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Defence date: 8 June 2015 ; Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Gregorio Garzón Clariana, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Dr. Maria O'Neill, University of Abertay Dundee; Professor Martin Scheinin, European University Institute. ; This thesis seeks to examine the existing EU frameworks for data-sharing for law enforcement purposes, both within the EU and between the EU and third countries, the data protection challenges to which these give rise, and the possible responses to those challenges at both EU and global levels. The analysis follows a bottom-up approach, starting with an examination of the EU internal data-sharing instruments. After that, it studies the data transfers conducted under the scope of an international agreement; and finally, it concludes by discussing the current international initiatives for creating universal data protection standards. As for the EU data-sharing instruments, this thesis demonstrates that these systems present shortcomings with regard to their implementation and usage. Moreover, each instrument has its own provisions on data protection and, despite the adoption of a Framework Decision in 2008, this has not brought about a convergence of data protection rules in the JHA field. A similar multiplicity of instruments is also found when the EU transfers data to third countries for the purpose of preventing and combating crimes. This is evident from examining the existing data-sharing agreements between the EU and the US. Each agreement has a section on data protection and data security rules, which again differ from the general clauses of the 2008 Framework Decision. This study demonstrates the influence of US interests on such agreements, as well as on the ongoing negotiations for an umbrella EU-US Data Protection Agreement. One possible way to ensure a high level of EU data protection standards in the field of law enforcement in the face of US pressure is by enhancing the role of Europol. This EU Agency shares information with EU member states and third countries. This thesis demonstrates that Europol has a full-fledged data protection framework, which is stronger than most of the member states' privacy laws. However, taking Europol rules as a reference for global standards would only partially achieve the desired result. The exchange of data for security purposes does not only involve law enforcement authorities, but also intelligence services. The recent NSA revelations have shown that the programmes used by these bodies to collect and process data can be far more intrusive and secretive than any current law enforcement system. In view of the above, this thesis explores the potential of CoE Convention 108 for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data and ii the Cybercrime Convention as the basis for a global regime for data protection in law enforcement. This thesis concludes that an optimum global data protection framework would entail a combination of the 108 CoE Data Protection Convention and the Cybercrime Convention. The cumulative effect of these two legal instruments would bind both law enforcement and intelligence services in the processing of data. In sum, by promoting the Europol approach to data protection and existing Council of Europe rules, the EU could play a crucial role in the creation of global data protection standards.

Papers presented at the final conference of the Infrastructure Design Study 'Providing an Infrastructure for Research on Electoral Democracy in the European Union', 18-19 November 2010, Brussels. ; This eBook contains some of the first fruits of a large collaborative project funded by the EU's DG Research under their FP7 Programme: an "infrastructure design study" whose ultimate goal is "Providing an Infrastructure for Research on Electoral Democracy in the European Union" – a title that gives rise to the unlovely acronym PIREDEU, used repeatedly in the pages of the book. The design study was complemented by a feasibility study conducted in the context of the 2009 elections to the European Parliament. While somewhat restricted in breadth of coverage (for example the numbers of questions asked in voter and candidate surveys were limited by available funds) this was still a fully-fledged election study that included all the component parts needed to address fundamental questions regarding the quality of democracy in the European Union at the time of elections to the European Parliament. It included five of these components. A voter study sought to interview about 1,000 respondents in each of the 27 EU member countries, using essentially the same questionnaire in all countries; A candidate study sought to interview all candidates with any viable chance of actually gaining a seat in the European Parliament; A media study content-analyzed newspapers, television channels and radio stations during a three-week period leading up to the elections; A manifesto study coded all the campaign platforms published by parties seeking representation in the European Parliament; A contextual data study sought to collect all relevant statistical information regarding the outcome of the election in each of the 27 participating countries. This book contains fifteen chapters showcasing the research opportunities provided by these data. ; PIREDEU (Providing an Infrastructure for Research on Electoral Democracy in the European Union) was a pan-European research infrastructure design study funded by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) from February 2008 to January 2011 (Grant Agreement no. 211810) with the participation of 14 universities and research centres across the EU. ; Preface, by Mark Franklin i 1. Investigating candidate selection strategies: the case of 2009 European Parliament elections, by Massimiliano Andretta and Nicola Chelotti 1 2. Misconstruing the European Project? How Welfare Issues Colour Attitudes Towards Europe, by Laurie Beaudonnet 19 3. Does Europe Matter in European Elections? A Composite Model of the 2009 European Parliament Elections, by Paolo Bellucci, Diego Garzia and Martiño Rubal Maseda 41 4. Explaining the Second Order Effect: the Role of Issues and Institutions in Elections to the European Parliament, by Nick Clark 55 5. Political Parties and 2009 European Parliament Election Campaign Content, by Louise K. Davidson-Schmich with Eloisa Vladescu 77 6 Punishing Incumbents by Voting Independent? Cleavages as Constraints on Vote-Switching in the 2009 European Elections in Estonia, by Piret Ehin and Mihkel Solvak 103 7. Europe at Stake During the First European Parliament Elections Organized in an Enlarged Europe, by Magda Giurcanu 123 8. Citizen Representation at the EU Level: Policy Congruence in the 2009 European Parliament Election, by Alexia Katsanidou and Zoe Lefkofridi 147 9. Meaningful Choices? Voter Perceptions of Party Positions in European Elections, by Sylvia Kritzinger and Gail McElroy 169 10. 'To them that hath…'. News Media and Knowledge Gaps, by Pippa Norris 193 11. Parties, Candidates and Voters in the 2009 Election to the European Parliament, by Hermann Schmitt, Bernhard Wessels and Cees van der Eijk 221 12. The Nationalism-Postnationalism Axis and the Gradual Transformation of Ideological Space in Europe: Evidence from Party Discourse in Euromanifestos from Six European Countries, by Eftichia Teperoglou and Emmanouil Tsatsanis 241 13. Do European Attitudes Matter for Explaining Participation in European Parliament Elections? by Mariano Torcal 281 14. The Electoral Trade-off: How Values and Ideology Affect Party Preference Formation in Europe, by Agnieszka Walczak and Wouter van der Brug 305 15. Attributions of Responsibility in the European Union: The Role of Motivation and the Information Environment, by Traci L. Wilson and Sara B. Hobolt 329

