Search results

Mattauch et al. (2020) claims that the quantitative conclusions in Lemoine and Rudik (2017)—henceforth, LR17—are not robust to using a climate model consistent with recent scientific results. We observe that LR17 in fact analyzes an extension to a more realistic carbon model that generates an efficient emission tax trajectory very similar to that in Mattauch et al. (2020), and we here show that simplifications in the temperature model of LR17 do not qualitatively affect their policy conclusions. Accounting for inertia reduces the initial emission tax by 42 percent and reduces the present value of abatement cost by 39 percent. (JEL H23, Q54, Q58)

We study child care subsidies in a Mirrleesian optimal tax framework where parents choose both the quantity and quality of child care. Child care services not only enable parents to work, but also contribute to children's human capital. We examine the conditions under which child care expenditures should be encouraged or discouraged by the tax system under different assumptions regarding the available policy instruments. Using a quantitative model calibrated to the US economy, we illustrate the possibility that child care expenditures should be taxed rather than subsidized, and we discuss the merits of public provision schemes for child care.

In this paper, we integrate efficiency wage setting with the theory of optimal redistributive income taxation. In doing so, we use a model with two skill types, where efficiency wage setting characterizes the labor market faced by the low-skilled, whereas the high-skilled face a conventional, competitive labor market. We show that the marginal income tax implemented for the high-skilled is negative under plausible assumptions. The marginal income tax facing the low-skilled can be either positive or negative, in general. An increase in unemployment benefits contributes to a relaxation of the binding self-selection constraint, which makes this instrument particularly useful from the perspective of redistribution.

This paper examines the determinants of income smoothing focusing on consumer goods industry sector of BEI of 2014 to 2018 for 24 firms, including 120 observations. The independent variables used are political costs, auditor quality and cash holding. Political costs are proxied by variables of firm size, income tax, and number of employees. Test data analysis using logistic regression. The findings show that firm size indicated negative effect on income smoothing, income tax and number of employees have no effect on income smoothing. Cash holding indicated positive effect on income smoothing, auditor quality indicated negative affect on income smoothing

AbstractIs a more heterogeneous population beneficial or harmful to long-term economic performance? This article addresses this and other questions in a dynamic general equilibrium model where consumers differ in their labour productivity and time preference. We show how differences in the cross-sectional distribution of these characteristics can affect the economy via two channels. The first one involves changing the composition of the labour force; and the second one involves changing the cross-sectional distribution of the marginal tax rate. We show how these channels are, respectively, determined by the shape of the labour supply function and the curvature of the marginal tax function.

This study discusses which sources of Original local Government Revenues make the largest contribution to the Original local Government Revenues of Samarinda City. The method used in this study is a quantitative method, which is contribution analysis. This research data was obtained from the Regional Income Agency of Samarinda City. The results of the current study of Original local Government Revenues sources for 2014-2018 which contributed to a good assessment were the regional tax in 2018 which amounted to 70,72% which was supported by the contribution of Roadway Lighting Tax by 30,18% and lower contribution was in 2014 amounted to 54,77%. Keywords: Contributions, Source Original local Government Revenues.

We use administrative data from the IRS to examine long-term impacts of childhood Medicaid eligibility expansions on outcomes in adulthood at each age from 19–28. Greater Medicaid eligibility increases college enrollment and decreases fertility, especially through age 21. Starting at age 23, females have higher contemporaneous wage income, although male increases are imprecise. Together, both genders have lower mortality. These adults collect less from the earned income tax credit and pay more in taxes. Cumulatively from ages 19–28, at a 3% discount rate, the federal government recoups 58 cents of each dollar of its "investment" in childhood Medicaid.

