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Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- PART I Introduction -- 1 A more encompassing understanding of the African-European relationship -- PART II Civil society organizations -- 2 European-South African elite collaboration, balanced by civil society solidarity -- 3 Mission, development, and 'reverse mission' in Europe-Africa religious relations -- 4 The role of think tanks between Africa and the EU -- 5 The exacerbation of community confinement: involved social forces and effects on the Euro-African state relationship -- PART III Business organizations -- 6 Bi-continental encounters for fairer ACP-EU trade? Assessing multistakeholder initiatives -- 7 Sleeping beauty awakens. Africa rise and the new deal with international energy stakeholders -- 8 The evolution (2000-2017) and proposed future scenarios of EU-Africa relations in technological innovation: a multistakeholder perspective -- PART IV Institutions -- 9 Eurafrica reconsidered: Europe and African leaders in historical perspectives -- 10 Integration dynamics between the African Union (AU) and the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in light of a newly oriented Euro-African geopolitics -- 11 Entangled regions: how multiple inter-regionalisms reshape Central Africa -- 12 Cities in the EU-Africa relations -- Index.

The European Axis policy remains largely unwritten. Little is known about the factors that united or divided the Fascist regime and the Nazi Reich regarding the post-war order. Furthermore, even less is known about the Italian plans for a fascist Europe, which wartime events soon relegated to the margins of Axis policy. This book reconstructs the debate on the new European order developed from the 1930s to the spring of 1943 by Fascist politicians, philosophers, writers, anthropologists, and geographers. The debate progressed alongside the evolution of the international framework and in parallel with the war. The diachronic examination of these projects, where distinctive elements of Fascist ideology were instrumentally entwined with Latin and Catholic tradition, allows us to recover the thread of relations between Italy and Germany and between Italy and the minor allies of the Axis. The very choice of words - Fascist Europe, Axis Europe, Catholic Europe or Europe of Nations - reflects a shift in the balance of power: from collaboration to competition, from fear to an attempt to regain prominence. In 1943, the idea of a Europe of nations with an explicitly anti-German intent was the final, unrealistic assertion toward a new order where Axis Europe was not just Nazi Europe.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Notes on contributors -- Introduction -- PART I: Workers or citizens: European community faces mobility -- 1. Movement but with limitations - mobility in the process of European integration: freedom, identity, citizenship and exclusion -- 2. The transition from colonialism to the migration policies in Europe -- 3. The challenge of interdependence: international migration in Euro-Mediterranean relations -- PART II: Postcolonial returns -- 4. Post-colonial migrants and the (re)making of Europe: citizenship regimes and post-colonial nations -- 5. Repatriates, refugees, or exiles? Decolonization and the Italian settlers' return, 1941-1956 -- 6. A univocal special relationship: the idea of Eurafrica at the economic conference of the European movement -- 7. The Confédération européenne des spoliés d'outre-mer (CESOM): the transnational management of decolonisation -- PART III: Refugees and displaced persons -- 8. The emergence of free movement, refugees and voluntary migrants in recent European history -- 9. Europe and the Latin American exile: from a revolutionary grammar to a human right's one -- 10. The Common European Asylum System (CEAS) after the refugee crisis -- PART IV: Migrants and citizens: policies in comparison -- 11. Migration policies in Europe from 1945: an overview -- 12. The weight of France's colonial past on immigration policy -- 13. Britain between identity politics and immigration: the Conservative approach from the Empire Windrush to the "rivers of blood" speech, 1948-1968 -- Index.

Cover -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction: EC External Relations-Towards a Global Role Kiran Klaus Patel and Federico Romero -- 1 The History of the EC and the Cold War: Influenced and Influential, but Rarely Center Stage N. Piers Ludlow -- Part One World Regions -- 2 The EC and the United States: Partners in Search of Diplomacy Kenneth Weisbrode -- 3 The EC and the Socialist World: The Ascent of a Key Player in Cold War Europe Angela Romano -- 4 The EC and the Mediterranean: Hitting the Glass Ceiling Elena Calandri -- 5 The EC and China: Rise and Demise of a Strategic Relationship Enrico Fardella -- 6 The EC and Japan: From Mutual Neglect to Trade Conflicts and Beyond Albrecht Rothacher -- Part Two Policy Fields -- 7 The EC in the GATT Trade Regime: A Power Without Leadership Lucia Coppolaro -- 8 The EC and Foreign and Security Policy: The Dream of Autonomy Wilfried Loth -- 9 The External Dimensions of the Common Agricultural Policy: From Developed to Developing Countries Katja Seidel -- 10 Enlargement as External Policy: The Quest for Security? Eirini Karamouzi -- 11 The EC's Development Policy: The Eurafrica Factor Giuliano Garavini -- Part Three Reflections and Conclusions -- 12 The European Project: A Critical Reconsideration Konrad H. Jarausch -- 13 Reflections, Reactions, Conclusions: The Doppelgänger Charles S. Maier -- 14 International History Meets International Relations Ulrich Krotz -- Index.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Development as an Ideology for Empire -- The Civilizing Mission in the Interwar Years -- Modernity and Authoritarian Rule -- The Second World War -- 2 Truman's Dream: When the Cold War and Development Met -- Point Four -- Studying Backward Areas: Social Scientists, the Marshall Plan, and the Limits of the Cold War -- 3 Socialist Modernity and the Birth of the Third World -- Ideology Put to the Test on the Colonial Question -- The Age of Indifference -- The Afterthought -- The Age of Neutralism, or the Birth of the Third World -- Khrushchev's Challenge -- Features of Socialist Aid: Constructing the Ideological Framework -- The Political Economy of Socialist Cooperation -- 4 Western Alternatives for Development in the Global Cold War -- The Inevitability of Foreign Aid as a Cold War Tool? -- Plans for Eurafrica -- An Ideology for the Global Cold War: The Rise of Modernization Theory -- The Kennedy Administration: A Turning Point? -- 5 The Limits of Bipolarity in the Golden Age of Modernization -- The Cooperation Imperative in the West -- Disappointments: The United States and Bickering in the DAC -- Rostow and the Idea of Binding Rules -- The European Economic Community Way -- Coordination among Socialist Countries: The Permanent Commission for Technical Assistance in Comecon -- Responding to External Challenges -- 6 International Organizations and Development as a Global Mission -- Precedents: The League of Nations -- Development as Profession after the Second World War -- The World Bank -- The United Nations and Development: The Place for an Alternative? -- UNCTAD -- Assessing Aid at the End of the First Development Decade -- 7 Multiple Modernities and Socialist Alternatives in the 1970s -- The Soviet Union Reinterprets the Two Worlds Theory.

