The levels and channels of ensuring the openness of the parliament are determined.The experience of functioning of the basic principles of openness in the work of the parliaments of the EU countries is researched. The directions of application of foreign experience in the process of establishing the principle of openness of the national parliament are formulated. ; Визначено рівні і канали забезпечення відкритості парламенту. Дослідженодосвід впровадження основоположних засад відкритості в діяльності парламентів країн ЄС. Сформульовано напрямки застосування зарубіжного досвіду в процесі утвердження принципу відкритості вітчизняного парламенту.
The levels and channels of ensuring the openness of the parliament are determined.The experience of functioning of the basic principles of openness in the work of the parliaments of the EU countries is researched. The directions of application of foreign experience in the process of establishing the principle of openness of the national parliament are formulated. ; Визначено рівні і канали забезпечення відкритості парламенту. Дослідженодосвід впровадження основоположних засад відкритості в діяльності парламентів країн ЄС. Сформульовано напрямки застосування зарубіжного досвіду в процесі утвердження принципу відкритості вітчизняного парламенту.
This article offers possibilities to reduce the negative affect industrial products have on the environment, for which products' life span has significantly shortened within the last twenty years. The influence tools designed by the European Commission within the Integrated Product Policy (IPP) are very effective on institutional entities. They were evaluated through their impact on the consumer attitudes of the Polish, German and Belgian citizens. It was concluded, based on empirical research, that the main criteria in the process of purchase decision-making are quality, price and functionality, but there were also communities identified, for which the social proof criteria is the priority. The pro ecology changes in the educational system for children and youth, as well as the social campaigns promoting the sustainable consumption among the citizens of the European Union will increase the implementation of the IPP. The correlation between the quality, price and environment would be most favorable. The thesis consist of two chapters and a subchapter. The first chapter describes the reasons for creating the IPP, as well as its tools and the level of their implementation. The second chapter brings up the concept of the sustainable consumption, the meaning of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro which was about the environment and the development, and it includes the reference to the documents of the Union. It analyses the role of business and the consumers in the implementation of the sustainable development. The subchapter consists of research on the sustainable consumption conducted on individual consumers.
This article offers possibilities to reduce the negative affect industrial products have on the environment, for which products' life span has significantly shortened within the last twenty years. The influence tools designed by the European Commission within the Integrated Product Policy (IPP) are very effective on institutional entities. They were evaluated through their impact on the consumer attitudes of the Polish, German and Belgian citizens. It was concluded, based on empirical research, that the main criteria in the process of purchase decision-making are quality, price and functionality, but there were also communities identified, for which the social proof criteria is the priority. The pro ecology changes in the educational system for children and youth, as well as the social campaigns promoting the sustainable consumption among the citizens of the European Union will increase the implementation of the IPP. The correlation between the quality, price and environment would be most favorable. The thesis consist of two chapters and a subchapter. The first chapter describes the reasons for creating the IPP, as well as its tools and the level of their implementation. The second chapter brings up the concept of the sustainable consumption, the meaning of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro which was about the environment and the development, and it includes the reference to the documents of the Union. It analyses the role of business and the consumers in the implementation of the sustainable development. The subchapter consists of research on the sustainable consumption conducted on individual consumers.
Россия — одно из важнейших государств мира, а тем самым русский язык занимает высокое место в списке самых востребованных языков. Цель настоящей дипломной работы — исследовать важность русского языка и русской культуры для стран Европейского союза. Благодаря историческим, географическим и культурным связям, в некоторых странах, особенно в Прибалтике и на Балканах, проживает сравнительно большое число русскоговорящих, а эти страны ориентированы на интеграцию русского языка в своё общество. Более того, по всему Европейскому союзу доступно изучение русского языка и русской культуры. Помимо семейных обстоятельств, главной мотивацией изучения русского языка является бизнес, поскольку растёт спрос на русскоговорящее население — работников в сфере туризма. С другой стороны, русский всё ещё главным образом имеет статус языка национального меньшинства, что ставит его в более низкое положение, чем официальные языки Европейского союза. Таким образом, в большинстве случаев им не пользуются в работе европейских институтов. Однако благодаря стремлению продолжать хорошие дипломатические отношения между Россией и Европейским союзом, а также сильным экономическим и торговым отношениям, мы предполагаем, что русский язык в Европейском союзе ждёт светлое будущее. ; Rusija je jedno od najsnažnijih gospodarstava na svijetu, a samim time već dugi niz godina ruski jezik zauzima visoko mjesto na listi najtraženijih jezika. Svrha ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti važnost ruskog jezika i ruske kulture u zemljama Europske Unije. Zbog povijesnih, geografskih i kulturnih veza u nekim zemljama, posebice na Baltiku i Balkanu, prebiva znatno veći broj ruskih govornika te su te zemlje orijentiranije na integraciju ruskog jezika u svoje društvo. Nadalje, diljem Europske Unije nude se mogućnosti učenja ruskog jezika i upoznavanja ruske kulture. Osim obiteljskih razloga, glavna motivacija učenja ruskog jezika često je upravo ona poslovna, budući da je ruski sve traženiji za potrebe turizma i poslovne suradnje. S druge strane, još uvijek primarno ...