We explore optimal and politically feasible growth policies consisting of basic research investments and taxation. We show that the impact of basic research on the general economy rationalises a taxation pecking order with high labour taxes and low profit taxes. This scheme induces a significant proportion of agents to become entrepreneurs, thereby rationalising substantial investments in basic research fostering their innovation prospects. These entrepreneurial economies, however, may make a majority of workers worse off, giving rise to a conflict between efficiency and equality. We discuss ways of mitigating this conflict, and thus strengthening political support for growth policies.

We characterise optimal fiscal policies in a General Equilibrium model with monopolistic competition and endogenous public spending. The government can tax consumption, as alternative to labour income taxes. Consumption taxation acts as indirect taxation of prots (intratemporal gains of taxing consumption) and enables the policy-maker to manage the burden of public debt more efficiently (intertemporal gains of taxing consumption). We show analytically that these two gains imply that the optimal share of government spending is higher under consumption taxation than with labour income taxation. Then, we quantify numerically each of these gains by calibrating the model on the US economy.

The 2019 Capstone Scholars analyzed emergency items presented by Governor Greg Abbott at the start of the 86th legislative session. These emergency items include school finance reform and pay raises for teachers, property tax reform, mental health reform, school safety, and disaster relief. These emergency items are considered the most important to the legislature and to the state and are required to be addressed in the legislative session. Some of these emergency items are more controversial than others—disaster relief legislation followed a politically-smooth process while school finance and property tax reform remained in the spotlight throughout the session.

AbstractThis article studies the relation between self‐serving elite behaviour and citizen political participation. It uses a fixed effects approach to analyse the association between portfolio investment in tax havens and voter turnout, using data from 213 parliamentary elections in 65 countries for the period 1998–2014. For well‐functioning democracies a positive relation between the use of tax havens and voter turnout is found, suggesting that self‐serving elite behaviour is associated with citizen political mobilisation rather than voter apathy. The estimated relationship is stronger in the period after the 2008 economic crisis, when elite behaviour was a particularly salient issue.

AbstractThis article examines, using a behavioural microsimulation model for New Zealand, the impact of the major package of welfare reforms collectively referred to as 'Working for Families' (WfF). These reforms were announced in May 2004 and involved a phased introduction of changes, with annual modifications from October 2004 until April 2007. Concentrating on welfare payments for families with dependent children, this remains a cornerstone of the New Zealand welfare system. The simulation takes a backward‐looking perspective, by comparing labour supply under the 2008 database and tax structure with that obtained using the 2008 data and 2004 tax structure (suitably adjusted for inflation).

The problem of payment of insurance contributions to non-budgetary funds of Russia is considered in the work. As you know, these funds do not receive substantial amounts due to concealment and reduction of the taxable base. Administration of collection of payments is handled by the Federal Tax Service and the Social Insurance Fund. In order to increase revenues to off-budget funds and to combat illegal phenomena in the labour market, criminal liability was introduced to reduce the tax base. The article shows that the increase in the collection of payments will not occur due to the complexity of identifying such violations.

We investigate how lump-sum equalization transfers affect expenditures and taxes in the municipalities of the largest German state North Rhine-Westphalia. In general, those general-purpose transfers cannot be treated as exogenous variables. Thus, for the identification of causal effects, two exogenous adjustments in the transfer allocation formula are used as instrumental variables. Findings suggest the existence of the "flypaper effect" - municipalities use transfers to increase expenditures but do not reduce tax rates. Extra money from transfers is mainly used to finance social expenditures and public facilities. A set of robustness checks, including a spatial dependence model, confirm the results.

We characterise optimal tax policies when the government has access to consumption taxation and cannot credibly commit to future policies. We consider a neoclassical economy where factor income taxation is distortionary within the period, due to endogenous labour and capital utilisation and non-tax-deductibility of depreciation. Contrary to the case where only labour and capital income are taxed, the optimal time-consistent policies with consumption taxation are remarkably similar to their Ramsey counterparts. The welfare gains from commitment are negligible, while they are substantial without consumption taxation. Further, the welfare gains from taxing consumption are much higher without commitment.