Machine generated contents note: Preface -- Introduction: The Idea of European Unity, the Western System of Liberties, and the Dichotomy of Federalism versus Intergovernmentalism -- 1. The Most Important Achievements of the Idea of European Unity in the Field of State and International Organization before the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)1.1 Defense Unions and the Theoretical Differentiation between the Alliances of States 1.2 European Universalism 1.3 The Idea of Liberty and the Principles of a Civil State and Union of States -- 2. A New Democratic Constitutional Federal State in Opposition to Feudalism and Colonization: The Constitution of the United States of America (1787) and Its Influence in Europe 2.1 The Constitution of a Democratic Federal Republic under a President (1787) 2.2 The "Hamilton Method" 2.3 The Dichotomy of a Fictive versus Real Economy 2.4 The Main Phases of Democratization of the Idea of European Unity -- 3. The Dilemma of Democratization of the Idea of European Unity (1789-1815) 3.1 The French Revolution and the Attempt to Establish Democracy and Popular Sovereignty in a Unitary Nation State 3.2 Kant in Search of a Democratic International Policy (Foedus Pacificum)3.3 The Conservative Breakthrough -- 4 The European Phenomenon of Nation State and National Empire, and the Chances of a European Federation (1815-1919) 4.1 Romantic Nationalism 4.2 The German and Italian Unification 4.3 The Swiss Confederation (1848) 4.4 Plans for the Reconstruction of the Habsburg Monarchy 4.5 The Federalist Opposition to the Liberal Democratic Unitary Nation-State 4.6 Colonialism of European Great Powers and the Forgotten Idea of European Unity 4.7 The Forgotten Europe: The Treaty of Versailles, and the League of Nations -- 5 The Crisis of Realization of the Western System of Liberties and the Idea of European Unity between the Two World Wars 5.1 In the Shadow of Dictatorships 5.2 The Idea of Pan-Europa 5.3 Plans for a European Economic Union 5.3.1 The Dichotomy of Liberal versus Statist Economic Theory 5.3.2 Planning European Economic Unity 5.4 The Great Depression and the New Deal of Roosevelt 5.5 The Great Depression and Hitler's Europe -- 6. Fight for a Democratic Europe 6.1 Coudenhove-Kalergi and the Pan-European Movement 6.2 L'Ordre Nouveau and Personalist or Integral Federalism 6.3 The Resistance Movement-Launching the Policy of a European Democratic Federation Based on the Idea of Liberty -- 7. In Search of a New Europe: Three Alternatives 7.1 Atlantic Cooperation 7.2 Confronting the Legacy of Colonization-"Eurafrica" in a Decolonization Perspective 7.3 To Become a Great Power from Europe's Own Democratic Forces: The Federalist Reform -- 8. Realizing the Idea of European Unity in the Framework of the Council of Europe 8.1 The Hague Congress (1948): Intergovernmentalist, Federalist, and Functionalist Bases of a European Union 8.2 Intergovernmentalist Majority and the Council of Europe -- 9. Shaping the Supranational European Union 9.1 Functionalist Sectoral Integration: The "Monnet-Method" 9.1.1 Criticism of the "Monnet-Method" by Contemporaries 9.2 Supranationalism toward Federalism (1952-1954) 9.3 The Rome Treaties and the European Economic Community (1957) 9.4 De Gaulle's Intergovernmentalist "European Concert" 9.5 Spinelli: Relaunching Integration, Reviving Federalism 9.6 The Delors's Reform: Federation of Nation States and of People 9.7 European Union (1992): A New Type of Federalist Functionalist and Intergovernmentalist Functionalist Union of States Based on Subsidiarity and Multilevelism -- 10 Outlook: Future Paths and Perspectives -- 11 The World and Europe (EU): Some Responses to the Challenge of European Modernity 11.1 Responses from India (Gandhi and Nehru) 11.2 Some African Answers (Nkrumah, Senghor, Nyerere) 11.3 Responses and Challenges from Confucian East Asia (Japan, China) 11.3.1 The Japanese Answer (Yukichi Fukuzawa) 11.3.2 The Chinese Responses and Challenge (K'ang Yu-wei, Sun Yat-sen, Mao Zedong,Deng Xiaoping) 11.4 The Vision of Peaceful International Organization -- 12 Concluding Thoughts Bibliography About the Author Index.