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Reprints an article originally published in 1969 by this former Vice President of NAPOR (National Assoc for Public Opinion Research) & then-current chairman of the Executive Committee of International Research Associates, Inc, in which she reflected on the field's past & speculated on its future. The emergence of public opinion research in the 1930s & 1940s is recalled, & new developments, particularly in international research, are recounted & evaluated. The future of cross-national opinion surveys & the value of an international perspective are discussed. K. Hyatt Stewart

"The European Commission and the International Labour Organization have combined efforts in reaction to the deep crisis that hit the global economy in 2008. The aim of this joint project is to examine policies that will lead not only to a quicker recovery but also to a more sustainable, environmentally friendly and equitable global economy. This is particularly relevant given the uneven and fragile nature of the recovery process across and within countries. These efforts have culminated in the publication of two Synthesis Reports. The first report examines the origins of the crisis and provides an overview of immediate policy responses across both developed and developing economies; the second discusses green policies and labour market issues related to this necessary long-term economic transformation. Both reports are based on a series of technical discussion papers. This second report aims to promote a clearer understanding of the nature of the green economy and its implications for labour markets, especially the reallocation of jobs from high- to low-polluting sectors. It shows that a double dividend in terms of increased decent work opportunities and a greener economy is possible, provided that complementarities between environmental, economic and social policies are adequately exploited. The report discusses the green policy measures that EU countries are currently undertaking, with a view to identifying any gaps in the policy mix. It also presents model estimates on the likely transmission mechanisms arising from these measures."--Publisher's website

The article analyses the events unfolding in Myanmar after the military take over in early February 2021. The article specifically deals with the international pressure on the military junta.

The primary characteristic of international fishery relations between Thailand and its three Gulf of Thailand neighbours (Malaysia, Vietnam and Cambodia) in the 1980s has been conflict. Thailand's successful fishing fleet is frequently accused of fishing illegally in the waters claimed by the other states. This has led to arrests, confiscation, imprisonment and sometimes violence. The fishery incidents have complicated relations between Thailand and its Indochinese neighbours and been an irritant in Thai-Malaysian relations as the 1980s closed the fishery conflicts were easing, but resolution has not been achieved. (DÜI-Sen)

A discussion of the textbook edited by Philip Nel & Pat McGowan, Power, Wealth and Global Order: An International Relations Textbook for Africa (1999). This symposium aims at increasing our understanding of the different, regionally specific perspectives that can be brought to bear when studying international relations outside of North America & Western Europe. Donald Gordon first presents an insightful analysis of the contribution made by the editors & authors of the textbook. Based on this discussion, four other authors from diverse areas of the world -- Makram Haluani, Simon Bolivar U, Venezuela; Elena N. Kasimovskaya, Moscow State U, Russia; Ki_Jung Kim, Yonsei U, Korea; & Zlatko Savic, U Ljubljana, Slovenia -- responded to a set of questions. Those questions & their comments are presented. 2 Tables, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractThis article analyzes whether and to what extent energy resources fulfil the definition of military objective within the meaning of international humanitarian law (IHL) and customary IHL. In order to bring conceptual clarity to the duty to protect the natural environment in armed conflict, the article explores the legal limits to the destruction of energy resources (that are part of the natural environment) controlled by armed non-State actors during non-international armed conflicts (NIACs). It examines the practice of the United States, which characterizes the destruction of the natural environment during hostilities as being related to targets that contribute to the "war-sustaining capability" of enemies. Conceptual light is shed on the legality of attacks on oil refineries and installations during NIACs as a matter for IHL.

This edited volume presents comparative research on how the courts in Southeast Europe apply international law. After the introductory Part I, Part II discusses specific areas of international law, notably the law of Association Agreements between the EU and third countries, the law of the World Trade Organization, and international environmental law (the Aarhus Convention). Part III consists of country reports on how national courts in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia are currently applying international law.

Abstract
Youth unemployment is a challenge in many European countries – especially since the financial crises. Young people face difficulties in the transition from education into employment. This article focuses on young mobile Europeans from six countries (Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania and Spain). The research question is whether and to which extent international mobility has an impact on employability and therefore reduces youth unemployment. By using a cluster analysis of personal adaptability, social and human capital and career identity, the importance of mobility experiences for employability is analysed in a recent dataset of 5,272 young (formerly) mobile respondents. Youth mobility is established as a strong characteristic for the employability cluster. Mobility is however not the long-term aim of most of the mobile young people, since most of the mobiles choose to return to their home countries after one or more stays abroad.

AbstractPast decades have witnessed a shift in international cooperation toward growing involvement of transnational actors (TNAs), such as nongovernmental organizations, multinational corporations, and philanthropic foundations. This article offers a comprehensive theoretical and empirical account of TNA access to IOs. The analysis builds on a novel data set, covering formal TNA access to 298 organizational bodies from fifty IOs over the time period 1950 to 2010. We identify the most profound patterns in TNA access across time, issue areas, policy functions, and world regions, and statistically test competing explanations of the variation in TNA access. The central results are three-fold. First, the empirical data confirm the existence of a far-reaching institutional transformation of IOs over the past sixty years, pervading all issue areas, policy functions, and world regions. Second, variation in TNA access within and across IOs is mainly explained by a combination of three factors: functional demand for the resources of TNAs, domestic democratic standards in the membership of IOs, and state concerns with national sovereignty. Third, existing research suffers from a selection bias that has led it to overestimate the general importance of a new participatory norm in global governance for the openness of IOs.