, which may be explained by differences in design. There is however no reliable framework to structure the reporting of the design or a typology to help analyse and interpret results of P4P schemes. This paper reports the development of a reporting framework and a typology of P4P schemes. METHODS: P4P design features were identified from literature and then explored using relevant theories from behavioural and economic science. These design features were then combined with the help of multidimensional tables to produce a reporting framework and a typology which was tested using 74 P4P studies. The inter-rater reliability of the typology was assessed using Fleiss' Kappa. RESULTS: A Healthcare Incentive Scheme Reporting Framework (HISReF) was developed consisting of nine design features. This was collapsed into a typology consisting of 4 items/design features. There was good inter-rater reliability on all the four items on the typology (kappa > 0.7). CONCLUSION: The HISReF provides an important first step towards establishing a common language in which intervention designers can clearly specify the content of P4P designs. Our typology may be used to aid evidence synthesis and interpretation of results of P4P schemes.