Sweden was the first country in Europe to introduce compulsory sex education
into school curricula as early as 1955. It is nowadays integrated in the
education systems of many European countries. Is the contemporary approach
to sex education realistic in Serbia, as well? In other words, has the state
modernised its education system and adapted it to the present-day
requirements and needs in this field? With that respect, the paper considers
a number of topics related to sex education: contemporary definition of the
concept, respect of the relevant human rights, new needs for this type of
information, the implementation principles, barriers and models in the
European countries, the role of schools, health care institutions and the
media, as well as the good practices in Europe. Besides the research results
published in scientific papers, important inputs for consideration of the
above topics were also taken from the relevant studies of the World Health
Organisation, the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the
European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health. This has provided
the basis for the status assessment and the formulation of expectations with
regard to the implementation of youth sex education in Serbia. The emphasis
is on working with youth as the key target group for education in this
field, although sex education is significant in all stages of life.

The Treaty of Rome promised European economic integration through free trade in goods, services and capital. Instead, Brussels has imposed ever‐increasing regulation, which must weaken adaptation to global competition.

EU policymaking : issues and debates / Laurie Buonanno and Nikolaos Zahariadis -- Principal-agent models / Yannis Karagiannis and Mattia Guidi -- Regulatory governance in the EU / Alessandro Cagossi -- Multiple streams / Nicole Herwig and Nikolaos Zahariadis -- Punctuated equilibrium theory / Christian Breunig, Daniela Beyer, and Marco Radojevic -- The internal market / Laurie Buonanno -- EU competition rules and the European integration project / Angela Wigge and Hubert Buch-Hansen -- Changing governance of cohesion policy / Carolyn Dudek -- Social policy / Claire Dupuy and Sophie Jacquot -- Gender policy / Sophie Jacquot -- Economic and monetary union / Waltraud Shelke -- Banking policy / Stefaan DeRynck -- The globalization trilemma and the EMU's second-order democratic deficit / Nikitas Konstantinidis and Ruben Treurniet -- The EU budget / Gabriele Cipriani -- European immigration and asylum policy / Alexander Caviedes -- Police and judicial cooperation policy / Stephen Rozée, Christian Kaunert and Sarah Léonard -- European Union privacy and data protection policy / George Christou -- The common foreign and security policy / Sara Kahn-Nisser -- Trade policy / Holly Jarman -- Enlargement policy / Neill Nugent -- The European neighbourhood policy / Mariam Dekanozishvili -- The cap : common dynamics of policy change in an uncommon policy domain / Gerry Alons and Pieter Zwaan -- European energy policy / Nicole Herwig -- EU policy on the environment / Jale Tosun -- Lobbying and interest group politics in the European Union / Andreas Hofmann -- Agenda setting in the European Union / Petya Alexandrova and Marcello Carammia -- Understanding the EU's policymaking institutions / John McCormick -- Strategic framing and the European Commission / Mark Rhinard -- Implementation and enforcement of EU polices / Gerda Falkner -- If evaluation is the solution, what is the problem? / Claire A. Dunlop and Claudio M. Radaelli -- Resisting in times of crisis : the implementation of European austerity plans in Ireland and Greece / Clément Fontan, Sabine Saurugger and Nikolaos Zahariadis -- Resistance in European Union health care policy / Scott L. Greer -- Evasion as a mechanism of resistance (not only) to European law / Annette Elisabeth Töller -- European level policy dynamics in higher education / Martina Vukasovic -- The infusion of Europe in public policy : the case of higher education / Pauline Ravinet