The aim of the article is to identify and compare key factors affecting the level of labor productivity, wages, and income in the economies of the EU countries. Among different determinants, the following were considered: overall price level; compensation of employees; participation of the self-employed and their mixed income in GDP; annual hours worked per employer; labor participation rate, particularly before retirement (age 55-64); part-time employment rate, and the contribution of investments. Eurostat data and that of the OECD and the World Bank were used for calculations. The indicators of correlation and a grouping method were also applied. Four groups of countries with a similar level and impact of specific factors were distinguished. The most important conclusion coming from the research is the strong correlation of the relative price level, remunerations and the average worked hours with the labor productivity. Their influence differs slightly in case of the work efficiency figure per employee and the work efficiency figure per one hour worked. Other variables such as the proportion of professionally active people, especially those at the age of preretirement (55-64 yrs. old); the high proportion of part-time workers or the level of capital expenditure have a lesser but relatively strong correlation with the labor productivity of both the employee and the worked hour. Conclusions from the analysis may support the state policy in terms of forming minimum wages and indirect taxation influencing the overall price level and the level of investment in the economy. Such conclusions were formed as recommendations for countries with the lowest levels of work efficiency, remunerations and income. Restrictions to the application of this advice are political conditions, the employment structure in a given country and labor market elasticity.
In this paper, we proposed a new approach to the sustainable intensification (SI) process in agriculture in the EU Member States. In contrast to previous studies, we measured SI on a sectoral level and emphasised its dynamic rather than static nature. On the basis of Eurostat data of 27 EU countries in the period of 2005–2018, we used the Malmquist–Luenberger index to evaluate improvement in environmentally and socially adjusted total factor productivity (TFP). In 42% of cases in our sample, we observed the SI process defined as TFP increase. Subsequently, we tested the impact of structural changes on the SI process. On the basis of the panel logit model, we conclude that, in the European Model of Agriculture, where basic environmental and social issues regarding agriculture are regulated, in order to become aligned with sustainable intensification, agricultural production should become concentrated in larger farms with less labour-intense production—units capable of investments in innovative, green technologies.
Along with the development of economies based on knowledge, the importance of knowledge input in production processes has been increasing. Enterprises may acquire knowledge input by developing their internal knowledge base and/or purchasing knowledge from external entities. Their internal knowledge base may be developed mainly by employing highly qualified specialists and their own research. The aim of the paper is to examine the importance of all these knowledge sources in manufacturing and services enterprises, as well as to compare their changing role with productivity performance in EU countries. It is based on data from the World Input-Output Database, Eurostat, OECD and EU KLEMS. Thanks to the availability of relevant data, the analysed period covers the years 1995-2018. The study demonstrates that knowledge base, developed through both internal and external sources, played a significantly more important role in the EU-15 than in the EU-12, with a tendency to decrease these disparities (most visible with respect to KIBS input). The growing importance of an external knowledge base was more visible and stable in the EU-12 countries. R&D expenditures were an exception. The recent financial crisis heavily affected only external R&D expenditures.
The European Union has been pursuing the policy aimed at achieving equality between women and men for a long time. The adoption of the Law "On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men" is an important step forward. However, the aspects of the control of compliance with the legislation in the field of gender policy remain poorly advanced and need to be adapted following the experience of developed European countries. The aim of this article was to outline the legislative mechanism for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men, and to compare it with European legislative experience and practice. During the research, the methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction and comparative analysis were used. As a result of the research, the mechanism for ensuring equal rights and opportunities in Ukraine was determined; the bodies, institutions and organizations empowered in the specified area were described along with the main aspects of gender equality legislation in Ukraine. It is concluded that government officials can use the results obtained during the research to improve some legislative aspects of control over gender policy implementation.
The aim of this article is to find out the factors that influence the conjuncture of labour market in the European Union countries. The aspect of the developed and developing countries is also important in this econometric analysis. The conception of theconjuncture of labour market is described in this article. Moreover, the factors and measuring indicators of these factors are presentedin this analysis, too. The first difference (FD) model is used for econometric analysis of the conjuncture of labour market in the European Union countries. Two hypotheses are formulated in this article, but both are rejected. ; Šiame straipsnyje siekiama išsiaiškinti darbo rinkos konjunktūros pokyčius lemiančius veiksnius EuroposSąjungos šalyse bei analizuojamų veiksnių poveikį darbo rinkos konjunktūrai. Ekonometriniame modelyje sutelkiamasdėmesys ir į išsivysčiusių, ir mažiau išsivysčiusių šalių skirtumus. Straipsnyje apibrėžiama darbo rinkos konjunktūrossamprata, jai įtaką turintys veiksniai bei jiems matuoti tinkami rodikliai. Darbo rinkos konjunktūrai vertinti sudaromasnatūralesnis, paprasčiau interpretuojamas pirmųjų skirtumų (FD – First Difference) modelis, kuris buvo papildytaskintamaisiais aprašančiais atskirų metų įtaką. Straipsnyje taip pat suformuluotos dvi hipotezės, kurios buvo atmestos atlikusekonometrinę analizę.
